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1.
J Travel Med ; 2024 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38438165

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Vaccination plays a critical role in mitigating the burden associated with yellow fever (YF). However, there is a lack of comprehensive evidence on the humoral response to primary vaccination in the paediatric population, with several questions debated, including the response when the vaccine is administered at early ages, the effect of co-administration with other vaccines, the duration of immunity, and the use of fractional doses, among others. This study summarizes the existing evidence regarding the humoral response to primary YF vaccination in infants and children. METHODS: Studies on the humoral response to primary YF vaccination in children aged 12 years or younger were reviewed. The humoral vaccine response rate (VRR), i.e. the proportion of children who tested positive for vaccine-induced YF-specific neutralizing antibodies, was pooled through random-effects meta-analysis, and categorized based on the time elapsed since vaccination. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 33 articles met the inclusion criteria, with all but one conducted in countries where YF is endemic. A total of 14 028 infants and children entered this systematic review. Within three months following vaccination, the pooled VRR was 91.9% (95%CI 89.8-93.9). A higher VRR observed after 17D-204 at the meta-regression analysis. No significant differences in immunogenicity outcomes were observed based on age, administration route, coadministration with other vaccines, or fractional dosing. Results also indicate a decline in VRR over time. CONCLUSIONS: Primary YF vaccination effectively provides humoral immunity in paediatric population. However, humoral response declines over time, and this decline is observable after the first 18 months following vaccination. A differential response according to the vaccine substrain was also observed. This research has valuable implications for stimulating further research on the primary YF vaccination in infants and children, as well as for informing future policies.

2.
Trop Med Int Health ; 2024 Mar 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38481292

RESUMO

AIM: This study aimed to investigate the impact of communicable diseases with epidemic potential in complex emergency (CE) situations, focusing on the epidemiological profile of incidence and mortality and exploring underlying factors contributing to increased epidemic risks. METHODS: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, we conducted a scoping review of articles published between 1990 and 2022. The search included terms related to complex emergencies, communicable diseases, outbreaks, and epidemics. We identified 92 epidemics related to CE occurring in 32 different countries. RESULTS: Communicable diseases like Shigellosis, Cholera, Measles, Meningococcal meningitis, Yellow Fever, and Malaria caused significant morbidity and mortality. Diarrhoeal diseases, particularly Cholera and Shigellosis, had the highest incidence rates. Shigella specifically had an incidence of 241.0 per 1000 (people at risk), with a mortality rate of 11.7 per 1000, while Cholera's incidence was 13.0 per 1000, with a mortality rate of 0.22 per 1000. Measles followed, with an incidence of 25.0 per 1000 and a mortality rate of 0.76 per 1000. Meningococcal Meningitis had an incidence rate of 1.3 per 1000 and a mortality rate of 0.13 per 1000. Despite their lower incidences, yellow fever at 0.8 per 1000 and malaria at 0.4 per 1000, their high case fatality rates of 20.1% and 0.4% remained concerning in CE. The qualitative synthesis reveals that factors such as water, sanitation, and hygiene, shelter and settlements, food and nutrition, and public health and healthcare in complex emergencies affect the risk of epidemics. CONCLUSION: Epidemics during complex emergencies could potentially lead to a public health crisis. Between 1990 and 2022, there have been no statistically significant changes in the trend of incidence, mortality, or fatality rates of epidemic diseases in CE. It is crucial to understand that all epidemics identified in CE are fundamentally preventable.

3.
Comp Med ; 2024 03 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38438127

RESUMO

This corrects the article DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-23-000037
When the above article was first published in the Vol 3 No 6 (December 2023) issue of Comparative Medicine, figure images were incorrectly associated with the figure legends. The correct version of this article has been reprinted in full in volume 74, issue 1 of the February issue of Comparative Medicine.
The publisher apologizes for this error and any inconvenience caused.

