¿Es el "diente rosado" válido en el contexto forense actual? / Are "pink teeth" relevant to current forensics?

Introducción: El "diente rosado" es un fenómeno post mortem. Se caracteriza por una tonalidad rosa, rojiza y hasta púrpura, que puede observarse en los dientes. Su primera referencia se remite a 1829, cuando Thomas Bell lo describió, y genera polémica desde hace casi dos siglos. La temática plantea varias interrogantes: ¿sería más lógico nombrarlo "red teeth" o "purple teeth"?, ¿qué provoca esa tonalidad más intensa?, ¿la coloración rosada indica determinada causa de muerte?, ¿queda para siempre o puede desaparecer por diversos factores? Objetivo: Describir los indicadores de que el "diente rosado" o "pink teeth" pueda aún ser considerado un elemento importante para la investigación forense actual. Comentarios principales: Luego de la experiencia acumulada con los casos trabajados durante los últimos 20 años y la revisión bibliográfica realizada, se evidencia que el fenómeno aparece sobre todo en las piezas dentales anteriores y premolares monorradiculares. Además, puede verse tanto ante mortem como post mortem. Por causas diferentes el post mortem necesita de varios días para instaurarse y es un evento tafonómico, evidenciable tanto en muertes violentas como naturales, aunque la variación en su tonalidad depende de diversos factores. Consideraciones globales: Teniendo en cuenta la experiencia obtenida por los autores, y lo referido en la bibliografía sobre el tema, se evidencia que este signo, fenómeno o hallazgo (al aclararse las interrogantes planteadas) aún puede ser muy significativo y orientador en el contexto forense actual(AU)

Introduction: "Pink teeth" are a post-mortem phenomenon characterized by a rose, reddish and even purple shade of color which may be observed in teeth. Their first reference dates back to 1829, when Thomas Bell described them. They have been a topic of debate for almost two centuries. The subject poses several questions: Would it be more logical to name them "red teeth" or "purple teeth"? What causes the increase in color intensity? Does the pink shade signal a specific cause of death? Does it remain forever or may it disappear for a variety of reasons? Objective: Describe the indicators that "pink teeth" may still be considered an important element in current forensic research. Main remarks: Based on the experience gathered from the cases analyzed in the last 20 years and the bibliographic review conducted, it is evident that the phenomenon appears mainly in anterior teeth and single-rooted premolars. On the other hand, pink teeth may be observed ante mortem as well as post mortem. For a number of reasons, post mortem pink teeth take several days to form, and they are a taphonomic phenomenon, present in violent as well as natural deaths, though their change in tone depends on various factors. General considerations: Founded on the experience obtained by the authors and the bibliography about the topic, it is evident that this sign, phenomenon or finding (upon clarification of the questions posed) may still be very significant and enlightening in the current forensic context(AU)

In vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti- proliferative activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles - Phoenix dactylifera (Rothan dates)

Abstract Traditionally dates is consumed as a rich source of iron supplement and the current research discuss the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic seed extract of Rothan date and its application over in vitro anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity against lung cancer cell line (A549). FTIR result of synthesised AgNPs reveals the presence of functional group OH as capping agent. XRD pattern confirms the crystalline nature of the AgNPs with peaks at 38º, 44º, 64º and 81º, indexed by (111), (200), (220) and (222) in the 2θ range of 10-90, indicating the face centered cubic (fcc) structure of metallic Ag. HR- TEM results confirm the morphology of AgNPs as almost spherical with high surface areas and average size of 42 ± 9nm. EDX spectra confirmed that Ag is only the major element present and the Dynamic light scattering (DLS) assisted that the Z-average size was 203nm and 1.0 of PdI value. Zeta potential showed − 26.5mv with a single peak. The results of the biological activities of AgNPs exhibited dose dependent activity with 68.44% for arthritic, antiinflammatory with 63.32% inhibition and anti-proliferative activity illustrated IC50 value of 59.66 µg/mL expressing the potential of AgNPs to combat cancer

Apuntes para la historia de la Endocrinología en Camagüey / Notes for the history of Endocrinology in Camagüey

