The Commodification of Health Services: an Alternative for the Marginalized Population of Mexico City.

The Doctor's Office Adjacent to Pharmacies (DAP) model has grown exponentially in Mexico. Its proliferation is due to two factors. The first is the high cost of medical consultations in private hospitals, and the second is that public health services are insufficient. To gauge the importance this model has acquired, it is necessary to analyze the pattern of distribution and operation of this type of doctors' offices and determine whether they are responding to the unmet demand of a population that is socio-territorially marginalized from health infrastructure. A database was created with updated, geo-referenced information on the precise location of DAP throughout Mexico City and its metropolitan area. Information was obtained on the location, condition and type of franchise, and the infrastructure of each establishment. The analysis found that the distribution pattern of DAP satisfies an unmet need in areas with the highest demand for health services. This situation occurs particularly in areas inhabited by the most marginalized population.

Telerradiología: guía de buenas prácticas / Teleradiology: good practice guide

La telerradiología es la trasmisión electrónica de imágenes radiológicas de una localización a otra con el propósito principal de interpretar o consultar un diagnóstico y debe estar sujeta a códigos de conducta consensuados por sociedades profesionales. Se analiza el contenido de 14 guías de buenas prácticas de telerradiología. Sus principios rectores son: el mejor interés y beneficio del paciente, estándares de calidad y seguridad homologables al servicio de radiología local, y utilización como complemento y apoyo del mismo. Como obligaciones legales: garantizar los derechos aplicando el principio de país de origen del paciente, establecer requisitos en telerradiología internacional y seguro de responsabilidad civil. Con respecto al proceso radiológico: integración con el proceso del servicio local, garantizar la calidad de imágenes e informes, el acceso a los estudios e informes previos y cumplir los principios de radioprotección. En relación con los requisitos profesionales: cumplir con los registros, licencias y cualificaciones exigidas, formación y capacitación del radiólogo y técnico, prevención de prácticas fraudulentas, respeto a las normas laborales y remuneración del radiólogo. La subcontratación debe estar justificada, gestionando el riesgo de comoditización. Cumplimiento de estándares técnicos del sistema (AU)

Teleradiology is the electronic transmission of radiological images from one location to another with the main purpose of interpreting or consulting a diagnosis and must be subject to codes of conduct agreed upon by professional societies. The content of fourteen teleradiology best practice guidelines is analyzed. Their guiding principles are: the best interest and benefit of the patient, quality and safety standards homologous to the local radiology service, and use as a complement and support of the same. As legal obligations: guaranteeing rights by applying the principle of the patient's country of origin, establishing requirements in international teleradiology and civil liability insurance. Regarding the radiological process: integration with the local service process, guaranteeing the quality of images and reports, access to previous studies and reports and complying with the principles of radioprotection. Regarding professional requirements: compliance with the required registrations, licenses and qualifications, training and qualification of the radiologist and technician, prevention of fraudulent practices, respect for labor standards and remuneration of the radiologist. Subcontracting must be justified, managing the risk of commoditization. Compliance with the system's technical standards (AU)

Addressing Risks Derived From the Commodification of Substances of Human Origin: A European Proposal Applicable Worldwide.

In view of the public consultation recently launched by the World Health Organization on Regulatory Convergence of Cell and Gene Therapy Products and the Proposal for a Regulation on substances of human origin (SoHO) repealing the European Union Directives on Blood and on Tissues and Cells, an opportunity arises to define an ethical and transparent framework of collaboration between industry and authorities responsible for SoHO-derived products, comprising medicines, medical devices, transfusion, and transplantation. The commodification of SoHO-derived medicinal products and medical devices entails important risks to the sustainability of healthcare systems and threatens the equitable access of patients to innovative therapies. It may also jeopardize the principle of altruistic donation of SoHO that is required for the treatment and survival of thousands of patients every year. This article puts forward several proposals aimed at reconciling the ethical principles of voluntary and unpaid SoHO donation and the noncommercialization of the human body with obtaining a profit that allows business activities, while ensuring high quality, safety, and efficacy standards of tissues and cells for clinical use.