4.
Zootaxa ; 5406(2): 253-287, 2024 Feb 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480153

RESUMO

Female mosquitoes of the genus Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827 are implicated in the transmission of several arboviruses, including yellow fever virus. Here, we present an illustrated species identification key for females of the genus Sabethes recorded in Brazil, except Sa. nitidus Theobald, 1901 and Sa. harbachi Nascimento-Pereira, Guimares, Loureno-de-Oliveira & Motta, 2021 as only the males of these species are known. The key is available in dichotomous and interactive formats. An updated list of the Sabethes species of Brazil and new occurrence records for the states of the country are provided. The type localities of four speciesSa. glaucodaemon (Dyar & Shannon, 1925), Sa. amazonicus Gordon & Evans, 1922, Sa. belisarioi Neiva, 1908 and Sa. soperi Lane & Cerqueira, 1942are corrected or restricted.


Assuntos
Culicidae , Dípteros , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Brasil
5.
BMJ Case Rep ; 17(3)2024 Mar 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38479831

RESUMO

We present a rare case of recurrent leishmaniasis infection in a female in her 80s who re-presented with a pleural effusion. The patient was initially investigated as an outpatient for cytopenia and underwent a bone marrow biopsy which subsequently diagnosed visceral leishmaniasis. Following full treatment, and apparent recovery, she re-presented with pleural effusion, hypoalbuminaemia and cytopenia. Leishmania was eventually isolated in a pleural fluid sample obtained on therapeutic drainage, and she was treated for a recurrence at a tertiary infectious disease unit. This interesting and challenging case demonstrates the importance of suspecting leishmaniasis recurrence in previously treated cases and the diagnostic benefit of pleural fluid analysis in the context of suspected leishmaniasis.


Assuntos
Leishmaniose Visceral , Derrame Pleural , Humanos , Feminino , Leishmaniose Visceral/complicações , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Visceral/tratamento farmacológico , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico por imagem , Derrame Pleural/etiologia , Derrame Pleural/patologia , Exsudatos e Transudatos , Medula Óssea/patologia
6.
Rev Esp Enferm Dig ; 2024 Mar 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38469815

RESUMO

A 69-year-old male, three years post-endovascular exclusion for an abdominal aortic aneurysm, presented with asthenia and fever. An abdominal CT scan showed no gastrointestinal tract communications, abscess, or contrast extravasation. Tc-99m-HMPAO-labeled leukocytes scintigraphy with SPECT/CT revealed increased uptake on the posterior surface of the aortic graft, along with air bubbles in its right iliac limb. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, revealing a duodenal ulcer in the transition between the second and third portions. The ulcer exhibited yellow graft tissue at its center. The patient underwent in situ reconstruction, involving the replacement of the infected prosthetic graft, and the duodenal defect was addressed through segmental resection and duodenojejunal anastomosis. Secondary aorto-duodenal fistula (SADF), a rare complication of vascular surgery, may arise from factors such as local infection or graft-bowel contact. SADF, often located in the duodenum, poses a high mortality risk, necessitating early diagnosis. Clinical presentation varies from significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding to obscured bleeding.

7.
Ecotoxicology ; 2024 Mar 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38446268

RESUMO

Nanotechnology has grown in importance in medicine, manufacturing, and consumer products. Nanoparticles (NPs) are also widely used in the field of insect pest management, where they show a variety of toxicological effects on insects. As a result, the primary goal of this review is to compile and evaluate available information on effects of NPs on insects, by use of a timely, bibliometric analysis. We also discussed the manufacturing capacity of NPs from insect tissues and the toxic effects of NPs on insects. To do so, we searched the Web of Science database for literature from 1995 to 2023 and ran bibliometric analyses with CiteSpace© and Bibliometrix©. The analyses covered 614 journals and identified 1763 relevant documents. We found that accumulation of NPs was one of the top trending topics. China, India, and USA had the most published papers. The most overall reported models of insects were those of Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito), Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito), Bombyx mori (silk moth), and Anopheles stephensi (Asian malaria mosquito). The application and methods of fabrication of NPs using insect tissues, as well as the mechanism of toxicity of NPs on insects, were also reported. A uniform legal framework is required to allow nanotechnology to fully realize its potential while minimizing harm to living organisms and reducing the release of toxic metalloid nanoparticles into the environment.

