RESUMO
Food festivals have been a growing tourism sector in recent years due to their contributions to a region's economic, marketing, brand, and social growth. This study analyses the demand for the Bahrain food festival. The stated objectives were: i) To identify the motivational dimensions of the demand for the food festival, (ii) To determine the segments of the demand for the food festival, and (iii) To establish the relationship between the demand segments and socio-demographic aspects. The food festival investigated was the Bahrain Food Festival held in Bahrain, located on the east coast of the Persian Gulf. The sample consisted of 380 valid questionnaires and was taken using social networks from those attending the event. The statistical techniques used were factorial analysis and the K-means grouping method. The results show five motivational dimensions: Local food, Art, Entertainment, Socialization, and Escape and novelty. In addition, two segments were found; the first, Entertainment and novelties, is related to attendees who seek to enjoy the festive atmosphere and discover new restaurants. The second is Multiple motives, formed by attendees with several motivations simultaneously. This segment has the highest income and expenses, making it the most important group for developing plans and strategies. The results will contribute to the academic literature and the organizers of food festivals.
Assuntos
Férias e Feriados , Atividades de Lazer , Barein , Atmosfera , AlimentosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the growth patterns of Bahraini female and male infants/young children aged 0-24 months in the Kingdom of Bahrain. METHODS: A cross-sectional approach was employed to track the growth parameters among healthy Bahraini female and male infants/children aged 0-24 months. A multistage probability sampling criteria was used to collect information from official records. Anthropometric measurements (weight and length) and demographic characteristics on feeding practices were gathered. Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS)/Lambda-Mu-Sigma methodology was implemented to select distribution type, optimize smoothing parameters, perform regression of growth models, and construct percentiles and Z-score charts and tables for weight for age, length for age, length for weight, and body mass index (BMI) for age. RESULTS: Findings were compared with WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) data. A total of 403 healthy infants/children (210 males and 193 females) were recruited. At birth, the mean weight, length, and BMI were 3.2±0.4 kg, 3.1±0.4 kg, 49.7±2.3 cm, 48.8±2.1 cm, 13.2±1.6 kg/m2, and 12.8±1.5 kg/m2 for males and females, respectively. Anthropometrics of males were all statistically significantly higher than those of females at all age levels. The length and weight of the Bahraini infants/children were slightly higher than those of the WHO-MGRS. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this study, presented as charts and tables, showed significant differences in comparison with the WHO-MGRS reference charts. Specifically, Bahraini children aged between 0 and 24 months of both sexes were taller and heavier than their cohorts in the MGRS reference charts. Further longitudinal studies are needed for monitoring the growth pattern of children using body composition methods, adiposity markers, and determinant factors of growth to investigate this deviation from the WHO-MGRS.
Assuntos
Estatura , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Criança , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Barein , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Padrões de Referência , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Peso Corporal , Valores de ReferênciaAssuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19/provisão & distribuição , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Disseminação de Informação , Internacionalidade , Incerteza , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/provisão & distribuição , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administração , Idoso , Barein , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/normas , Criança , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Incidência , Segurança do Paciente , Gravidez , Controle de Qualidade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Emirados Árabes Unidos , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/normasRESUMO
BNT162b2 (Comirnaty®; BioNTech and Pfizer) is a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine for the prevention of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. BNT162b2 encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the expression of which elicits immune responses against the antigen in recipients. In early December 2020, BNT162b2 received a temporary emergency use authorization (EUA) in the UK and, subsequently, a series of approvals or authorizations for emergency use in Bahrain, Canada, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and the USA. Soon after, BNT162b2 received conditional marketing authorizations in Switzerland (19 December 2020) and the EU (21 December 2020) for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in individuals 16 years of age and older. BNT162b2 is administered intramuscularly in a two-dose regimen. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of BNT162b2 leading to these first approvals for the prevention of COVID-19.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Aprovação de Drogas , Vacina BNT162 , Barein , Canadá , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , União Europeia , Humanos , México , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Arábia Saudita , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Suíça , Reino Unido , Estados Unidos , Vacinas Sintéticas , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Vacinas de mRNARESUMO