Introducción: En la década del 60 del pasado siglo, se inicia la atención especializada de Endocrinología en la provincia de Camagüey, Cuba. No existen evidencias documentales sobre esta temática en el territorio, por lo que puede afirmarse que es este un tema pendiente y necesario para la formación integral de los futuros especialistas. Objetivo: Describir la historia de la Endocrinología en la provincia de Camagüey, a partir de la labor de sus principales exponentes y los momentos más importantes de su desarrollo. Método: Investigación histórica basada en la investigación documental. Se utilizó el submétodo cronológico para establecer el orden de los hechos que se describen. Se hicieron entrevistas a personalidades que laboraron en la especialidad y se revisaron algunos artículos históricos publicados, así como documentos de la Biblioteca Provincial "Julio Antonio Mella." Resultados: Se pudo comprobar que antes de 1967 no existía atención endocrinológica especializada en la provincia y los pacientes con este tipo de afecciones eran atendidos fundamentalmente por especialistas en Medicina Interna. A inicios de 1967 llega a la provincia el primer especialista en Endocrinología, el Dr. Sergio Amaro Méndez. Este último, establece un servicio en esta especialidad y se inicia a partir de este momento un desarrollo acelerado en los aspectos docente, asistencial y científico. Conclusiones: La historia de la Endocrinología en Camagüey se inicia en 1967 y tiene su mayor esplendor durante el período de 1979-1990 con el inicio de las determinaciones hormonales por radioinmunoanálisis en la provincia y el inicio de la docencia médica de posgrado. El Grupo Provincial de Endocrinología se ha consolidado hasta alcanzar el prestigio nacional(AU)

Introduction: In the 1960s, specialized endocrinology care began in the province of Camagüey, Cuba. There is no documentary evidence on this topic in the territory, so it can be stated that this is a pending and necessary issue for the comprehensive training of future specialists. Objective: Describe the history of Endocrinology in the province and the most important moments of its development. Method: Historical research based on documentary research. The chronological sub-method was used to establish the order of the events that are described. Interviews were conducted to important people who worked in the specialty and some published historical articles were reviewed, as well as documents from ´´Julio Antonio Mella´´ Provincial Library. Results: It was found that before 1967 there was no specialized endocrinological care in the province and patients with these types of conditions were cared primarily by specialists in Internal Medicine. At the beginning of 1967, the first specialist in Endocrinology, Dr. Sergio Amaro Méndez, arrived to the province. He established a service in this specialty and from this moment on, an accelerated development in the teaching, healthcare and scientific aspects begins. Conclusions: The history of Endocrinology in Camagüey province begins in 1967 and has its greatest splendor during the period 1979-1990 with the beginning of hormonal determinations by radioimmunoassay in the province and the beginning of postgraduate medical teaching. The Provincial Group of Endocrinology has established itself as a group of national prestige(AU)

Northward dispersal of dinosaurs from Gondwana to Greenland at the mid-Norian (215-212 Ma, Late Triassic) dip in atmospheric pCO2.

The earliest dinosaurs (theropods and sauropodomorphs) are found in fossiliferous early Late Triassic strata dated to about 230 million years ago (Ma), mainly in northwestern Argentina and southern Brazil in the Southern Hemisphere temperate belt of what was Gondwana in Pangea. Sauropodomorphs, which are not known for the entire Triassic in then tropical North America, eventually appear 15 million years later in the Northern Hemisphere temperate belt of Laurasia. The Pangea supercontinent was traversable in principle by terrestrial vertebrates, so the main barrier to be surmounted for dispersal between hemispheres was likely to be climatic; in particular, the intense aridity of tropical desert belts and unstable climate in the equatorial humid belt accompanying high atmospheric pCO2 that characterized the Late Triassic. We revisited the chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-bearing Fleming Fjord Group of central East Greenland and, with additional data, produced a correlation of a detailed magnetostratigraphy from more than 325 m of composite section from two field areas to the age-calibrated astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale. This age model places the earliest occurrence of sauropodomorphs (Plateosaurus) in their northernmost range to ∼214 Ma. The timing is within the 215 to 212 Ma (mid-Norian) window of a major, robust dip in atmospheric pCO2 of uncertain origin but which may have resulted in sufficiently lowered climate barriers that facilitated the initial major dispersal of the herbivorous sauropodomorphs to the temperate belt of the Northern Hemisphere. Indications are that carnivorous theropods may have had dispersals that were less subject to the same climate constraints.

