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Aim: We aimed to evaluate health and nutrition behaviors among the Panamanian population during the confinement period corresponding to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using an online survey for data collection with a total of 2475 participants over the age of 18 using an online survey. We also completed 64 face-to-face interviews. After data validation, 1561 surveys were included in the study. Most respondents were women (74.2%) between 18 and 49 years old. Among the respondents, 83.3% had a university education level, and 49.9% reported a monthly family income of fewer than 1000 USD. In addition, more than 50% self-reported as overweight or obese. Results: We identified three dietary patterns: a healthy, a non-healthy, and a mixed dietary pattern. The respondents with healthy and nonhealthy dietary patterns reported better socioeconomic conditions than participants from the mixed dietary pattern. Individuals with mixed dietary patterns had lower incomes, less education, and higher unemployment rates. Regarding emotions, we found that women experienced more negative emotions, such as fear, worry, and anxiety, during the lockdown period. Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that the mobility restriction measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic could have affected dietary patterns by exacerbating existing inequalities. Directing resources toward promoting healthy nutrition strategies with the most significant positive impacts on public health is a priority, especially in critical situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Introducción: Los desastres causan daños al ambiente y a las personas, impactando en la salud, condición de vida y paz emocional, lo que requiere una comunidad conocedora de las características territoriales, las incidencias de los efectos ambientales, los peligros sanitarios y las competencias intersectoriales ante un desastre. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción del riesgo de desastres en una comunidad vulnerable.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal con un universo estudio de 304 viviendas con jefes de hogar de la comunidad Villa Esperanza del Distrito de San Miguelito. Se consideró la percepción del riesgo ambiental y epidemiológico. Fue elaborado un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas y cerradas para datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se aplicaron medidas de tendencia central presentando los datos en frecuencias relativas y absolutas en escala nominal, ordinal y en mapas georeferenciados.Resultados: Aceptaron participar 286 jefes de hogar. El 53.8% no percibe el riesgo ambiental y el 46.2% si lo percibe. El riesgo epidemiológico no es percibido por el 79.0% de los jefes de hogar y el 21.0% sí lo percibe. Considerando las enfermedades prevenibles por vacunas e infecciones por Coronavirus (COVID -19), el 44.4% indicó, que algún miembro del hogar padeció está enfermedad. Conclusión: Se identificó la subestimación del riesgo o negación implícita del riesgo y ausencia de linealidad en la percepción de riesgo de desastre.Se hace necesario la promoción y prevención para conocimiento, control preventivo y preparación en gestión de riesgo de desastres en la comunidad Villa Esperanza. (provisto por Infomedic International)
Introduction: Disasters cause damage to the environment and people, impacting health, living condition and emotional peace, which requires a community knowledgeable about territorial characteristics, incidences of environmental effects, health hazards and intersectoral competencies in the face of a disaster. Objective: To identify the perception of disaster risk in a vulnerable community.Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study with a study universe of 304 households with heads of household in the Villa Esperanza community of the District of San Miguelito. The perception of environmental and epidemiological risk was considered. A questionnaire was prepared with open and closed questions for qualitative and quantitative data. Measures of central tendency were applied, presenting the data in relative and absolute frequencies on a nominal and ordinal scale and on geo-referenced maps.Results: 286 heads of household agreed to participate. 53.8% do not perceive environmental risk. A total of 53.8% did not perceive environmental risk and 46.2% did. Epidemiological risk is not perceived by 79.0% of the heads of household and 21.0% do perceive it. Considering vaccine-preventable diseases and Coronavirus infections (COVID-19), 44.4% indicated that a member of the household had suffered from this disease. Conclusion: Underestimation of risk or implicit denial of risk and lack of linearity in the perception of disaster risk were identified, making it necessary to promote and prevent knowledge, preventive control and preparation for disaster risk management in the Villa Esperanza community. (provided by Infomedic International)
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PURPOSE: Dialysis patients have a different response than the non-dialysis population to infection with COVID-19. This study evaluates the prevalence of infection and lethality in patients receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in Panama, compared to non-dialysis adult population, and reports of adverse events of vaccination. METHODS: This is a prospective, multi-center cohort study of spatients aged 18 years or older and receiving in-center hemodialysis or ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in 13 centers in Panama from March 2021 to 2022. For comparison with general population, the study used an extended period of two years. RESULTS: A total of 1531 patients receiving dialysis treatment accepted to participate. PD patients represented an 18% of study patients. Lethality was higher in peritoneal dialysis patients with COVID-19 infection than in hemodialysis in the study group (p 0.02). Total deaths in dialysis patients for 2020 were 156 patients, before vaccination; 79 in 2021; and 25 for the first trimester of 2022. Lethality for the period of 2020-2022 was 9.3% for dialysis patients and 0.2% for non-dialysis population. There was no difference in symptoms in first dose, but with second dose, hemodialysis patients reported fewer symptoms than peritoneal dialysis patients (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Ninety one percent of people in the country received BNT162b2 Pfizer BionTech vaccine. Lethality decreased from 30 to 5% once vaccination was available. There were no severe adverse effects and symptoms reported were less frequent than in general population, probably due to low reactogenicity in dialysis patients, or better tolerance to pain.