AIMS: Breast cancer within the region continues to present challenges to the healthcare services. Strategies to shed light on clinical gaps could better support country-specific circumstances. The aims of the mapping study were to identify the gaps in the evidence base, for the management of breast cancer with relevance to Bahrain and the Gulf Region. In parallel, focusing on areas and directions of research, which are compatible with international and local clinical interests. It was envisaged that the mapping project would expose not only opportunities to improve support to the community but also illustrate the possible engagement of a government entity and a Nongovernment Organization in a private-public partnership. METHOD: An extensive literature review of local and international publications from the period between 1979 and 2015 was undertaken. Searches were conducted using free-text terms, singularly or combined, with no limiters, to provide unrestricted retrieval of available English studies. RESULTS: A total of 326 citations were identified, which after deduplication provided 277 unique citations of which included 236 studies within 13 different categories, relevant to breast cancer within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). CONCLUSION: Contextualizing gaps in literature and, therefore, providing evidence-based decisions, not only support the enduser, but better support the country-specific challenges and burdens to healthcare. Three broad but key areas were identified after mapping of the literature, covering:screening and mammography, knowledge translation and dissemination, and lymphoedema postsurgical resection. Similar mapping projects could be undertaken by other national NGO's to better support the government and solidify the framework for a public-private partnership.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Mamografia/métodos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Barein/epidemiologia , Biópsia por Agulha , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Mastectomia/métodos , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A variety of primary and secondary malignant tumours may present in the liver. In clinical practice the most commonly encountered hepatic tumours are primary hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma and primary cholangiocarcinoma, each with its separate prognostic and management implications. When these tumours are poorly differentiated and the biopsy size is limited to a needle core, the distinction can be extremely difficult. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All liver tumours reported between 1994 and 2004 were examined. Slides from each case were tested separately with each of nine antibodies (HepPar1, CD10, MOC31, Villin, pCEA, mCEA, CK7, CK19, and CK20). RESULTS: Liver biopsy tissue from 53 patients was examined in this retrospective study. The 53 liver biopsies were classified thus: hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 23); metastatic adenocarcinoma (n = 15); cholangiocarcinoma (n = 5); metastatic small cell carcinoma (n = 7); liver cell dysplasia (n = 1); carcinoid (n = 1); and unclassified (n = 1). Sensitivity and specificity values for different antibodies in relation to their positive staining of specific tumours was as follows: HepPar1 for HCC-81.8% and 100%; MOC31 for MA-73.3% and 92.1%; MOC31 for MA and CC as a combined group-65% and 100%; pCEA (canalicular) for HCC-82.6% and 83.3%; mCEA for MA-93.3% and 75.6%; CK7 for CC-100% and 68%; CK19 for MA and CC as a combined group-90% and 86.3%. CONCLUSIONS: An antibody panel consisting of HepPar1, pCEA, CK19 and CK7 together with either MOC31 or mCEA is recommended for use in the differential diagnosis of HCC, MA and CC.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/diagnóstico , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos/química , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Colangiocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/química , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Barein , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/química , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos/patologia , Biópsia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/química , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Colangiocarcinoma/química , Colangiocarcinoma/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
This study analyzed eight cooked species of fish and one species of shrimps (grilled, curried, fried and cooked in rice) commonly consumed in Bahrain for their proximate, mineral and heavy metal content. The results reveled that the protein content was in the range of 22.8-29.2 g/100 g, while the fat content was between 2.9-11.9 g/100 g. The energy content was the highest in the fried Scomberomorus commerson being 894.2 KJ/100 g, followed by Scomberomorus commerson cooked in rice (867.3 KJ/100 g). The samples also had a considerable content of sodium ranging from 120-600 mg/100 g, potassium (310-560 mg/100 g) phosphorous (200-330 mg/100 g), magnesium (26-54 mg/100 g) and zinc (0.4-2.0 mg/100 g), while the other minerals were present to a lower extent. Lead was present to an extent of 0.30 microg/g in the grilled Plectorhinchus sordidus while Lethrinus nebulosus cooked in rice contained 0.35 microg/g of mercury. Cadmium levels were constant at <0.02 microg/g. It can be concluded the traditional methods of cooking fish and shrimps have an effect on their nutrient composition and heavy metal content hence, it is advisable to avoid excessive frying and use minimal salt. In addition, consuming of a wide variety of species of fish and alternating between the various modes of cooking is the best approach to achieve improved dietary habits, minimizing mercury exposure and increasing omega-3 fatty acid intake.