Effect of social isolation in dengue cases in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: An analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background Studies have shown that human mobility is an important factor in dengue epidemiology. Changes in mobility resulting from COVID-19 pandemic set up a real-life situation to test this hypothesis. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of reduced mobility due to this pandemic in the occurrence of dengue in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Method It is an ecological study of time series, developed between January and August 2020. We use the number of confirmed dengue cases and residential mobility, on a daily basis, from secondary information sources. Mobility was represented by the daily percentage variation of residential population isolation, obtained from the Google database. We modeled the relationship between dengue occurrence and social distancing by negative binomial regression, adjusted for seasonality. We represent the social distancing dichotomously (isolation versus no isolation) and consider lag for isolation from the dates of occurrence of dengue. Results The risk of dengue decreased around 9.1% (95% CI: 14.2 to 3.7) in the presence of isolation, considering a delay of 20 days between the degree of isolation and the dengue first symptoms. Conclusions We have shown that mobility can play an important role in the epidemiology of dengue and should be considered in surveillance and control activities.

Statistical age determination of tree rings.

Dendrochronology, the study of annual rings formed by trees and woody plants, has important applications in research of climate and environmental phenomena of the past. Since its inception in the late 19th century, dendrochronology has not had a way to quantify uncertainty about the years assigned to each ring (dating). There are, however, many woody species and sites where it is difficult or impossible to delimit annual ring boundaries and verify them with crossdating, especially in the lowland tropics. Rather than ignoring dating uncertainty or discarding such samples as useless, we present for the first time a probabilistic approach to assign expected ages with a confidence interval. It is proven that the cumulative age in a tree-ring time series advances by an amount equal to the probability that a putative growth boundary is truly annual. Confidence curves for the tree stem radius as a function of uncertain ages are determined. A sensitivity analysis shows the effect of uncertainty of the probability that a recognizable boundary is annual, as well as of the number of expected missing boundaries. Furthermore, we derive a probabilistic version of the mean sensitivity of a dendrochronological time series, which quantifies a tree's sensitivity to environmental variation over time, as well as probabilistic versions of the autocorrelation and process standard deviation. A computer code in Mathematica is provided, with sample input files, as supporting information. Further research is necessary to analyze frequency patterns of false and missing boundaries for different species and sites.

Archipelago-Wide Patterns of Colonization and Speciation Among an Endemic Radiation of Galápagos Land Snails.

Newly arrived species on young or remote islands are likely to encounter less predation and competition than source populations on continental landmasses. The associated ecological release might facilitate divergence and speciation as colonizing lineages fill previously unoccupied niche space. Characterizing the sequence and timing of colonization on islands represents the first step in determining the relative contributions of geographical isolation and ecological factors in lineage diversification. Herein, we use genome-scale data to estimate timing of colonization in Naesiotus snails to the Galápagos islands from mainland South America. We test inter-island patterns of colonization and within-island radiations to understand their contribution to community assembly. Partly contradicting previously published topologies, phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that most Naesiotus species form island-specific clades, with within-island speciation dominating cladogenesis. Galápagos Naesiotus also adhere to the island progression rule, with colonization proceeding from old to young islands and within-island diversification occurring earlier on older islands. Our work provides a framework for evaluating the contribution of colonization and in situ speciation to the diversity of other Galápagos lineages.

Phasa: todo sobre la arcilla comestible / Phasa: everything about edible clay

La phasa (conocida así entre los pobladores aymaras) es un tipo de arcilla comestible que se encuentra en los suelos, empleada como medicina tradicional en la mayoría de los continentes, principalmente para aliviar o tratar patologías gastrointestinales e infecciones cutáneas. Su consumo se remonta muchos siglos atrás; existe evidencia del uso de este elemento en las Placas de arcilla de Nippur en Mesopotamia (2500 años a. C.). Develar las propiedades bio-físico-químicas de las arcillas comestibles está permitiendo a la ciencia explicar las propiedades terapéuticas que posee y así confirmar los grandes avances en la medicina alternativa que tuvieron nuestros antepasados. El uso de la phasa no se limita a la medicina, sino también a muchas otras ramas de la ciencia. En los últimos 10 años se ha experimentado en la agricultura, veterinaria, incluso en el cuidado del medio ambiente dando resultados muy gratificantes y prometedores.