Mercantilização do ensino superior: uma análise de cursos de Serviço Social a distância / Mercantilization of higher education: an analysis of online social service courses

O artigo analisa as páginas dos sites de sete instituições brasileiras que oferecem cursos de Serviço Social a distância e que são acessíveis à população de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os dados revelam que as principais estratégias de promoção dos cursos centram-se em aspectos econômicos como valor da mensalidade, oportunidades de bolsas de estudo e oferecimento de descontos. O pouco espaço para apresentação do currículo e da formação profissional sinaliza um distanciamento do projeto ético-político do Serviço Social brasileiro, comprometido com uma educação laica, gratuita, crítica e de qualidade

The paper aims at examining the pages of the websites of seven Brazilian institutions that offer online Social Work courses, which are available to the population of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data show that the main strategies for promoting the courses focus on economic aspects such as tuition fees, discounts and scholarship opportunities. The little space for the presentation of the curriculum and professional training signals a distance from the ethical-political project of the Brazilian Social Service, committed to a secular, free, critical and quality education

Ethics of Buying DNA.

DNA databases have significant commercial value. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies have built databanks using samples and information voluntarily provided by customers. As the price of genetic analysis falls, there is growing interest in building such databases by paying individuals for their DNA and personal data. This paper maps the ethical issues associated with private companies paying for DNA. We outline the benefits of building better genomic databases and describe possible concerns about crowding out, undue inducement, exploitation, and commodification. While certain objections deserve more empirical and philosophical investigation, we argue that none currently provide decisive reasons against using financial incentives to secure DNA samples.

O papel do Fies e do Prouni na privatização, mercantilização e financeirização da educação superior brasileira / El papel de Fies y Prouni en la privatización, marketing y financialización de la educación superior brasileñalos / The role of Fies and Prouni in the privatization, commodification and financialization of brazilian higher education

O FIES e o PROUNI são programas da política nacional de educação que têm como foco a expansão das vagas e o acesso ao ensino superior. Eles são direcionados ao setor privado e possibilitam o ingresso de estudantes em situação econômica mais vulneráveis. A despeito de se apresentarem como comprometidos com as alternativas de inclusão social, esses Programas vêm sendo determinantes para as relações de privatização, de mercantilização e de financeirização do ensino superior. Dada essa constatação, o artigo faz uma abordagem crítica dessas relações, através de uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Dentre os resultados constam evidenciadas a preocupação com a regulamentação do setor, com a priorização da educação pela via privada, as implicações dos Programas para as transformações estruturais nas instituições públicas e para a qualidade do ensino superior.(AU)

FIES y PROUNI son programas de política educativa nacional que se enfocan en ampliar las vacantes y el acceso a la educación superior. Están dirigidos al sector privado y permiten la entrada de estudiantes en situaciones económicas más vulnerables. A pesar de presentarse como comprometidos con alternativas de inclusión social, estos programas han sido determinantes para las relaciones de privatización, mercantilización y financiarización de la educación superior. Ante este hallazgo, el artículo realiza una aproximación crítica a estas relaciones, a través de una investigación documental y bibliográfica. Entre los resultados se evidencia la preocupación con la regulación del sector, con la priorización de la educación por la vía privada, las implicaciones de los Programas para las transformaciones estructurales en las instituciones públicas y para la calidad de la educación superior.(AU)

FIES and PROUNI are national education policy programs that focus on expanding vacancies and access to higher education. They are aimed at the private sector and allow the entry of students in more vulnerable economic situations. Despite presenting themselves as committed to alternatives for social inclusion, these programs have been decisive for the relations of privatization, commodification and financialization of higher education. Given this finding, the article makes a critical approach to these relationships, through documental and bibliographic research. Among the results are evident the concern with the regulation of the sector, with the prioritization of education through the private route, the implications of the Programs for the structural transformations in public institutions and for the quality of higher education.(AU)

A lógica de mercado no cotidiano das instituições de ensino superior: um estudo de cursos de graduação em enfermagem / The market logic in the daily life of higher education institutions: a study of undergraduate nursing courses