Assuntos
Culinária/métodos , Peixes , Metais Pesados/análise , Minerais/análise , Penaeidae/química , Frutos do Mar/análise , Animais , Barein , Comportamento Alimentar , HumanosRESUMO
PIP: The excess rate of migration to urban centers is a problem affecting over 50 developing countries and 18 developed ones (68% of the world's population). Policies that rely on compulsion or disincentives have mostly failed because they do not deal with the cause of the problem. This paper proposes a strategy of increasing or decreasing the rate of housing construction in different urban areas as a means of stimulating or reducing migration to those areas; in most developing areas priority is given to residential construction in already congested metropolitan areas. 5 assumptions are the basis for this approach: 1) migrants tend to gravitate to the most powerful growth poles; 2) residential construction is a leading sector of regional and urban economies; 3) the encouragement of construction activity will make itself felt indirectly via its effect on construction-related employment; 4) rates of residential construction may be manipulated through government policy affecting the cost of materials, availability of loans, level of unionization, and price of housing; and 5) residential construction is amenable to quick policy action. The central idea of the strategy is that an increase in residential construction will exercise a pull on migrants, increasing job opportunities, raising incomes, lowering housing costs, and improving the chances of home ownership. This idea has been verified by various projects in Hong Kong, Ghana, Venezuela, Brazil, Bahrain, Mexico, Colombia, Poland, USSR, and the UK. In Bahrain low-income housing programs have been used to relocate Bahraini nationals in new outlying suburbs and to promote population growth in rural villages. In Mexico self-help and low-income housing programs have helped to redirect migrants headed for small towns toward smaller communities. There is also evidence to show that building construction has the potential to expand and contribute to economic growth. Some problems of implementation might be finding an adequate economic base, the need to place new communities close to primate cities, the use of large portions of the national budget, and profit-maximizing plans have been detrimental to the speed and development of construction migration. Some benefits for smaller urban areas of construction migrants in developing countries are: 1) emphasis on the development of a labor-intensive industry, 2) little training of workers as needed, 3) it can provide the housing required by industries planning to move to smaller areas, 4) this housing will be cheaper, and 5) incentives will exist to save and invest in the smaller areas.^ieng
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Habitação , Dinâmica Populacional , Política Pública , Planejamento Social , Urbanização , Argélia , Barein , Brasil , Colômbia , Demografia , Geografia , Gana , Hong Kong , Renda , Japão , México , Polônia , População , Características de Residência , Suécia , U.R.S.S. , População Urbana , Venezuela , IugosláviaRESUMO
PIP: Responses to the second worldwide survey of 80 nations on their population policy can be divided into 3 categories. First are countries with large official programs of family planning in existence: Egypt, Kenya, Tunisia, Barbados, Colombia, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, China, India, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Viet-nam, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, Canada, and Fiji. Madagascar and New Zealand are starting programs. The second category is countries that encourage private family planning programs: Tanzania, Mexico, Israel, Cambodia, Bahrain, Jordan, Laos, Syria, Austria, France, West Germany, Finland, and Norway. Third are listed countries that do not officially support, or that forbid contraception: Gabon, Malawi, Zambia, Greece, Italy, and Spain. Thus Asia and North Africa have the most ambitious programs, but Europe and North America practice contraception universally.^ieng