Phasa, an Aymara's language word, is a type of edible clay found in soils; which is used in traditional medicine worldwide mainly to relieve or treat gastrointestinal pathologies and skin infections. Its consumption dates back many centuries, even millennia ago; there is evidence of the use of this element in the clay plates of Nippur in Mesopotamia (2500 years BC). Revealing the bio-physical-chemical properties of edible clay has allowed science to explain their healing and therapeutic properties and confirms the great advances our ancestors got. The use of phasa is not limited to medicine, it is also used in many other sciences; in the last 10 years it has been used in agriculture and veterinary medicine, getting gratifying results.

Diagnóstico neuroinmunológico de meningoencefalitis eosinofílica producida por Angiostrongylus cantonensis / Neuroimmunological diagnosis of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis

El diagnóstico de la meningoencefalitis por Angiostrongylus cantonensis se establece por la presencia de las larvas del helminto en el líquido cefalorraquídeo, pero esta evidencia es muy difícil de encontrar ya que las larvas son lábiles en este medio y no se hallan con frecuencia. Debido a que en Cuba, la presencia del parásito se remonta a 1981 y este parásito es el único que puede provocar esta enfermedad en el país, se realiza una revisión con el objetivo de revisar la literatura publicada sobre el tema para acopiar toda la evidencia que ayude al diagnóstico auxiliar de meningoencefalitis eosinofílica. Se propone que el estudio de la síntesis intratecal de IgE y C3c, unido al patrón de síntesis local de IgA+IgG principalmente y de IgG1+ IgG2 resultan las más indicadas. Existen otras proteínas que pudieran auxiliar como la síntesis intratecal de C4 y en menor proporción MBL(AU)

Diagnosis of meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis is based on the presence of helminth larvae in cerebrospinal fluid, but such evidence is very hard to find, since the larvae are labile in this medium and cannot be spotted easily. Based on the fact that presence of the parasite in Cuba dates back to 1981, and this is the only agent of the disease in the country, a review was conducted with the purpose of going over the published literature about the topic and gather evidence leading to the auxiliary diagnosis of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. The study of the intrathecal synthesis of IgE and C3c, alongside the local synthesis pattern for IgA+IgG mainly and IgG1+IgG2, are proposed as the most appropriate. Other useful proteins are the intrathecal synthesis of C4 and to a lesser extent MBL(AU)

Apuntes históricos y cronológicos de los Planes de estudio de la Educación Médica en Cuba / History and chronology of Medical Education curriculums in Cuba

Se realiza un recorrido por la historia de los planes de estudio de la Educación Médica en Cuba, desde sus inicios que se remontan a la fundación del Seminario de San Basilio el Magno en Santiago de Cuba en 1722 hasta la actualidad. Se citan cronológicamente los planes de estudio relacionados con el contexto en que se desarrollaron cada uno de ellos, así como las influencias recibidas en su ejecución. (AU)

The history of the Medical Education curriculums in Cuba is reviewed from its beginning, back to the foundation of San Basilio el Magno seminary in Santiago de Cuba, in 1722, to the present day. Curriculums are cited chronologically in relation to the contexts they were implemented in, and also the influences under which they were put in practice. (AU)

Apuntes históricos y cronológicos de los Planes de estudio de la Educación Médica en Cuba / History and chronology of Medical Education curriculums in Cuba

Se realiza un recorrido por la historia de los planes de estudio de la Educación Médica en Cuba, desde sus inicios que se remontan a la fundación del Seminario de San Basilio el Magno en Santiago de Cuba en 1722 hasta la actualidad. Se citan cronológicamente los planes de estudio relacionados con el contexto en que se desarrollaron cada uno de ellos, así como las influencias recibidas en su ejecución. (AU)

The history of the Medical Education curriculums in Cuba is reviewed from its beginning, back to the foundation of San Basilio el Magno seminary in Santiago de Cuba, in 1722, to the present day. Curriculums are cited chronologically in relation to the contexts they were implemented in, and also the influences under which they were put in practice. (AU)

Apuntes históricos y cronológicos de los Planes de estudio de la Educación Médica en Cuba / History and chronology of Medical Education curriculums in Cuba

