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BACKGROUND: Semantic and Phonological fluency (SF and PF) are routinely evaluated in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are disagreements in the literature regarding which fluency task is more affected while developing AD. Most studies focus on SF assessment, given its connection with the temporoparietal amnesic system. PF is less reported, it is related to working memory, which is also impaired in probable and diagnosed AD. Differentiating between performance on these tasks might be informative in early AD diagnosis, providing an accurate linguistic profile. OBJECTIVE: Compare SF and PF performance in healthy volunteers, volunteers with probable AD, and patients with AD diagnosis, considering the heterogeneity of age, gender, and educational level variables. METHODS: A total of 8 studies were included for meta-analysis, reaching a sample size of 1,270 individuals (568 patients diagnosed with AD, 340 with probable AD diagnosis, and 362 healthy volunteers). RESULTS: The three groups consistently performed better on SF than PF. When progressing to a diagnosis of AD, we observed a significant difference in SF and PF performance across our 3 groups of interest (pâ=â0.04). The age variable explained a proportion of this difference in task performance across the groups, and as age increases, both tasks equally worsen. CONCLUSION: The performance of SF and PF might play a differential role in early AD diagnosis. These tasks rely on partially different neural bases of language processing. They are thus worth exploring independently in diagnosing normal aging and its transition to pathological stages, including probable and diagnosed AD.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Semântica , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Comportamento Verbal , Testes Neuropsicológicos , LinguísticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An infant's cognitive development is highly dependent on early interactions with its primary caregiver, often its mother. Feeding, a frequent and early exchange between mothers and infants, is an important time for maternal-infant bonding. Mothers with opioid use disorder have been found to be more physically and verbally stimulating and more active during feeds than mothers with no opioid use. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of verbal interactions mothers with opioid use disorder expressed while engaged in a feeding encounter with their infant undergoing treatment for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome to offer insight into maternal experiences and potential challenges of feeding infants experiencing withdrawal. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive analysis of maternal verbalizations during the feeding was used in a secondary analysis using the Barnard Model as the theoretical framework for maternal-infant interaction. RESULTS: A theory-driven deductive approach was assumed to organize the identified subthemes within the concepts of the Barnard Model. Mothers frequently commented on hunger, satiation, and stress cues, while providing consolation, praise, and encouragement. Mothers expressed concerns regarding feeding volume and pace, and consequences related to feeding. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: It is crucial that clinicians remember that feeding is an important time for maternal-infant bonding. Further research into the feeding interactions of mother-infant dyads with opioid exposure is warranted. As infants may present with subacute signs of withdrawal, including persistent feeding difficulties for months, further investigation into feeding challenges dyads experience after discharge from the hospital is needed.
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Síndrome de Abstinência Neonatal , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Lactente , Humanos , Mães/psicologia , Relações Mãe-Filho/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/psicologia , Comportamento Verbal , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Verbal fluency tasks are frequently used for neuropsychological assessment in clinical practice and research. It consists of two tasks namely category and letter fluency tests. OBJECTIVE: To determine normative values in category (animals, vegetables, fruits) and letter fluency [Mim () "M", Alif () "A", Baa () "B"] tasks in Arabic language in 60âs. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional national survey and included 859 community-dwelling, cognitively intact Lebanese residents aged ≥55 years. Norms were presented according to age (55-64 years, 65-74 years, ≥75 years), sex and level of education (illiterate, no diploma, primary certificate, baccalaureate or higher). RESULTS: Level of education had the most significant positive effect on verbal fluency tasks performance amongst Lebanese older adults. The negative effect of older age was more prominent in the category fluency task compared to the letter fluency task. Women outperformed men in vegetables and fruits categories. CONCLUSION: This study provides clinicians with normative scores of category and letter fluency tests, which can be used for neuropsychological assessment of older Lebanese patients being evaluated for cognitive disorders.
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Disfunção Cognitiva , Idioma , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Escolaridade , Comportamento VerbalRESUMO
The current study examined the relationship between gray matter volume (GMV) and rate of word generation over the course of three consecutive 20-sec intervals in 60-sec letter and category verbal fluency (VF) tasks. Attenuated rate of within-person word generation in VF provides incremental information beyond total scores and predicts increased risk of incident Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). No studies to date, however, have determined the structural neural substrates underlying word generation rate in VF. Participants were 70 community-residing adults ≥ 65 years, who completed the letter and category VF tasks and a 3 T structural MRI scan. Linear mixed effects models (LMEMs) were used to determine the moderating effect of GMV on word generation rate. Whole brain voxel-wise LMEMs, adjusted for age, gender, education, Wide-Range Achievement Test - reading subtest score (WRAT3), and global health score, were run using permutation methods to correct for multiple comparisons. Lower GMV, primarily in frontal regions (superior frontal, rostral middle frontal, frontal pole, medial orbitofrontal, and pars orbitalis), were related to attenuated word generation rate, especially for letter VF. We propose that lower frontal GMV underlies inefficient executive word search processes reflected by attenuated word generation slope in letter VF amongst older adults.