8.
Health Sci Rep ; 7(2): e1924, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38444843

RESUMO

Background and Aims: The acute tropical infectious disease known as yellow fever (YF) is caused by an arbovirus and is characterized by fever, jaundice, hemorrhage, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Angola experienced a yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak that was documented in December 2015. However, little is known about the outcome of this outbreak. We aimed to demonstrate epidemic features and lessons learned during the YF epidemic in Angola. Methods: A total of 4618 blood samples from suspected YF cases were sent to the Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), a national referral and public health laboratory, between December 5, 2015, and December 23, 2016. Sample analyses were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Blood samples were sent from 16 out of the 18 provinces of Angola. Results: We detected 884 (19.1%) cases that were positive for ELISA, which were confirmed by RT-PCR assay. Considering the positive cases, the incidence among male patients was around three times higher (n = 223; 10.9%) than in female patients (n = 59; 2.6%) in the 20-29 age group, followed by the age group 10-19 with n = 211 (6.8%) in males versus n = 108 (3.3%) in females; and the age group 30-39 had n = 68 (4.8%) in males versus n = 28 (1.8%) in females. The other groups had an incidence below 3.0%. The case fatality ratio for YF was in young adults in the age group 20-29 with n = 39 cases, followed by the age group 10-19 with n = 16 cases, and finally the age group 0-9 with n = 13 cases. The other age groups had several deaths by YF below 10 cases. Conclusions: This study demonstrates features of the YF epidemic that occurred in Angola. Also, it demonstrates that YF causes deaths in young people but is preventable by high vaccine coverage. Thus, public health laboratory surveillance must be strengthened to reduce the possibility of emerging and re-emerging human infections.

9.
Chest ; 165(3): e65-e69, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38461020

RESUMO

CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old man, a farmer, had been experiencing coughing, phlegm, and difficulty breathing for 2 months. He underwent a CT scan at a local hospital that showed a mediastinal mass. Bronchoscopy showed no obstruction in the tracheal lumen, and an endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) biopsy was performed on the mediastinal mass. The cytologic smear of the mediastinal mass showed a few atypical epithelial cells; the possibility of a tumor could not be ruled out. The patient visited our thoracic surgery outpatient department; based on the advice of the thoracic surgeon, the patient underwent another endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration biopsy of the mediastinal mass 4 days before this admission. The patient went home and waited for the results. Two days later, the patient experienced a fever and palpitations accompanied by chills, yellow phlegm, and orthopnea. The patient visited our ED, underwent tracheal intubation, and was admitted to our ICU. The patient had had occasional coughing and phlegm for the past 10 years, which were not taken seriously or investigated. The patient does not smoke or drink alcohol, and there is no history of cancer in the family.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares , Doenças do Mediastino , Masculino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aspiração por Agulha Fina Guiada por Ultrassom Endoscópico/efeitos adversos , Aspiração por Agulha Fina Guiada por Ultrassom Endoscópico/métodos , Broncoscopia/métodos , Dispneia/diagnóstico , Dispneia/etiologia , Tosse/etiologia , Tosse/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem
10.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Mar 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38463973

RESUMO

During major, recent yellow fever (YF) epidemics in Brazil, human cases were attributed only to spillover infections from sylvatic transmission with no evidence of human amplification. Furthermore, the historic absence of YF in Asia, despite abundant peridomestic Aedes aegypti and naive human populations, represents a longstanding enigma. We tested the hypothesis that immunity from dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) flaviviruses limits YF virus (YFV) viremia and transmission by Ae. aegypti . Prior DENV and ZIKV immunity consistently suppressed YFV viremia in experimentally infected macaques, leading to reductions in Ae. aegypti infection when mosquitoes were fed on infected animals. These results indicate that, in DENV- and ZIKV-endemic regions such as South America and Asia, flavivirus immunity suppresses YFV human amplification potential, reducing the risk of urban outbreaks. One-Sentence Summary: Immunity from dengue and Zika viruses suppresses yellow fever viremia, preventing infection of mosquitoes and reducing the risk of epidemics.