Se realiza un recorrido por la historia de los planes de estudio de la Educación Médica en Cuba, desde sus inicios que se remontan a la fundación del Seminario de San Basilio el Magno en Santiago de Cuba en 1722 hasta la actualidad. Se citan cronológicamente los planes de estudio relacionados con el contexto en que se desarrollaron cada uno de ellos, así como las influencias recibidas en su ejecución. (AU)

The history of the Medical Education curriculums in Cuba is reviewed from its beginning, back to the foundation of San Basilio el Magno seminary in Santiago de Cuba, in 1722, to the present day. Curriculums are cited chronologically in relation to the contexts they were implemented in, and also the influences under which they were put in practice. (AU)

Traductores argelinos en el Hospital Oftalmológico Amistad Argelia-Cuba. Apuntes históricos y evolución / Algerian translators in the Ophthalmological Hospital Amistad Algeria-Cuba. Historical notes and evolution

Se realizó un análisis cronológico de la historia de la labor de los traductores argelinos en el Hospital Oftalmológico Amistad Argelia-Cuba, El Oued, Argelia, desde su inauguración en agosto de 2015 hasta la actualidad, con el objetivo de divulgar las experiencias en este tipo de trabajo. Los datos se obtuvieron de entrevistas a traductores que laboran en la institución desde su puesta en marcha, los cuales aportaron además fotografías, lo que permitió, reunir la información necesaria para desarrollar este artículo. Se abordó la evolución del binomio médico-traductor, para garantizar una atención oftalmológica adecuada en la institución(AU)

A chronological analysis was done of the history of the work of the Algerian translators in the Ophthalmological Hospital Algeria-Cuba, El Oued, from its inauguration in August 2015 to the present, with the aim of disseminating the experiences in this type of work. The data was obtained from interviews with translators who work at the institution since its implementation, who also contributed photographs, for obtaining the necessary information to develop this article. The evolution of the doctor-translator binomial was addressed, in order to guarantee adequate ophthalmological care in the institution(AU)

The changing course of the Amazon River in the Neogene: center stage for Neotropical diversification

We review geological evidence on the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River, and the paleogeographic history of riverine connections among the principal sedimentary basins of northern South America through the Neogene. Data are reviewed from new geochronological datasets using radiogenic and stable isotopes, and from traditional geochronological methods, including sedimentology, structural mapping, sonic and seismic logging, and biostratigraphy. The modern Amazon River and the continental-scale Amazon drainage basin were assembled during the late Miocene and Pliocene, via some of the largest purported river capture events in Earth history. Andean sediments are first recorded in the Amazon Fan at about 10.1-9.4 Ma, with a large increase in sedimentation at about 4.5 Ma. The transcontinental Amazon River therefore formed over a period of about 4.9-5.6 million years, by means of several river capture events. The origins of the modern Amazon River are hypothesized to be linked with that of mega-wetland landscapes of tropical South America (e.g. várzeas, pantanals, seasonally flooded savannahs). Mega-wetlands have persisted over about 10% northern South America under different configurations for >15 million years. Although the paleogeographic reconstructions presented are simplistic and coarse-grained, they are offered to inspire the collection and analysis of new sedimentological and geochronological datasets.(AU)

Este trabalho é uma revisão das evidências geológicas sobre a origem do moderno rio Amazonas transcontinental, e a história paleogeográfica das conexões ribeirinhas entre as principais bacias sedimentares do norte da América do Sul durante o Neógeno. São revisados novos conjuntos de dados geocronológicos usando isótopos radiogênicos e estáveis, e de métodos geocronológicos tradicionais, incluindo sedimentologia, mapeamento estrutural, exploração sísmica e bioestratigrafia. O atual rio Amazonas e sua bacia continental se formaram durante o final do Mioceno e do Plioceno, através de alguns dos maiores eventos de captura de rio na história da Terra. Os sedimentos andinos são registrados pela primeira vez no leque fluvial do Amazonas por volta de 10,1-9,4 Ma, com um grande aumento na sedimentação a cerca de 4,5 Ma. O rio Amazonas transcontinental, portanto, se formou durante um período de cerca de 4,9 a 5,6 milhões de anos, por meio de vários eventos de captura de rios. Acredita-se que as origens do moderno rio Amazonas estejam ligadas às paisagens de inundação da América do Sul tropical (por exemplo, várzeas, pantanais, savanas sazonalmente inundadas). As áreas pantanosas persistiram em cerca de 10% do norte da América do Sul sob diferentes configurações por mais de 15 milhões de anos. Embora as reconstruções paleogeográficas apresentadas sejam simplistas, elas são oferecidas para inspirar a coleta e análise de novos conjuntos de dados sedimentológicos e geocronológicos.(AU)