Introdução - Destaca o cenário de formação no ensino superior em enfermagem brasileiro sob o contexto das influências de mercado nos moldes do capitalismo contemporâneo. Objetivo - Compreender e caracterizar a prática social de alunos e professores de cursos de graduação em enfermagem em relação à lógica mercadológica que vigora das instituições de ensino superior. Métodos - Foram entrevistados nove discentes e oito docentes dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem de duas instituições públicas de ensino superior, localizadas no Estado de São Paulo. O cotidiano das instituições foi investigado por meio de observação participante nos ambientes acadêmicos frequentados pelos sujeitos em pesquisa. Resultados - O conteúdo das entrevistas foi organizado em seis categorias de análise: Motivação para o ingresso; Formação acadêmica; Relação entre ensino e mercado; Relações sociais; Sensações; Atitudes. Contatou-se que a forma como a dinâmica social se estabelece dos campos em estudo caracteriza a existência de uma limitação do reconhecimento dos efeitos da mercantilização da formação acadêmica. A maior parte de atitudes empreendidas pelos sujeitos se direcionam no sentido de adaptação à lógica mercadológica que impera na universidade. As ações movidas no sentido contrário a essa consolidação foram esparsas, individualizadas e frágeis. Conclusões - O panorama que se institui no ensino superior brasileiro e na formação acadêmica em enfermagem é pouco reconhecido e contestado pelos sujeitos em estudo. A reduzida manifestação de ações direcionadas para a transformação desse cenário possibilita o destaque de práticas orientadas à manutenção do modo de produção capitalista no ensino superior. As perspectivas de transformação pressupõem organização coletiva e o compartilhamento de conteúdos contra hegemônicos capazes de despertar consciências para a realidade social vigente.

Introduction - This study Highlights the Brazilian nursing higher education under the context of the marker influences shaped by the contemporary capitalism. Objective - To understand and characterize the social practice of students and professors of undergraduate nursing courses in relation to the marketing logic that prevails in higher education institutions. Method - Nine nursing undergraduate students and eight professors from public higher education, located in the state of São Paulo, were interviewed. The daily life of these institutions was investigated through participant observation in the academic environments frequented by the target subjects. Results - The content of the interviews was organized under six analysis categories: Motivation for career choice; Academic education; Relationship between teaching and Market; Social Relationships; Sensations; Attitudes. It was observed that the way social dynamics of the fields under study are established characterizes the existence of a limited awareness of the effects of the commodification of academic education. The majority of the subjects' attitudes are driven towards to the marketing logic that prevails in the university. The actions taken in the opposite sense to these consolidations were sparse, of individual nature and fragile. Conclusions - the scenario that is established on the Brazilian higher education and nursing academic education has limited awareness by the target subjects and are rarely contested by them. The reduced manifestation of actions aimed at transforming this scenario makes it possible to highlight practices aimed at maintaining the capitalist mode of production in higher education. The perspectives of transformation presuppose collective organization and the sharing of counter-hegemonic contents capable of awakening consciences to the current social reality.

Parentalidades híbridas: circulación, apropiación y mercantilización de biomaterias primas / Hybrid parenthood: circulation, appropriation, and commercialization of bio raw materials

Resumen Las tecnologías de fertilización in vitro involucran una articulación tensa y contradictoria de sentidos hegemónicos establecidos en sistemas de creencias y normas respecto de la reproducción, la herencia genética, el parentesco, las identidades, las sexualidades, la naturaleza, lo sagrado, los cuerpos y el control y producción de la vida. A partir de experiencias etnográficas provenientes de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas entre los años 2007 y 2010 y entre 2017 y 2021 a trabajadoras en agencias de gestación por sustitución en Estados Unidos, profesionales vinculadas con los procedimientos en clínicas de fertilidad en Argentina y usuarios/as que acudieron a estas prácticas, este trabajo analiza las diferentes dimensiones y componentes que intervienen en los procedimientos de fertilización asistida: cuando las prácticas movilizan actores "aliados" al proyecto de paternidad y maternidad, las relaciones de poder y subalternidad resultan invisibilizadas en las transacciones. De forma simultánea, estas resultan imprescindibles para la producción material de las "parentalidades híbridas" en las que contextos particulares brindan interpretaciones y sensibilidades "situadas" en la trayectoria histórico-política argentina.

Abstract Biomedicine has built its object of study and intervention from a long and continuous process of desacralization, fragmentation, and progressive dissolution of the body as a monolithic entity in material and symbolic terms. Technological interventions provided possibilities for bodies, identities, and lives to be constructed, recombined, and designed by mobilizing molecular entities, which can be perceived as biofragments, with intervention practices. Consequently, in vitro fertilization technologies imply a tense and contradictory articulation of hegemonic meanings based on belief systems and norms about reproduction, genetic inheritance, kinship, identities, sexualities, nature, sanctity, bodies, and control and production of life. From ethnographic experiences in the area of assisted fertilization, this article analyzes the different dimensions and components that intervene in these procedures: when practices mobilize actors "allied" to the paternity and maternity project, the power and subalternity relations are made invisible in transactions. At the same time, these are essential for the material production of "hybrid parenthoods" in which particular contexts provide interpretations and sensibilities "situated" in the Argentine historical-political trajectory.