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Resumen Objetivo: El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar el efecto de la intervención escuelas activas móviles sobre la autoeficacia, el disfrute y la percepción del nivel de actividad física, en la niñez costarricense y panameña en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19. Metodología: La población estudiada en esta investigación fueron 55 niñas y niños de primer ciclo de dos escuelas públicas de Panamá y Costa Rica, de edades entre 7 y 9 años. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos de este estudio fueron que la intervención afectó positivamente (mejoras pre-post) a las tres variables dependientes, pero solo en la autoeficacia el efecto fue estadísticamente significativo (con magnitud moderada). En el disfrute y en el nivel de actividad física el efecto fue pequeño. No se presentaron diferencias entre países, pero sí se encontró una tendencia de un deterioro de los sujetos participantes de los grupos control, en las tres variables, especialmente en los participantes panameños. Conclusiones: Se concluye con este estudio que esta intervención mostró que utilizando un modelo multinivel en tiempos de pandemia se logró mejorar la percepción de autoeficacia, y mantener los niveles de disfrute y actividad física en la población participante; al contrario del grupo control, que mostró un deterioro de las tres variables en los infantes.
Abstract Objective: This research aimed to examine the effect of the Active Mobile Schools intervention on self-efficacy, enjoyment, and the perception of the level of physical activity in Costa Rican and Panamanian children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The research sample comprised 55 girls and boys, aged between 7 and 9 years, from two public schools in Panama and Costa Rica. Results: The study mainly found that the intervention positively affected (pre-post improvements) the three dependent variables, but only in self-efficacy was the effect statistically significant (with moderate magnitude). In enjoyment and level of physical activity, the effect was small. There were no differences between countries, but a trend of deterioration was found in the participants of the control groups, in the three variables, especially in the Panamanian participants. Conclusions: The study leads to the conclusion that this intervention showed that using a multilevel model in times of pandemic, it was possible to improve the perception of self-efficacy and maintain levels of enjoyment and physical activity in the participating population, unlike the control group that showed a deterioration of the three variables in the infants.
Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo dessa pesquisa é examinar o efeito da intervenção das Escolas Ativas Móveis sobre a autoeficácia, o prazer e o nível percebido de atividade física nas crianças costarriquenhas e panamenhas em épocas da pandemia da COVID-19. Metodologia: A população estudada nessa pesquisa foi de 55 crianças do ensino fundamental de duas escolas públicas no Panamá e na Costa Rica, com idades compreendidas entre 7 e 9 anos. Resultados: As principais conclusões desse estudo indicam que a intervenção afetou positivamente (melhorias pré-pós) nas três variáveis dependentes, mas somente em autoeficácia o efeito foi estatisticamente significativo (com magnitude moderada). Para o prazer e o nível de atividade física, o efeito foi pequeno. Não houve diferenças entre os países, mas houve uma tendência de deterioração dos participantes dos grupos de controle em todas as três variáveis, especialmente nos participantes panamenhos. Conclusões: Conclui-se com esse estudo que essa intervenção mostrou que o uso de um modelo multinível em tempos de pandemia foi capaz de melhorar a percepção de autoeficácia, e manter os níveis de prazer e atividade física na população participante; ao contrário do grupo de controle, que mostrou uma deterioração das três variáveis nas crianças.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Ejercicio Físico , Autoeficacia , Placer , Panamá , Costa Rica , Educación a DistanciaRESUMEN
El presente artículo, es un ensayo, que permite hacer una reflexión sobre los elementos que integraron la formación de los estudiantes de enfermería durante la pandemia COVID 19, cuando de un día a otro se tuvo que transformar la educación y asumir cambios radicales, como dejar de ir a las aulas de manera presencial, para recibir la formación que permitiera el logro de las metas del perfil profesional de enfermería, a través de un medio digital remoto, como fue una pantalla de computador, tableta o celular. El año 2020 será sin duda, recordado por el impacto que generó en la metodología de enseñanza procedimental en Enfermería. Como docentes universitarios enfrentamos el reto de la formación de profesionales de enfermería, con la práctica de destrezas, desde la distancia, en modalidad sincrónica. La educación virtual permitió la incorporación de los elementos de aprendizaje de manera activa generando la información para la construcción del conocimiento en el saber, el ser y en el hacer como parte de las competencias que debían adquirir los estudiantes. Se enfrentaron retos como el de abordar el consumo de data, con un impacto económico sobre todo en el periodo de crisis económica.