11.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 5457, 2024 03 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38443433

RESUMO

The effects of boiling water treatment on the physical properties of Quercus variabilis virgin cork (Qv VC) were examined and compared with those of Quercus suber reproduction cork (Qs RC). The water treatment was conducted at 100 °C for 1 h. Qv VC showed a significantly higher dimensional change in the three directions and lower weight loss than Qs RC by boiling water treatment. Untreated and boiled Qv VC showed higher density, air-dried moisture content, red/green (a*) and yellow/blue (b*) chromaticity, overall color change, shrinkage in all three directions, moisture adsorption on the entire surface, and swelling per 1% moisture content than untreated and boiled Qs RC. However, the lightness (L*) and water absorption on each surface were higher for Qs RC than for Qv VC. Moisture adsorption on each surface was comparable before and after heat treatment for both species. After boiling water treatment, the air-dried moisture content, dimensions, volume shrinkage, water absorption, and moisture adsorption on each surface and the entire surface increased, whereas L*, a*, b*, and swelling per 1% moisture content decreased. The results of the present study could be useful for further utilization of Qv cork growing in Korea.


Assuntos
Hipertermia Induzida , Quercus , Fenômenos Físicos , Adsorção , Fatores de Transcrição , Água , República da Coreia
12.
Arch Microbiol ; 206(3): 132, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38436750

RESUMO

Due to their vectorial capacity, mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) receive special attention from health authorities and entomologists. These cosmopolitan insects are responsible for the transmission of many viral diseases, such as dengue and yellow fever, causing huge impacts on human health and justifying the intensification of research focused on mosquito-borne diseases. In this context, the study of the virome of mosquitoes can contribute to anticipate the emergence and/or the reemergence of infectious diseases. The assessment of mosquito viromes also contributes to the surveillance of a wide variety of viruses found in these insects, allowing the early detection of pathogens with public health importance. However, the study of mosquito viromes can be challenging due to the number and complexities of steps involved in this type of research. Therefore, this article aims to describe, in a straightforward and simplified way, the steps necessary for obtention and assessment of mosquito viromes. In brief, this article explores: the capture and preservation of specimens; sampling strategies; treatment of samples before DNA/RNA extraction; extraction methodologies; enrichment and purification processes; sequencing choices; and bioinformatics analysis.


Assuntos
Culicidae , Humanos , Animais , Viroma , Biologia Computacional , Vetores Genéticos
13.
Arch Dermatol Res ; 316(3): 96, 2024 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38430244

RESUMO

Given the higher susceptibility to infectious disease in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies for inflammatory dermatologic conditions, immunization is important in this population. While live vaccines protect against life-threatening diseases, they can be harmful in immunosuppressed patients given the risk of replication of the attenuated pathogen and adverse reactions. The utilization of live vaccines in immunosuppressed patients depends on multiple factors such as the vaccine and therapy regimen. To provide an overview of evidence-based recommendations for the use of live vaccines in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies for dermatological conditions. A literature search of the PubMed database was performed using keywords live vaccine, live-attenuated vaccine, dermatology, immunosuppressed, and immunocompromised, and specific immunosuppressive therapies: corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, biologics. Relevant articles written in English were included. Using these keywords, 125 articles were reviewed, of which 28 were ultimately selected. Recommendations for live vaccines can be determined on a case-by-case basis. Measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (MMRV) vaccines may be safely administered to patients on low-dose immunosuppressive agents while the yellow fever vaccine is typically contraindicated. It may be safe to administer live MMRV boosters to children on immunosuppressive therapies and the live herpes zoster vaccine to patients on biologics. Given poor adherence to immunization guidelines in immunosuppressed patients, dermatologists have a critical role in educating patients and general practitioners regarding live vaccines. By reviewing a patient's vaccination history and following immunization guidelines prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapies, physicians can mitigate morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.