Necropolítica e objetivação da vida: aniquilação e mercantilização do criminoso / Necropolítica y objetivación de la vida: aniquilación y mercantilización del criminal / Necropolitics and objectification of life: annihilation to mercantilization of the criminal

Este artigo aborda a questão do enfrentamento do comércio de drogas ilícitas no Brasil e a criminalização da pobreza. O objetivo é apontar a concomitância de duas práticas dirigidas àqueles considerados potencialmente perigosos (negros e pobres). Estas práticas seriam o uso explícito da violência e do extermínio no gerenciamento do direito de vida e de morte (Necropolítica e Capitalismo Gore), bem como a gestão da criminalidade que se apoia em discursos de resgate e prevenção (empreendedorismo e mercantilização da figura do "traficante"). Dessa forma, realizamos a análise de algumas engrenagens que dão sustentação a essa concomitância de práticas a princípio vistas como díspares, mas que em seu funcionamento se apresentam perversamente complementares. Como metodologia foram introduzidos pequenos fragmentos de narrativas como disparadores e, a partir disso, utilizamos como referencial teórico os estudos de Achille Mbembe, Sayak Valencia Triana, Michel Foucault e Peter Pál Pelbart. Concluímos que, apesar de a miséria ter se tornado um empreendimento lucrativo para algumas organizações sociais, é necessário buscar dar visibilidade às resistências que acontecem no cotidiano das práticas dos psicólogos que atuam em instituições como presísios e ONGs.(AU)

The theme of this article orbit the issue of confronting the illicit drug trade in Brazil and the criminalization of poverty. We intend to point to the concomitance of two practices directed at those considered potentially dangerous (black and poor). These practices would be the explicit use of violence and extermination, in the management of the right to life and death (Necropolitics and Capitalism Gore), as well as the management of crime that is grounded on rescue and prevention discourses (entrepreneurship and commodification of the figure of the "drug dealer"). In this way, our central objective will be to approach some gears that fundament this concomitance of practices at first seen as disparate, but which are, in their operation, perversely complementary. As a methodology we will use small fragments of narratives as triggers and, from this, we will make a brief bibliographical search using authors like Mbembe, Triana, Foucault and Pelbart. We conclude that despite poverty having become a profitable venture for some social organizations, it is necessary to seek to give visibility to the resistance that occurs in the daily practices of psychologists who work in institutions such as prisons and NGOs.(AU)

Este artículo aborda el tema del enfrentamiento del tráfico ilícito de drogas en Brasil y la criminalización de la pobreza. El objetivo es señalar la concomitancia de dos prácticas dirigidas a aquellos considerados potencialmente peligrosos (negros y pobres). Estas prácticas serían el uso explícito de la violencia y el exterminio en la gestión del derecho a la vida y la muerte (Necropolítica y Capitalismo Gore), así como la gestión del delito a partir de discursos de rescate y prevención (emprendimiento y comercialización de la figura de " Narcotraficante"). De esta forma, realizamos el análisis de algunos engranajes que sustentan esta concomitancia de prácticas vistas en principio como dispares, pero que en su funcionamiento son perversamente complementarias. Como metodología, se introdujeron pequeños fragmentos de narrativas como disparadores y, a partir de ello, utilizamos los estudios de Achille Mbembe, Sayak Valencia Triana, Michel Foucault y Peter Pál Pelbart como marco teórico. Concluimos que a pesar de que la pobreza se ha convertido en un emprendimiento rentable para algunas organizaciones sociales, es necesario buscar dar visibilidad a las resistencias que se dan en las prácticas cotidianas de los psicólogos que laboran en instituciones como cárceles y ONGs.(AU)

Commodification of biomaterials and data when funding is contingent to transfer in biobank research.