Abstract This article is an essay that allows a reflection on the elements that made up the training of nursing students during the COVID 19 pandemic, when education had to be transformed, from one day to the next, and radical changes taken: namely, from not having in-person classes to receive the training, that would allow achieving the goals of the professional profile of nursing, to teaching with a remote digital medium, like a computer monitor, tablet or cell phone. The year 2020 will be remembered undoubtedly for the impact it generated on the procedural teaching methodology in Nursing. As university teachers, we face the challenge of training nursing professionals, through the practice of skills, from a distance, in a synchronous mode. Virtual education allowed the incorporation of learning elements in an active way generating information for the construction of knowledge in knowing, being, and doing as part of the skills that students should acquire. Challenges, such as dealing with data consumption with an economic impact, were especially faced during the economic crisis.
Resumo: Este artigo é um ensaio, que nos permite refletir sobre os elementos que integraram a formação dos alunos de enfermagem durante a pandemia COVID 19, quando de um dia para o outro a educação teve que ser transformada e mudanças radicais tiveram que ser assumidas, como parar de ir às salas de aula pessoalmente para receber a formação que permitiria o cumprimento das metas do perfil profissional de enfermagem, através de um meio digital remoto, como um computador, tablet ou celular. O ano de 2020 será, sem dúvida, lembrado pelo impacto que gerou na metodologia do ensino processual em Enfermagem. Como professores universitários enfrentamos o desafio de formar profissionais de enfermagem, com a prática de habilidades, à distância, na modalidade síncrona. A educação virtual permitiu a incorporação de elementos de aprendizagem de forma ativa gerando informações para a construção do conhecimento baseado no ser, no saber e no fazer como parte das habilidades que os alunos tinham que adquirir. Desafios foram enfrentados, como a abordagem do consumo de data, com impacto econômico especialmente no período de crise econômica.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Educación a Distancia , Educación en Enfermería , COVID-19 , Estudiantes de EnfermeríaRESUMEN
Antecedentes En Panamá, durante los primeros cinco meses de pandemia, se reportaron 65,256 casos y 1,421 fallecimientos por COVID-19. Los tratamientos utilizados en pacientes hospitalizados durante este periodo fueron variando en la medida que surgía evidencia científica. Metodología Presentamos un estudio multicéntrico observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo de la terapéutica administrada en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en siete centros estatales de la República de Panamá, entre el 1 de marzo al 31 de julio de 2020. Se analizó el resultado de recuperado o fallecido en relación al uso de hidroxicloroquina, heparinas y esteroides. Resultados Se revisaron 837 expedientes. 60.7% pacientes eran hombres y la mediana de edad fue 53.6 años. Los tratamientos más utilizados fueron heparinas 84.7%, esteroides sistémicos 76.5%, azitromicina 65.5% e hidroxicloroquina en 41.1%. La frecuencia de uso de oxigenoterapia fue de cánula nasal 73,2%, máscara facial con reservorio 39%, cánula de alto flujo 8.9%, ventilación mecánica no invasiva 11.1% y ventilación invasiva en el 15.3%. Los esteroides mostraron mayor tasa de recuperación (OR 1.72 [1.16-2.54). Conclusiones El reto de abordar una nueva enfermedad, sin tratamiento conocido, con evolución y desenlace variable, llevó a la comunidad médica a utilizar medicamentos empíricos con potencial terapéutico incierto. Destacamos que desde muy temprano se administró esteroides sistémicos, heparinas y tocilizumab; actualmente con beneficios para pacientes con requerimientos de hospitalización. Además, se empleó técnicas de oxigenación, como la cánula de alto flujo y ventilación mecánica no invasiva, con dudosa efectividad; pero que hoy ya tienen un rol estudiado en la falla respiratoria por COVID-19. (provisto por Infomedic International)
Background: In Panama, during the first five months of the pandemic, 65,256 cases and 1,421 deaths due to COVID-19 were reported. The treatments used in hospitalized patients during this period varied as scientific evidence emerged. Methodology: We present a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, multicenter study of the therapeutics administered in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in seven state centers in the Republic of Panama, between March 1 and July 31, 2020. The outcome of recovered or deceased was analyzed in relation to the use of hydroxychloroquine, heparins and steroids. Results: A total of 837 files were reviewed. 