Assuntos
Dermatologia , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Vacinação , Humanos , Vacina contra Varicela/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Varicela/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/efeitos adversos , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Febre Amarela/administração & dosagem , Vacina contra Febre Amarela/efeitos adversos
14.
NPJ Vaccines ; 9(1): 54, 2024 Mar 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38459059

RESUMO

The re-emergence of yellow fever (YF) urged new mass vaccination campaigns and, in 2017, the World Health Organization approved the use of the fractional dose (FD) of the YF vaccine due to stock shortage. In an observational cross-sectional investigation, we have assessed viremia, antibodies, soluble mediators and effector and memory T and B-cells induced by primary vaccination of volunteers with FD and standard dose (SD). Similar viremia and levels of antibodies and soluble markers were induced early after immunization. However, a faster decrease in the latter was observed after SD. The FD led to a sustained expansion of helper T-cells and an increased expression of activation markers on T-cells early after vaccination. Although with different kinetics, expansion of plasma cells was induced upon SD and FD immunization. Integrative analysis reveals that FD induces a more complex network involving follicular helper T cells and B-cells than SD. Our findings substantiate that FD can replace SD inducing robust correlates of protective immune response against YF.

15.
Microbiol Spectr ; : e0370323, 2024 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38511952

RESUMO

Between 2016 and 2018, Brazil experienced major sylvatic yellow fever (YF) outbreaks that caused hundreds of casualties, with Minas Gerais (MG) being the most affected state. These outbreaks provided a unique opportunity to assess the immune response triggered by the wild-type (WT) yellow fever virus (YFV) in humans. The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is currently the standard method to assess the humoral immune response to YFV by measuring neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). The present study aimed to evaluate the humoral immune response of patients from the 2017-2018 sylvatic YF outbreak in MG with different disease outcomes by using PRNTs with a WT YFV strain, isolated from the 2017-2018 outbreak, and a vaccine YFV strain. Samples from naturally infected YF patients were tested, in comparison with healthy vaccinees. Results showed that both groups presented different levels of nAb against the WT and vaccine strains, and the levels of neutralization against the strains varied homotypically and heterotypically. Results based on the geometric mean titers (GMTs) suggest that the humoral immune response after a natural infection of YFV can reach higher levels than that induced by vaccination (GMT of patients against WT YFV compared to GMT of vaccinees, P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that the humoral immune responses triggered by the vaccine and WT strains of YFV are different, possibly due to genetic and antigenic differences between these viruses. Therefore, current means of assessing the immune response in naturally infected YF individuals and immunological surveillance methods in areas with intense viral circulation may need to be updated.IMPORTANCEYellow fever is a deadly febrile disease caused by the YFV. Despite the existence of effective vaccines, this disease still represents a public health concern worldwide. Much is known about the immune response against the vaccine strains of the YFV, but recent studies have shown that it differs from that induced by WT strains. The extent of this difference and the mechanisms behind it are still unclear. Thus, studies aimed to better understand the immune response against this virus are relevant and necessary. The present study evaluated levels of neutralizing antibodies of yellow fever patients from recent outbreaks in Brazil, in comparison with healthy vaccinees, using plaque reduction neutralization tests with WT and vaccine YFV strains. Results showed that the humoral immune response in naturally infected patients was higher than that induced by vaccination, thus providing new insights into the immune response triggered against these viruses.