It is common practice for biobanks and biobank researchers to seek funding from agencies that are independent of the biobank that often stipulate conditions requiring researchers to grant access and share biomaterials and data as part of the agreement, in particular, in international collaborative health research. As yet, to the author's knowledge, there has been no study conducted to examine whether these conditions could result in the commercialization of biomaterials and data and whether such practice is considered ethical. This paper therefore seeks to answer the question of whether such sharing of biomaterials and data for biobank research in exchange for funding from sponsors and funders in collaborative health research is ethically justified. The central idea of this paper is based on an argument against commodification of the body and its parts, which includes biomaterials and data and holds that it is ethically wrong to commodify humans and their body parts. The arguments against commodification of biomaterials and data explored are the Kantian approach argument as it relates to interference of commodification with human dignity which is linked to a diminished sense of personhood, an argument against commodification that is based on a dilution of altruism and lastly the communitarian approach anti-commodification argument which emphasizes a social responsibility to the common good. Arguments in support of commodification based on liberal individualism and consequentialism are also discussed.

Offering more without offering compensation: non-compensating benefits for living kidney donors.

While different positions on the permissibility of organ markets enjoy support, there is widespread agreement that some benefits to living organ donors are acceptable and do not raise the same moral concerns associated with organ markets, such as exploitation and commodification. We argue on the basis of two distinctions that some benefit packages offered to donors can defensibly surpass conventional reimbursement while stopping short of controversial cash payouts. The first distinction is between benefits that defray the costs of donating an organ and benefits that incentivize donation by offering something in excess of defraying. The second distinction is between benefits that compensate donors and benefits that are non-compensating. We argue that non-compensating benefits are innocent of moral concerns typically associated with controversial cash payouts, and thus may be a morally promising avenue for increasing rates of kidney donation to address the tragic results of undersupply.

The political economy of academic publishing: On the commodification of a public good.

This paper provides an institutional and empirical analysis of the highly concentrated market of academic publishing, characterized by over proportionally high profit margins for publishing companies. The availability of latest research findings is an important issue for researchers, universities and politicians alike. Open access (OA) publication provides a promising but also costly solution to overcome this problem. However, in this paper we argue that OA publication costs are an important, but by far not the only way for academic publishers to gain access to public funding. In contrast, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the channels through which public expenditure benefits big academic publishing companies. Furthermore, we offer the results of an explorative case study, where we estimate the annual financial flows of public expenditures in Austria for the field of social sciences. In all, these expenditures add up to about 66.55 to 103.2 million € a year, which amounts to a fourth of total public funding for this field. Against this background, we contribute to the debate whether and to what extent public subsidies are justified for economically successful companies.

Profissão e profissionalização de cuidadores: um estudo a partir dos discursos de sites de empresas especializadas no Brasil / Profession and professionalization of caregivers: a study based on the discourse in websites of specialized companies in Brazil

No Brasil, a precariedade das políticas públicas voltadas ao cuidado abriu espaço para a privatização e mercantilização do cuidado por meio de planos de saúde e outros tipos de serviços de assistência oferecidos pelas empresas e agências de home care. Mediante esse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o discurso empresarial oficial brasileiro sobre o profissional e a profissionalização do cuidador. Para isso, desenvolveu-se um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram empreendidos a partir da seleção de discursos apresentados em sites de empresas que oferecem a contratação e/ou indicação dos serviços de cuidador profissional. Para a interpretação do material coletado, utilizou-se o aparato teórico-metodológico de análise do discurso em sua vertente francesa. Dentre os principais resultados, destacamos o discurso da humanização, compromisso e emoções do cuidado propagado pelas empresas em uma tentativa de omitir a relação comercial proveniente da dinâmica dessa ocupação e da precarização das relações de trabalho no âmbito desse mercado.

In Brazil, the precariousness of public policies focused on care made room for the privatization and commodification of care through health plans and other types of assistance services offered by home care companies and agencies. In this context, the objective of this study is to analyze the official Brazilian business discourse about the professional and the professionalization of caregivers. For this, a descriptive study with a qualitative approach was developed. Data were collected through the selection of discourses presented on websites of companies that offer the hiring and/or indication of professional caregiver services. For the interpretation of the collected material, the theoretical-methodological apparatus of French discourse analysis was used. Among the main results, we highlight the discourse of humanization, commitment and emotions of care propagated by companies in an attempt to omit the commercial relationship arising from the dynamics of this occupation and the precariousness of labor relations within this market.