60.7% of patients were men and the median age was 53.6 years. The most commonly used treatments were heparins 84.7%, systemic steroids 76.5%, azithromycin 65.5% and hydroxychloroquine in 41.1%. The frequency of oxygen therapy use was nasal cannula 73.2%, face mask with reservoir 39%, high-flow cannula 8.9%, noninvasive mechanical ventilation 11.1% and invasive ventilation in 15.3%. Steroids showed higher recovery rate (OR 1.72 [1.16-2.54). Conclusions: The challenge of dealing with a new disease, without known treatment, with variable evolution and outcome, led the medical community to use empirical drugs with uncertain therapeutic potential. We highlight the early administration of systemic steroids, heparins and tocilizumab; currently with benefits for patients requiring hospitalization. In addition, oxygenation techniques were used, such as high-flow cannula and noninvasive mechanical ventilation, with doubtful effectiveness, but which today have a studied role in respiratory failure due to COVID-19. (provided by Infomedic International)
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En el 2022 se celebra el 120.º aniversario de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). En calidad de organismo independiente especializado en salud del sistema interamericano, la OPS brinda cooperación técnica a sus Estados Miembros para abordar las enfermedades transmisibles y no transmisibles y sus causas, fortalecer los sistemas de salud y responder a situaciones de emergencia y desastres en toda la Región de las Américas. Asimismo, como Oficina Regional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para la Región de las Américas, participa en los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países, colaborando con otros organismos, fondos y programas del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para contribuir al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible a nivel de país. A nivel subregional, la OPS trabaja con los mecanismos de integración para que la salud y sus determinantes tengan un lugar en la agenda política. En el informe anual correspondiente al 2021 se presenta la cooperación técnica de la OPS en los países y territorios en este período, con la aplicación de las estrategias de cooperación en los países, la respuesta a sus necesidades y prioridades, y el desarrollo de las actividades en el marco de los mandatos regionales y mundiales de la OPS y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. En consonancia con el tema general de "responder a la COVID-19 y prepararse para el futuro", se ponen de relieve las medidas que ha adoptado la OPS con respecto a la pandemia de COVID-19 y sus esfuerzos continuos en áreas prioritarias como las emergencias de salud, los sistemas y servicios de salud, las enfermedades transmisibles, las enfermedades no transmisibles y la salud mental, la salud a lo largo del curso de vida y la equidad en la salud. También se presenta un resumen financiero del bienio 2020-2021.
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COVID-19 , Urgencias Médicas , Sistemas de Salud , Servicios de Salud , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Equidad , Equidad de Género , Diversidad Cultural , Cooperación Técnica , Américas , PanamáRESUMEN
Voici le résumé du Rapport quinquennal 2018-2022 du Directeur du Bureau sanitaire panaméricain : Défense de l’équité en santé au service du développement durable. Il met en évidence les réalisations du Bureau sanitaire panaméricain au cours des cinq dernières années, contextualise les défis importants, résume les principaux problèmes rencontrés et présente des conclusions. Au cours de cette période, le Bureau sanitaire panaméricain a continué d’appuyer les progrès accomplis par les États Membres sur la voie de la réalisation de la santé universelle, est intervenu suite à diverses situations d’urgence sanitaire, a appuyé le développement de systèmes de santé résilients et s’est associé aux pays pour aborder les déterminants sociaux concernant l’inégalité de l'accès et des résultats en matière de santé. Le résumé se concentre sur deux défis majeurs de cette période, la pandémie de COVID-19 et la crise financière de l’Organisation panaméricaine de la Santé, qui ont tous deux été exacerbés par l'« infodémie » liée à la COVID et les retards sans précédent dans le paiement des contributions fixées. Bien que ces deux défis aient considérablement entravé le travail du Bureau sanitaire panaméricain, la crise financière a menacé l’existence même de l’Organisation. Un thème central des enseignements tirés est la nécessité absolue de placer l’équité au cœur des stratégies visant à atteindre la santé universelle. Parmi les autres enseignements clés, particulièrement mis en évidence pendant la pandémie, il faut citer la nécessité d’investir davantage dans l’autosuffisance régionale en médicaments et produits médicaux essentiels, l’importance vitale de maintenir des programmes nationaux de vaccination solides et de protéger le Fonds renouvelable pour l'accès aux vaccins, ainsi que la fonction cruciale du Bureau sanitaire panaméricain en tant qu’agence technique politiquement neutre qui détient la confiance de tous les États Membres en servant d’intermédiaire honnête pour la santé de tous les peuples des Amériques.