Control humanitario de poblaciones animales. Experiencia Control de gatos de exterior en Bogotá / Humanitarian control of animal populations. Experience Control of outdoor cats in Bogotá / Controle humanitario de poblaciones animales. Experiencia Controle gatos de exterior em Bogotá

Introducción: el bienestar animal es un asunto de interés público y político que incluye aspectos científicos, éticos, económicos, y comerciales entre otros; por ello, es multifacético y complejo, y se hace imprescindible sustentar su aplicación en bases científicas y objetivas. Objetivo: la experiencia consistió en atender el bienestar de los animales evitando de forma humanitaria su reproducción, a través de la esterilización quirúrgica, así como la desparasitación y la vacunación antirrábica, pues al reproducirse traen consigo comportamientos que no son fácilmente aceptados por los humanos, quienes acuden a distintas formas de "control" llegando a agredir o provocar su muerte de forma indiscriminada. A esto se le suma el desconocimiento de la población sobre la tenencia responsable de animales, lo cual provoca prácticas crueles que generan violencia e irresponsabilidad ciudadanas frente a su cuidado. Método: la actividad fue concertada entre la Secretaría Distrital de Salud (SDS) y el Colectivo Animalista Capturar, Esterilizar, Soltar (CES), y se intervino a 278 felinos, para así controlar, aproximadamente, 8 colonias de gatos. Fechas y lugares de ejecución: se desarrolló entre junio y agosto de 2013, en las localidades de Kennedy (2), Usaquén (2), Suba (1), Puente Aranda (1), Rafael Uribe (1) y Fontibón (1). Resultados: la experiencia retoma una propuesta para el manejo controlado y saludable de "gatos de exterior" reportados por la comunidad, para garantizar su bienestar general. Conclusión: al finalizar la experiencia se resaltaron dos cosas importantes: 1) la posibilidad de trabajar en conjunto entre los colectivos ciudadanos y las entidades públicas, situación que hace algunos años era difícil de lograr, dadas las diferencias existentes entre los paradigmas con los que trabaja cada uno; y 2) es imprescindible incorporar el bienestar animal como elemento fundamental para la promoción de la salud y la prevención de enfermedades; en particular, de las que se comparten entre humanos y animales

Introduction: Animal welfare is a matter of public and political interest that includes scientific, ethical, economic, political and commercial aspects, among others. For this reason it is multifaceted and complex, being essential to support its application, on scientific and objective bases. Objective: The experience consisted in taking care of the welfare of the animals, avoiding their reproduction in a humane way through surgical sterilization, as well as the desparasitación and anti-rabies vaccination, since when they reproduce they bring with them behaviors that are not easily accepted by the humans, who go to different forms of "control", coming to attack or cause their death indiscriminately. Added to this is the ignorance of the population about responsible animal ownership, provoking cruel practices that generate violence and citizen irresponsibility in the face of their care. Method: The activity was agreed between the District Health Secretariat and the Captive, Sterilize, Release (CES) animal group and 278 felines were involved, controlling approximately eigth cat colonies. Dates and places: It was developed between June and August of 2013 in the towns of Kennedy (2), Usaquén (2), Suba (1), Puente Aranda (1), Rafael Uribe (1) and Fontibón. Results: The experience retakes a proposal for the controlled and healthy management of "outdoor cats" reported by the community, guaranteeing their general well-being. Conclusion: At the end of the experience, two important things were highlighted: 1. The possibility of working together among the public and public entities, a situation that was difficult to humans and animals. achieve some years ago, given the differences between the paradigms with which each one. 2. It is essential to incorporate "animal welfare" as a fundamental element for the promotion of health and prevention of diseases, particularly those that are shared between