A dança nas academias de ginástica: motivos de inserção e permanência / Dance in the gym academies: reasons for insertion and staying

O presente estudo objetivou identificar os motivos de inserção e permanência de diferentes tipos de dança, nomeadamente o ballet, jazz, dança de salão, dança do ventre e a dança esportiva, em academias de médio a grande porte situadas em Recife-PE. Apoiamo-nos na abordagem qualitativa do tipo fenomenológica hermenêutica. Utilizou-se como instrumento a entrevista semi-estruturada. Os espaços selecionados atenderam a pelo menos dois dos seguintes critérios: academias de médio a grande porte, com mais de uma unidade física e maior popularidade nas redes sociais. Foram selecionadas 4 academias e 5 coordenadores responsáveis participaram das entrevistas. As narrativas foram interpretadas através de análises ideográficas e nomotéticas à luz da fenomenologia hermenêutica. Apresentamos na pesquisa questões referentes ao histórico, perfil e conceito das academias, a fim de identificar como estas academias se configuravam atualmente, além dos motivos de inserção e permanência da dança nos espaços das academias. Como conclusão apontamos os riscos de se reduzir a dança nas academias a um produto de consumo destinado às experiências autoeróticas de satisfação individualista, excluindo a possibilidade de considerar a dança como manifestação sociocultural do corpo que se expressa de maneira livre e criativa visando se relacionar com o outro. (AU)

: The present study aims to identify the reasons for the insertion and permanence of different types of dance, especially ballet, jazz, ballroom dancing, belly dancing and sports dancing, inserted in medium to large gyms located in Recife-PE. We rely on the qualitative approach of the hermeneutic phenomenological type. The instrument used was the semi-structured interview. The selected spaces met at least two of the following criteria: medium to large gyms, with more than one physical unit and greater popularity on social networks. Four academies and five coordinators responsible were selected for the interviews. The narratives were interpreted through ideographic and nomothetic analyzes in the light of phenomenology and hermeneutics. We present in the research questions related to the history, profile and concept of gyms, in order to identify how these gyms are currently configured, in addition to the reasons for the insertion and permanence of dance in the spaces of the gyms. As a conclusion, we point out the risks of reducing dance in gyms to a consumer product intended for self-erotic experiences of individualistic satisfaction, excluding the possibility of considering a dance as a socio-cultural manifestation of the body that shows the free and creative way that it can report to another. (AU)

Disruptures in the Dental Ethos: The Birth, Life, & Neoliberal Retirement of Norms in Advertising & Corporatization.

This paper argues that the trends in advertising and corporatization in dentistry since the 1970s have resulted in processes of de-professionalization and de-regulation, respectively.

Blood and plasma donors during the COVID-19 pandemic: arguments against financial stimulation.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, blood and convalescent plasma donors are dearly needed. There is a need to modify donor recruitment strategies in order to stimulate these donors. Financial stimulants though, cannot be possibly used. This paper will analyze, from an ethical perspective, the possible consequences regarding the blood and plasma donor system by a simple shift of attention from the voluntary unpaid donor to the paid one or the blood seller.

A criação de um esporte brasileiro: o Futsac e sua articulação com o campo político / The creation of a brazilian sport: Futsac and its articulation with political field

RESUMO O Futsac é um esporte criado em Curitiba - PR em 2002, pelo empresário Marcos Juliano Ofenbock. A modalidade foi reconhecida oficialmente pelo Ministério do Esporte Brasileiro em 2014, em que demonstrou forte processo de inserção no meio político. O presente estudo mapeou os caminhos adotados pelo idealizador da modalidade nos campos políticos do Brasil. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que as relações estabelecidas pelo criador do Futsac com determinados membros das esferas legislativas e executivas, que já possuíam imagem vinculada ao meio esportivo no cenário curitibano e paranaense, facilitaram a estruturação legal da modalidade dentro do Ministério do Esporte.

ABSTRACT Futsac is a sport created in Curitiba - PR in 2002, by businessman Marcos Juliano Ofenbock. The modality was officially recognized by the Brazilian Ministry of Sports in 2014, where it demonstrated a strong process of insertion in the political environment. Our study mapped the paths adopted by the creator of Futsac in the political fields of Brazil. The results of our research showed that the relations established by the creator of Futsac with certain members of the legislative and executive spheres of Curitiba and Paraná political scenario, which already had an image linked to sports policies, facilitated the legal structuring of the modality within the Ministry of Sports.

[Persons in prostitution situation. Disposition of the own body or human subjectivity as object?] / Las personas en situación de prostitución. ¿Disposición del propio cuerpo o cosificación de la subjetividad humana?