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COVID-19RESUMEN
Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated restrictions on mental health is being studied. Objective: To analyze the psychosocial response to the COVID-19 pandemic in adults residing in Panama. Methods: A community sample of 480 adult residents of Panama completed a survey that included sociodemographic questions, COVID-19 related questions (e.g., health concerns regarding the virus, knowledge and behaviors in biosafety) and scales of stress, anxiety, depression, prosocial behavior, resilience, perceived social support, and insomnia. Results: Most of the participants (>60%) reported being negatively affected by the pandemic. Women experienced greater depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms than men, and age was negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Self-perceived health status and self-perceived social support were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Self-perceived social isolation was positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Psychiatric illness and insomnia were positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, whereas psychological resilience was negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Discussion: These results corroborate other studies regarding COVID-19 and mental health. This study highlights the need for specific prevention and intervention mechanisms related to the COVID-19 pandemic in different population groups. This is the first report of the psychological impact of COVID-19 in the general Panamanian population and one of the only studies in the Latin American region and, therefore, contributes to research in the Latino population and lower-middle income countries.
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COVID-19 , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño , Adulto , Depresión , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
Over the past decade, an increase in global connectivity and social media users has changed the way in which opinions and sentiments are shared. Platforms such as Twitter can act as public forums for expressing opinions on non-personal matters, but often also as an outlet for individuals to share their feelings and personal thoughts. This becomes especially evident during times of crisis, such as a massive civil disorder or a pandemic. This study proposes the estimation and analysis of sentiments expressed by Twitter users of the Republic of Panama during the years 2019 and 2020. The proposed workflow is comprised of the extraction, quantification, processing and analysis of Spanish-language Twitter data based on Sentiment Analysis. This case of study highlights the importance of developing natural language processing resources explicitly devised for supporting opinion mining applications in Latin American countries, where language regionalisms can drastically change the lexicon on each country. A comparative analysis performed between popular machine learning algorithms demonstrated that a version of a distributed gradient boosting algorithm could infer sentiment polarity contained in Spanish text in an accurate and time-effective manner. This algorithm is the tool used to analyze over 20 million tweets produced between the years of 2019 and 2020 by residents of the Republic of Panama, accurately displaying strong sentiment responses to events occurred in the country over the two years that the analysis performed spanned. The obtained results highlight the potential that methodologies such as the one proposed in this study could have for transparent government monitoring of responses to public policies on a population scale.
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Pandemias , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Actitud , Humanos , Aprendizaje Automático , Procesamiento de Lenguaje NaturalRESUMEN
Due to the many implemented restrictions, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has rendered some tasks more difficult, for instance, the evaluation of outpatients. Panama's tertiary care hospital for kidney biopsy referral was transformed into a COVID-only hospital in order to assist the large number of COVID-19 patients. In order to face the impossibility of following patients with nephrotic or nephritic syndrome, a biopsy program was implemented in a southern province in Panama. Thirty kidney biopsies were carried out over a 1-year period. This experience shows that kidney biopsy programs, that are usually run only in large referral centers, can also be implemented in small nephrology centers, allowing to obtain accurate diagnoses and to guide correct treatment.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias , Riñón/patología , SARS-CoV-2 , Biopsia , Panamá/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Introducción: En Panamá, así como en otras partes del mundo como España e Italia, se crearon Unidades de Cuidados Respiratorios Especiales para brindar soporte no invasivo a pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria por neumonía por SARS-COV-2. En este trabajo se describen las características demográfica y clínicas de los pacientes que utilizaron ventilación no invasiva y/o cánula de alto flujo. Material y métodos: El diseño del estudio fue prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo en dos hospitales de referencia en Panamá. Los pacientes firmaron un consentimiento informado y se procedió a llenar un cuestionario diario sobre las características demográficas y variables clínicas diarias. Resultados: Se logró recolectar datos de 173 paciente, 60.69% correspondió al sexo masculino y se encontraban en una media de edad de 59 años, la comorbilidad más común fue la hipertensión arterial. El 88.75% de los pacientes tuvieron un NEWS 2 por arriba de 5 que indicaba mayor vigilancia por riesgo medio de paciente crítico, tanto la VMNI como el CAF tuvieron buenos resultados, 60% y 80% respectivamente. Conclusión: Nuestro estudio nos da luces sobre las características de los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria que requirieron dispositivos no invasivos y nos permite observar la evolución de estos en un contexto donde los recursos son limitados para terapia en cuidados intensivos. (provisto por Infomedic International)
Introduction: In Panama, as in other parts of the world, Special Respiratory Care Units were created to provide non-invasive support to patients with respiratory failure due to SARS-COV-2 pneumonia. In this work, the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients who used non-invasive ventilation and/or high-flow cannula are described. Material and method: The study design was prospective, observational and descriptive in two Reference Hospitals in Panama. The patients signed an informed consent and proceeded to fill out a daily questionnaire on demographic characteristics and daily clinical variables. Results: We included 173 patients, 60.69% were male and had a mean age of 59 years, and the most common comorbidity was hypertension. In the evaluation of the risks, the 88.75% had a NEWS 2 above 5 that indicated greater vigilance due to the medium risk of a critical patient, both NIV and HFC had good results in 60% and 80% respectively. Conclusion: Our study sheds light on the characteristics of patients with respiratory failure who required non-invasive devices and allows us to observe their evolution in a context where resources are limited for intensive care therapy. (provided by Infomedic International)
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Hasta el 30 de julio, se reportan 7.743 pacientes (0,8%) en aislamiento domiciliario, 163 pacientes (0,0%) se encuentran hospitalizados (132 en sala general y 31 en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo - UCI). Se informan 938.038 (98,3%) casos como recuperados. Se notifica un total de 8.425 fallecidos con 41 nuevas muertes desde el 8 de julio, para un porcentaje de fallecidos de 0,9%.