Introducción: O bienestar animal é um problema de público e de identidade que incorpora problemas científicos, éticos, econômicos, comerciais e comerciais entre otros, por vezes multifacetivos e complexos, sendo imprescindível em sua aplicação, em bases científicas e objetivas. Objetivo: A experiência consistia em atender a bienestar dos animales, evitando sua reprodução de forma humanitária através da esterilização cirúrgica, assim como a desparasitação e vacinação antirrábica, e que reproduzisse a traição dos comportamentos que nenhum filho fosse fácilmente aceito pelos humanos, As formas de controlo devem ser definidas de forma aleatória, com efeitos positivos e negativos. Este é o caso da desconsideração da fotografia sobre a responsabilidade de animales, provocando as prácticas cruéis que generam a violência e a irresponsabilidade da cidade frente a um cuidado. Método: La actividad fue concertada en la Secretaría Distrital de Salud y el Colectivo animalista Capturar, Esterilizar, Soltar (CES) e entrevistar 278 felinos, controlando aproximadamente ocho colonias de gatos. Fechas e espaços de ejecção conseguidos entre Kennedy (2), Ushuaia (2), Suba (1), Puente Aranda (1), Rafael Uribe (1) e Fontibón Resultados: A experiência de uma nova proposta para o manejo controlado e salutar de "gatos de exterior" denunciados pela comunidade, garantindo sua bienestar geral. Conclusão: A fim de desenvolver a experiência dos pontos de vista importantes: 1. A possibilidade de trabalhar em conjunto entre os municípios e as entidades públicas, situação que tem algunas era difícil de ler, as diferentes divisões entre os paradigmas com que se tratava cada uno. 2. É importante incorporar o animal bienestar como fundamental para a promoção da saúde e a prevenção de doenças, particularmente as que se relacionam entre humanos e animais

The changing course of the Amazon River in the Neogene: center stage for Neotropical diversification

We review geological evidence on the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River, and the paleogeographic history of riverine connections among the principal sedimentary basins of northern South America through the Neogene. Data are reviewed from new geochronological datasets using radiogenic and stable isotopes, and from traditional geochronological methods, including sedimentology, structural mapping, sonic and seismic logging, and biostratigraphy. The modern Amazon River and the continental-scale Amazon drainage basin were assembled during the late Miocene and Pliocene, via some of the largest purported river capture events in Earth history. Andean sediments are first recorded in the Amazon Fan at about 10.1-9.4 Ma, with a large increase in sedimentation at about 4.5 Ma. The transcontinental Amazon River therefore formed over a period of about 4.9-5.6 million years, by means of several river capture events. The origins of the modern Amazon River are hypothesized to be linked with that of mega-wetland landscapes of tropical South America (e.g. várzeas, pantanals, seasonally flooded savannahs). Mega-wetlands have persisted over about 10% northern South America under different configurations for >15 million years. Although the paleogeographic reconstructions presented are simplistic and coarse-grained, they are offered to inspire the collection and analysis of new sedimentological and geochronological datasets.(AU)

Este trabalho é uma revisão das evidências geológicas sobre a origem do moderno rio Amazonas transcontinental, e a história paleogeográfica das conexões ribeirinhas entre as principais bacias sedimentares do norte da América do Sul durante o Neógeno. São revisados novos conjuntos de dados geocronológicos usando isótopos radiogênicos e estáveis, e de métodos geocronológicos tradicionais, incluindo sedimentologia, mapeamento estrutural, exploração sísmica e bioestratigrafia. O atual rio Amazonas e sua bacia continental se formaram durante o final do Mioceno e do Plioceno, através de alguns dos maiores eventos de captura de rio na história da Terra. Os sedimentos andinos são registrados pela primeira vez no leque fluvial do Amazonas por volta de 10,1-9,4 Ma, com um grande aumento na sedimentação a cerca de 4,5 Ma. O rio Amazonas transcontinental, portanto, se formou durante um período de cerca de 4,9 a 5,6 milhões de anos, por meio de vários eventos de captura de rios. Acredita-se que as origens do moderno rio Amazonas estejam ligadas às paisagens de inundação da América do Sul tropical (por exemplo, várzeas, pantanais, savanas sazonalmente inundadas). As áreas pantanosas persistiram em cerca de 10% do norte da América do Sul sob diferentes configurações por mais de 15 milhões de anos. Embora as reconstruções paleogeográficas apresentadas sejam simplistas, elas são oferecidas para inspirar a coleta e análise de novos conjuntos de dados sedimentológicos e geocronológicos.(AU)