The authors make an interdisciplinary approach to prostitution, with emphasis on women. From the psychological point of view, they adopt a systemic approach, and validate the expression ″persons in prostitution situation″; they review the state of the art in legal matters and public policies, making a critical analysis based on the tradition of realistic thinking. They argue that one of the fundamental issues involved is the unity of the human person and the role that intimacy plays in it, polemicizing against usual objections. Finally, they state their conclusions, which implies affirming that prostitution considers human person as object, and therefore it is contrary to her or his dignity.

A controversa democratização do acesso ao ensino superior privado: o que dizem os professores na berlinda / La controvertida democratización del accesso a la educación superior privada: lo que dicen los profesores desde la silla de los acusados / The controversial democratization of access to private higher education: what teachers say on the spot / La démocratisation controversée de l'accès à l'enseignement supérieur privé: ce que disent les professeurs sur la sellette

É controversa a luta pela redução da desigualdade social por meio do acesso, dito democrático, ao ensino superior, sobretudo, privado. As instituições de ensino superior privadas de caráter quase mercantil pertencentes, hoje, aos grandes conglomerados educacionais, transformaram a formação universitária em um grande negócio lucrativo, cujo sistema de exploração inclui professores e alunos ao exigir de ambos uma cumplicidade perversa. Em entrevistas realizadas com professores universitários do contexto privado, eles revelam dramas e impasses submetidos ao ethos corporativo aplicado ao ensino, que exige do mestre a negação de sua experiência e de sua autoridade enunciativa. Assim, em nome da sobrevivência do mercado educacional, o professor aliena a sua subjetividade e torna-se instrumento a serviço da rentabilidade da privatização. A pesquisa aponta para a necessidade de revisão das políticas públicas de acesso à universidade e das formas de contratos de trabalho precários para os docentes.

Es controvertida a lucha por la reducción de la desigualdad social, a través del acceso democrático a la educación superior, sobre todo privada. Las instituciones de educación superior privadas de carácter tienen solamente quasi mercantil, pertenecientes hoy a los grandes conglomerados educacionales, transformaron la formación universitaria en un gran negocio lucrativo, cuyos sistema de explotación incluye profesores y estudiantes, exigiendo entre ambos una complicidad perversa. A partir de entrevistas realizadas con profesores universitarios, en este contexto, revelan sus dramas e impasses sometidos al ethos corporativo aplicado a la enseñanza, en la que se le exige al docente la negación de su experiencia y de su autoridad enunciativa. Así, en nombre de la sobrevivencia del mercado educativo, el profesor se aliena, pues se torna también instrumento al servicio de la rentabilidad del sector privado. La investigación apunta sobre la necesidad de revisión de las políticas públicas de acceso a la universidad y a las formas de contratos de trabajo precarios para los docentes.

The struggle to reduce social inequality through the so-called democratic access to higher education, above all private, is controversial. Private higher education institutions of mercantile character, belonging today to the large educational conglomerates, have transformed university education into a large profitable business, whose operating system includes teachers and students, demanding between them a perverse complicity. From interviews with university professors in this context, they reveal their dramas and impasses underwent to the corporate ethos applied to teaching, in which the professor is required to deny his experience and his enunciative authority. Thus, in the name of the survival of the educational market, the teacher alienates his subjectivity, as well as becoming an instrument at the service of the profitability of privatization. The research points to the need to review public policies for access to university and the forms of precarious employment contracts for teachers.

La lutte pour la réduction de l'inégalité sociale grâce à l'accès, dit démocratique, à l'enseignement supérieur, en particulier privé, est objet de controverse. Les institutions d'enseignement supérieur privées au caractère largement mercantile, appartenant, aujourd'hui, aux grands conglomérats éducationnels, ont transformé la formation universitaire en une grande entreprise lucrative, dont le système d'exploitation implique les professeurs et les étudiants, en exigeant d'eux une complicité perverse. Au cours d'entretiens réalisés avec des professeurs universitaires du privé, ceux-ci révèlent des drames et des impasses, soumis qu'ils sont à l'ethos corporatif appliqué à l'enseignement, qui exige du maître le déni de son expérience et de son autorité énonciative. Ainsi, au nom de la survie du marché éducationnel, le professeur aliène sa subjectivité et devient un instrument au service de la rentabilité de la privatisation. L'étude souligne la nécessité de révision des politiques publiques d'accès à l'université et des types de contrats de travail précaires des enseignants.