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COVID-19 , Coronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Betacoronavirus , Análisis de la Situación , Urgencias Médicas , Américas , PanamáRESUMEN
Introducción: En Panamá, para asumir la masiva demanda de casos con COVID-19, fueron creados centros temporales para atención médica en algunos establecimientos públicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínicamente a pacientes ingresados con COVID-19 moderado. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, ambispectivo, de serie de casos, realizado entre febrero y abril del 2021. Incluyó todos los ingresos en los 5 primeros meses del Centro de Atención Integral para Casos Moderados por COVID-19 en Figali. Se diseñó un cuestionario para cada paciente con datos recogidos de las historias clínicas individuales electrónicas. Resultados: De 628 pacientes ingresados, el 58,1 por ciento eran hombres y 41,6 por ciento del grupo etario de ≥ 60 años. El 54,94 por ciento ingresó luego de 7 días de síntomas, procedentes principalmente de hoteles de aislamiento (39,65 por ciento) y hospitales (26,43 por ciento). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron la tos, disnea, fiebre y debilidad. El 84,39 por ciento fueron clasificados como COVID-19 moderados. El 51,75 por ciento requirió del ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Respiratorios Especiales y de estos el 3,82 por ciento necesitó ventilación mecánica invasiva. El 67,70 por ciento fue dado de alta al hogar y 14,59 por ciento fue transferido a hospitales de tercer nivel luego de la intubación orotraqueal. Conclusiones: El Centro-Figali brindó atención médica a pacientes con COVID-19 moderados, severos y críticos. Prevalecieron los síntomas generales y respiratorios altos, que se intensificaron en la fase pulmonar de la enfermedad y motivaron el ingreso. Entre los hombres, adultos mayores y pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles estuvieron la mayoría de los ingresados y fallecidos(AU)
Introduction: In Panama, temporary centers for medical care were created in some public establishments to meet the massive demand for cases with COVID-19. Objective: To clinically describe hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19. Methods: A descriptive, ambispective, case series study was conducted from February to April 2021. It included all admissions in the first 5 months of the Comprehensive Care Center for Moderate Cases due to COVID-19 in Figali. A questionnaire was designed for each patient with data collected from individual electronic medical records. Results: Out of 628 admitted patients, 58.1 percent were men and 41.6 percent were in the age group ≥60 years. 54.94 percent were admitted after 7 days of symptoms, mainly from isolation hotels (39.65 percent) and hospitals (26.43 percent). The most frequent symptoms were cough, dyspnea, fever and weakness. 84.39 percent were classified as moderate COVID-19. 51.75 percent required admission to the Special Respiratory Care Unit, and out of these 3.82 percent required invasive mechanical ventilation. 67.70 percent were discharged and 14.59 percent were transferred to third level hospitals after orotracheal intubation. Conclusions: Centro Figali provided medical care to patients with moderate, severe and critical COVID-19. General and upper respiratory symptoms prevailed, which intensified in the pulmonary phase of the disease and led to admission. Among men, older adults and patients with chronic non-communicable diseases were the majority of those admitted and deceased(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/epidemiología , COVID-19/transmisión , Panamá , Epidemiología DescriptivaRESUMEN
Fitting Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) models to incidence data is problematic when not all infected individuals are reported. Assuming an underlying SIR model with general but known distribution for the time to recovery, this paper derives the implied differential-integral equations for observed incidence data when a fixed fraction of newly infected individuals are not observed. The parameters of the resulting system of differential equations are identifiable. Using these differential equations, we develop a stochastic model for the conditional distribution of current disease incidence given the entire past history of reported cases. We estimate the model parameters using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte-Carlo sampling of the posterior distribution. We use our model to estimate the transmission rate and fraction of asymptomatic individuals for the current Coronavirus 2019 outbreak in eight American Countries: the United States of America, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Panama, from January 2020 to May 2021. Our analysis reveals that the fraction of reported cases varies across all countries. For example, the reported incidence fraction for the United States of America varies from 0.3 to 0.6, while for Brazil it varies from 0.2 to 0.4.