16.
Aust J Rural Health ; 2024 Mar 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38506501

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Yellow fever is caused by an RNA flavivirus. Immunisation in conjunction with vector control is at the forefront of yellow fever control and elimination. OBJECTIVE: This narrative review describes the impact and importance of yellow fever vaccinations for northern Australian health practitioners. DESIGN: Selected key policies, studies and medical guidelines are reviewed and presented. FINDING: Large yellow fever outbreaks, associated with vector spread, have occurred in the last decade in Africa and South America, increasing the risk of international spread of the virus. Mobile populations, like travellers or migrant workers, continue to be at risk of yellow fever. Quality assurance, including yellow fever centre accreditation and initiatives to decrease fraudulent yellow fever vaccination documentation, has evolved in the past few years. Fractional dosing of yellow fever vaccines has been shown to provide protection for 1 year in outbreak scenarios, but further studies are needed. DISCUSSION: Although Australia is yellow fever-free, the disease could be introduced by viraemic persons as a competent Aedes mosquito vector is present in northern Australia. In addition to surveillance and vector control, health education and yellow fever vaccination remain the best lines of defence. In the event of an outbreak, a response via fractional dosing could prove to be effective in controlling the virus. CONCLUSION: Health care providers in northern Australia should be aware of the risks of yellow fever and its introduction to northern Australia and be able to discuss vaccination status with their clients when needed.

17.
J Am Chem Soc ; 2024 Mar 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38484471

RESUMO

Mosquito control methods are vital to curtail the spread of life-threatening illnesses, such as dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever. Vector control technologies must be selective to minimize deleterious effects on our ecosystem. Successful methods that control mosquito larva populations utilize the uniquely high alkaline nature of the midgut. Here, we present novel protected triazabutadienes (pTBD) that are deprotected under basic conditions of the larval midgut, releasing an aryl diazonium ion (ADI) that results in protein modification. The probes contain a bioorthogonal terminal alkyne handle, enabling a selective Cu-click reaction with an azidofluorophore for quantification by SDS PAGE and visualization using fluorescence microscopy. A control TBD, unable to release an ADI, did not label the midgut. We envision our chemical probes will aid in the development of new selective mosquito control methods, thus preventing the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses with minimal impact on other organisms in the ecosystem.

18.
Lancet Glob Health ; 12(4): e563-e571, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38485425

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There have been declines in global immunisation coverage due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Recovery has begun but is geographically variable. This disruption has led to under-immunised cohorts and interrupted progress in reducing vaccine-preventable disease burden. There have, so far, been few studies of the effects of coverage disruption on vaccine effects. We aimed to quantify the effects of vaccine-coverage disruption on routine and campaign immunisation services, identify cohorts and regions that could particularly benefit from catch-up activities, and establish if losses in effect could be recovered. METHODS: For this modelling study, we used modelling groups from the Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium from 112 low-income and middle-income countries to estimate vaccine effect for 14 pathogens. One set of modelling estimates used vaccine-coverage data from 1937 to 2021 for a subset of vaccine-preventable, outbreak-prone or priority diseases (ie, measles, rubella, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus [HPV], meningitis A, and yellow fever) to examine mitigation measures, hereafter referred to as recovery runs. The second set of estimates were conducted with vaccine-coverage data from 1937 to 2020, used to calculate effect ratios (ie, the burden averted per dose) for all 14 included vaccines and diseases, hereafter referred to as full runs. Both runs were modelled from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2100. Countries were included if they were in the Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance portfolio; had notable burden; or had notable strategic vaccination activities. These countries represented the majority of global vaccine-preventable disease burden. Vaccine coverage was informed by historical estimates from WHO-UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage and the immunisation repository of WHO for data up to and including 2021. From 2022 onwards, we estimated coverage on the basis of guidance about campaign frequency, non-linear assumptions about the recovery of routine immunisation to pre-disruption magnitude, and 2030 endpoints informed by the WHO Immunization Agenda 2030 aims and expert consultation. We examined three main scenarios: no disruption, baseline recovery, and baseline recovery and catch-up. FINDINGS: We estimated that disruption to measles, rubella, HPV, hepatitis B, meningitis A, and yellow fever vaccination could lead to 49 119 additional deaths (95% credible interval [CrI] 17 248-134 941) during calendar years 2020-30, largely due to measles. For years of vaccination 2020-30 for all 14 pathogens, disruption could lead to a 2·66% (95% CrI 2·52-2·81) reduction in long-term effect from 37 378 194 deaths averted (34 450 249-40 241 202) to 36 410 559 deaths averted (33 515 397-39 241 799). We estimated that catch-up activities could avert 78·9% (40·4-151·4) of excess deaths between calendar years 2023 and 2030 (ie, 18 900 [7037-60 223] of 25 356 [9859-75 073]). INTERPRETATION: Our results highlight the importance of the timing of catch-up activities, considering estimated burden to improve vaccine coverage in affected cohorts. We estimated that mitigation measures for measles and yellow fever were particularly effective at reducing excess burden in the short term. Additionally, the high long-term effect of HPV vaccine as an important cervical-cancer prevention tool warrants continued immunisation efforts after disruption. FUNDING: The Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium, funded by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. TRANSLATIONS: For the Arabic, Chinese, French, Portguese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Hepatite B , Sarampo , Meningite , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Doenças Preveníveis por Vacina , Febre Amarela , Humanos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Imunização , Hepatite B/tratamento farmacológico
19.
Vaccine ; 2024 Mar 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38514353