Traductores argelinos en el Hospital Oftalmológico Amistad Argelia-Cuba. Apuntes históricos y evolución / Algerian translators in the Ophthalmological Hospital Amistad Algeria-Cuba. Historical notes and evolution

Se realizó un análisis cronológico de la historia de la labor de los traductores argelinos en el Hospital Oftalmológico Amistad Argelia-Cuba, El Oued, Argelia, desde su inauguración en agosto de 2015 hasta la actualidad, con el objetivo de divulgar las experiencias en este tipo de trabajo. Los datos se obtuvieron de entrevistas a traductores que laboran en la institución desde su puesta en marcha, los cuales aportaron además fotografías, lo que permitió, reunir la información necesaria para desarrollar este artículo. Se abordó la evolución del binomio médico-traductor, para garantizar una atención oftalmológica adecuada en la institución(AU)

A chronological analysis was done of the history of the work of the Algerian translators in the Ophthalmological Hospital Algeria-Cuba, El Oued, from its inauguration in August 2015 to the present, with the aim of disseminating the experiences in this type of work. The data was obtained from interviews with translators who work at the institution since its implementation, who also contributed photographs, for obtaining the necessary information to develop this article. The evolution of the doctor-translator binomial was addressed, in order to guarantee adequate ophthalmological care in the institution(AU)

Reflexos do tempo: uma reflexão sobre o envelhecimento nos dias de hoje / Reflections of time: a reflection on aging nowadays / Reflexiones de tiempo: reflexiones sobre el envejecimiento hoy

Reflexões sobre a maneira como lidamos com o envelhecimento, com ossinais da passagem do tempo e com a finitude, são colocadas em cena nesteartigo. A morte, na sociedade ocidental dos tempos atuais, tem sido, frequentemente, tratada com negação e com evitação. De modo que oenvelhecer, como sua antessala, é muitas vezes associado a estereótipos de obsolescência, devendo ser evitado ou camuflado. As repercussões dodesencontro entre uma subjetividade imortal e um corpo envelhecido podemestar ligadas a vivências de sofrimento que não vêm encontrando amplosespaços de expressão e acolhimento em uma sociedade atravessada peloimperativo da felicidade, pela espetacularização, pelo culto da performance e pela patologização e medicalização da tristeza. Os autores encontraram – no diálogo com obras artísticas da literatura, da escultura e da fotografia – a possibilidade de pensar alguns dos sentidos do envelhecer e da finitude na contemporaneidade. (AU)

Reflections on how we deal with aging, the signs of passage of time and thenotion of finitude, are put into scene in this article. Death has been treatedwith denial and avoidance in the modern Western society. The agingprocess, as his anteroom, is often associated with stereotypes ofobsolescence, so that must be avoided or hidden. The repercussions of themismatch between an immortal subjectivity and the aged body may belinked to experiences of suffering that doesn’t find an ample place for expression and acceptance in a society crossed by the imperative of happiness, the spectacle, the cult of performance, the pathologizing and medicalization of sadness. The authors found – in the dialogue with literature, painting, sculpture and photography – the chance to think some of the senses of aging and finitude nowadays. (AU)

Reflexiones sobre cómo lidiar con el envejecimiento, los signos del paso deltiempo y la noción de finitud se ponen en escena en este artículo. La muerteha sido tratado con la negación y la evitación en la sociedad occidentalmoderna. El proceso de envejecimiento, como su antesala, se asocia a menudo con los estereotipos de la obsolescencia, por lo que debe evitarse o escondidos. Las repercusiones de la falta de coincidencia entre una subjetividad inmortal y el cuerpo envejecido pueden estar vinculados a experiencias de sufrimiento que no encuentran un lugar amplio para la expresión y la aceptación en una sociedad atravesada por el imperativo de la felicidad, el espectáculo, el culto de la actuación, la patologización y medicalización de la tristeza. Los autores encontraron - en el diálogo con la literatura, la pintura, la escultura y la fotografía - la oportunidad de pensar en algunos de los sentidos del envejecimiento y la finitud en la actualidad. (AU)