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COVID-19/epidemiología , Argentina/epidemiología , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil/epidemiología , Chile/epidemiología , Colombia/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Cadenas de Markov , México/epidemiología , Panamá/epidemiología , Perú/epidemiología , Procesos Estocásticos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Cette publication est un outil de plaidoyer destiné aux responsables politiques et aux décideurs externes à l'OPS. La publication décrit ce qu'est le Fonds stratégique, ce qui le différencie des autres mécanismes régionaux ou des autres agences et informe le lecteur sur les personnes qui ont bénéficié du Fonds stratégique.
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Fondo Estratégico , Organización Panamericana de la Salud , Sistemas de Salud , Enfermedades Transmisibles , COVID-19 , VIH , Tuberculosis , Malaria , Toma de Decisiones , Formulación de Políticas , MedicinaRESUMEN
In response to COVID-19, Panama implemented a sex-segregated lockdown policy whereby women were allowed to access essential services on Monday, Wednesday and Friday and men on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. The logic was to reduce disease transmission by controlling population circulation at any one time. We sought to understand the impact of this policy approach on Panamanian society. To do so, we undertook key informant interviews with representatives from groups of society that have been significantly affected by this policy across Panamanian society. Framework analysis was undertaken on interview transcripts to identify key trends, which were latterly triangulated with academic, media and grey literature. Firstly, we engage with intersectional analyses to show that those most affected were marginalised groups including trans population, disabled groups, indigenous groups and migrants who faced discrimination as a consequence of this policy. Secondly, we highlight practical tensions that individuals faced relating to access to resources (financial, health-related and beyond), and third we interrogate the methods used to enforce this policy, and the role of the police and exemption passes. We conclude that this policy was regressive in that it affected those most vulnerable in Panamanian society, entrenching existing inequalities. Before implementing sex-segregated policies in future health crises, governments must seek advice of gender and equality advisors and ensure impact assessments are undertaken to understand the burden such policies may pose across society.
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COVID-19 , Migrantes , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Femenino , Identidad de Género , Política de Salud , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Introducción: El 9 de marzo de 2020 se confirma el primer caso de COVID-19 en la República de Panamá. Según el reporte #46 de Panamá emitido por la OPS el 26 de enero de 2021, Panamá es el segundo país de las Américas con más alta incidencia después de Estados Unidos. Métodos: El diseño del estudio es observacional retrospectivo. En este estudio participaron 140 pacientes de 3 instituciones privadas localizadas en el área metropolitana de la República de Panamá. Resultados: De la muestra, 65.71% eran hombres y 34.29% eran mujeres, 72 (51.43%) pacientes fueron hospitalizados. La edad media fue de 48.39 años. El 49% de los pacientes presentaron antecedentes personales patológicos, el más común fue hipertensión arterial (63.27%). Los síntomas más frecuentes encontramos fiebre (71.43%), tos (61.43%), fatiga (50.71%) y disnea (32.86%). Del total de pacientes, 55.71% recibió tratamiento intrahospitalario, 11.51% fue admitido a UCI, 9.29% sufrió complicaciones y las más frecuente fue falla respiratoria (61.54%). De los medicamentos utilizados en ese periodo de tiempo lo más comúnmente usado fue la hidroxicloroquina (91.03%) y la azitromicina (84.62%). Conclusiones: Se encontraron resultados similares a estudios descriptivos realizados en distintos países con modelos similares al nuestro. (provisto por Infomedic International)
Introduction: The first case of COVID-19 in the Republic of Panama was confirmed on March 9 2020. In the Panama #46 report issued by PAHO on January 26, 2021, Panama was the second country in the Americas with the highest incidence of COVID-19 after the United States. Methods: The design of the study is a retrospective observational study of 140 patients from 3 private hospitals located in the metropolitan area of the Republic of Panama. Results: Of the sample, 65.71% were men and 34.29% were women, 72 (51.43%) patients were hospitalized. The median age was 48.39 years. 49% of the patients presented a pathological personal history, the most common was arterial hypertension (63.27%). Of the sample, 65.71% were men and 34.29% were women, 72 (51.43%) patients were hospitalized. The average age was 48.39 years. 49% of patients had a pathological personal history where high blood pressure was the most frequent (63.27%). The most common symptoms were fever (71.43%), cough (61.43%), fatigue (50.71%) and dyspnea (32.86%). Of the total number of patients, 55.71% received in-hospital treatment, 11.51% were admitted to the ICU, 9.29% suffered complications, the most frequent was respiratory failure (61.54%). Of the drugs used in that time period, the most commonly used were hydroxychloroquine (91.03%) and azithromycin (84.62%). Conclusions: Similar results were found to descriptive studies carried out in different countries with models similar to ours. (provided by Infomedic International)