RESUMO

Studies on yellow fever vaccine (YF) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are scarce. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate YF neutralizing antibody seroprevalence and titers in previously vaccinated adults with CKD, on dialysis (D-CKD) or not (ND-CKD), compared to healthy persons. The micro Plaque Reduction Neutralization-Horseradish Peroxidase (µPRN-HP) test was used. Antibody titers were expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution that neutralized the challenge virus by 50 % (µPRN50). Seropositivity cut-off was set at ≥ 1:100. We included 153 participants: 46 ND-CKD, 50 D-CKD and 57 healthy adults. Median ages were 58.3, 55 and 52.2 years, respectively. Median time since YF vaccination was 22.3, 18.5 and 48.3 months respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in YF seroprevalence and neutralizing antibodies titers among groups: 100 % of ND-CKD; 96 % of D-CKD and 100 % of healthy participants were seropositive. Geometric mean titers (GMT) were 818.5, 683.0 and 665.5, respectively (p = 0.289).

20.
Pest Manag Sci ; 2024 Mar 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38517127

RESUMO

BACKGROUNDS: To provide a long-lasting formulation for spinosad (SP) targeting larval stages of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and others alike, a SP tablet was developed based on microspheres, using polylactic acid as inside coating material. The microspheres were encapsulated using polyethylene glycol and 1-hexadecanol to form a sustained-release SP tablet. Micromorphology, active ingredient loading, structure identification, photolysis resistance, and biological activity were evaluated in this report. RESULTS: (1) SP microspheres have an average particle size of 6.16 ± 2.28 µm, low adhesion, and good dispersion as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and morphology; (2) The average active ingredient loading and encapsulation of SP microspheres were 32.80 ± 0.74% and 78.41 ± 2.22%, respectively; (3) The chemical structure of encapsulated SP was confirmed by FT-IR and 1H-NMR; (4) The photostability of the microspheres and the tablets were evaluated. The results showed that DT50 (time required to dissipate 50% of the mass originally present) of SP was 0.95 days in microspheres and 6.94 days in tablets. (5) The long-term insecticidal activity of SP tablets was investigated, and the tablet had a long-lasting activity against the mosquito larvae, showing 100% larval mortality for 63 days. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided a new long-lasting formulation of SP which displayed good efficacy in the control of Ae. aegypti larvae. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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