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Resumen: La población indígena es un grupo demográficamente importante en todo el mundo que tiende a desaparecer. Con el transcurso del tiempo, según el comportamiento demográfico, en algunas áreas están desapareciendo a causa de factores relacionados con el derecho a sus tierras y recursos, desfavoreciendo así su situación socioeconómica y de salud. La dimensión cultural de los grupos indígenas se refleja en su actuar individual, comunitario y social. Es así como el Fondo Población de las Naciones Unidas, promueve el 9 de agosto como día de la celebración internacional de los pueblos indígenas, para destacar el respeto a sus derechos humanos, una mayor participación y promover el rescate de su cultura. La elaboración de este artículo tiene como propósito examinar, desde la literatura, el contexto de los grupos indígenas en la pandemia del COVID-19 y resaltar las pautas establecidas por los organismos internacionales para ser implementadas en esta situación durante el año 2020. Se revisaron informes y documentos, para conocer las directrices a cumplir por los gobiernos, medios de comunicación y población en general ante la pandemia, resaltando el trato igualitario en la dotación de los recursos logísticos y humanos necesarios para el control y mitigación del virus COVID-19 en los territorios indígenas.
Abstract At the international level, there is a considerable population of indigenous groups that in the course of time are disappearing in some areas due to factors related to the right to their lands and resources, thus exacerbating their socioeconomic and health situation, which are aspects that disrupt the human rights of indigenous peoples. The cultural dimension of indigenous groups is reflected in their individual, community and societal actions. Hence, the United Nations Fund promotes the annual international celebration on August 9, highlighting respect for human rights and greater participation of indigenous groups to rescue their culture. The development of this work aims at examining the context of indigenous groups in the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlighting the guidelines established by international organizations that should be implemented in this situation during 2020. Hence, a review of the reports has been carried out to know the guidelines, to be met by governments, the media and the general population in the face of pandemics, which take into account equal treatment in the provision of logistical and human resources needed for the control and mitigation of the COVID 19 virus in indigenous territories.
RESUMO: A nível internacional, há populações consideráveis de grupos indígenas que, ao longo do tempo, em algumas áreas estão desaparecendo, devido a fatores relacionados ao direito às suas terras e recursos, desfavorendo assim sua situação socioeconômica e de saúde. A dimensão cultural dos grupos indígenas se reflete em suas ações individuais, comunitárias e sociais, que é como o Fundo das Nações Unidas promove o 9 de agosto como o dia da celebração internacional dos povos indígenas, para destacar o respeito pelos seus direitos humanos e maior participação, pelo resgate de sua cultura. A elaboração deste trabalho que visa examinar a partir da literatura, o contexto dos grupos indígenas na pandemia COVID-19, e destacar as diretrizes estabelecidas por organismos internacionais a serem implementadas nesta situação durante o ano de 2020, de modo que foi realizada uma revisão de relatórios e documentos, para conhecer as diretrizes a serem cumpridas pelos governos, mídia e população em geral diante da pandemia, destacando o tratamento igualitário na oferta de recursos logísticos e humanos necessários para o controle e mitigação do vírus COVID-19 em territórios indígenas.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Pandemias , Pueblos Indígenas , COVID-19/etnología , Panamá , Salud de Poblaciones Indígenas , Derechos HumanosRESUMEN
This interview with Pau González, the co-founder of Hombres Trans Panamá (Trans Men Panama, HTP), the first trans men's organization in the country, explains how Panama's gender-based lockdown in response to the Covid-19 pandemic was a pivotal moment for the trans community. HTP was one of the national civil society organizations that spearheaded the response to the cases of anti-trans discrimination under the gendered measures, urging the government to issue guidelines that would allow trans people to circulate based on their gender identity and, later, to scrap the measure altogether. González explains how the lockdown not only exacerbated the structural inequalities that trans people in the country already experienced, but also forced them to reimagine their community and their activism.