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Substância Cinzenta , Comportamento Verbal , Humanos , Idoso , Substância Cinzenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Cerebral , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Verbal fluency tasks are mainly used for assessment of verbal fluency and have proven useful for differential diagnosis. The first objective of the study was to provide normative data on phonemic verbal fluency (for letters "Π" [p], "O" [o], "C" [s]) in children population. The second objective of the study was to establish diagnostic validity of the present task and to collect normative data on participants who survived posterior fossa tumor (PFT) and participants with treated hemoblastosis. METHOD: For diagnostics, we used verbal fluency test. The normative sample consisted of 746 participants aged 7-16 years. A linear multiple regression analysis was implemented for each dependent variable with age, gender, disease for all participants and academic achievement as predictors in normative sample. The performance of 746 healthy participants was compared to the performance of 118 participants who survived PFT and 492 participants who survived hemoblastosis using one-way ANOVA analysis. RESULTS: Healthy children have better verbal fluency than their peers who survived cancer. In the group of healthy children, we assessed the relationship between verbal fluency and school performance. A significant correlation with the "Russian language" subject (r = 0.127; p < 0.001) emerged. In all three groups of children, age and gender turned out to be significant factors that affected the characteristics of verbal fluency. CONCLUSION: Our data will contribute to increasing the accuracy of verbal fluency deficit detection in Russian speakers and will be useful for differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment for children who have survived oncological diseases of various geneses.
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Semântica , Comportamento Verbal , Humanos , Criança , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Idioma , LinguísticaRESUMO
Intraverbal behavior is a type of verbal behavior in which the response form has no point-to-point correspondence with its verbal stimulus. However, the form and occurrence of most intraverbals is under the control of multiple variables. Establishing this form of multiple control may depend on a variety of preestablished skills. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to evaluate these potential prerequisites with adult participants using a multiple probe design. The results suggest that training was not required for each putative prerequisite. In Experiment 2, probes for all skills were conducted following convergent intraverbal probes. The results showed that convergent intraverbals only emerged when proficiency of each skill was demonstrated. Finally, Experiment 3 evaluated alternating training of multiple tact and intraverbal categorization. The results showed that this procedure was effective for half of the participants.
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Telúrio , Comportamento Verbal , Adulto , Humanos , Comportamento Verbal/fisiologiaRESUMO
Relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory are two behavior-analytic perspectives on human language and cognition. Despite sharing reliance on Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory have largely been developed independently, with initial applications in clinical psychology and education/development, respectively. The overarching goal of the current paper is to provide an overview of both theories and explore points of contact that have been highlighted by conceptual developments in both fields. Verbal behavior development theory research has identified how behavioral developmental cusps make it possible for children to learn language incidentally. Recent developments in relational frame theory have outlined the dynamic variables involved across the levels and dimensions of arbitrarily applicable relational responding, and we argue for the concept of mutually entailed orienting as an act of human cooperation that drives arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Together these theories address early language development and children's incidental learning of names. We present broad similarities between the two approaches in the types of functional analyses they generate and discuss areas for future research.
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Cognição , Aprendizagem , Criança , Humanos , Comportamento Verbal , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Formação de ConceitoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare longitudinal verbal fluency performance among Latinx Spanish speakers who develop Alzheimer's disease to those who do not develop dementia in absolute number of words produced on each task and their ratio to combine both scores. METHOD: Participants included 833 Latinx Spanish-speaking older adults from a community-based prospective cohort in Manhattan. We performed growth curve modeling to investigate the trajectories of letter and semantic fluency, and their ratio (i.e., 'semantic index'), between individuals who developed Alzheimer's disease and those who did not (i.e., controls). The semantic index quantifies the proportion of words generated for semantic fluency in relation to the total verbal fluency performance. RESULTS: Letter fluency performance did not decline in controls; we observed a linear decline in those who developed Alzheimer's disease. Semantic fluency declined in both groups and showed an increased rate of change over time in the incident Alzheimer's disease group; in comparison, the control group had a linear and slower decline. There were no group differences in the longitudinal trajectory (intercept and slope) of the semantic index. CONCLUSION: A decline in letter fluency and a more rapid and accelerating decline over time in semantic fluency distinguished people who developed Alzheimer's disease from controls. Using the semantic index was not a superior marker of incident Alzheimer's disease compared to examining the two fluency scores individually. Results suggest the differential decline in verbal fluency tasks, when evaluated appropriately, may be useful for early identification of Alzheimer's disease in Latinx Spanish speakers, a historically understudied population.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Semântica , Humanos , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Comportamento Verbal , Estudos Prospectivos , Hispânico ou Latino , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
Mothers who were pregnant and widowed on September 11, 2001, and their 4-6-month infants (in utero on 9/11) were filmed during face-to-face interaction and their vocal dialogues were examined via microanalysis. Mothers were White, well-educated, mean age 34.3 years, and far from the World Trade Center site on 9/11; infants were 4-6 months, half female. We examined the bi-directional, moment-by-moment co-regulation of the timing of vocal dialogue, and particularly turn taking, in mother-infant and stranger-infant interactions, with time-series models. We analyzed the contingent coordination of durations of (1) vocalizations of the turn-holder, and (2) switching-pauses at the moment of the turn exchange. The switching pause is an aspect of the rhythm of the turn-holder who, after taking a turn, yields the floor to the partner through the switching pause. Turn taking is the lynchpin of dialogue, and the bi-directional contingent coordination of the switching-pause regulates the turn exchange. Both partners showed signs of risk and resilience. The 9/11 mothers did not coordinate the timing of turn taking with their infants, a highly unusual finding. In contrast, the 9/11 infants did coordinate the timing of turn taking with their mothers, and with the "stranger," forms of resilience. We propose that the 9/11 mother's difficulty coordinating with the infant's turn taking rhythm is a mode of transmission of her trauma to the infant. This work expands our knowledge of the specificities of co-regulation in the context of the 9/11 trauma.
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Comportamento Verbal , Viuvez , Gravidez , Humanos , Lactente , Feminino , Adulto , Relações Mãe-Filho , Mães , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Humans readily engage in idle chat and heated discussions and negotiate tough joint decisions without ever having to think twice about how to keep the conversation grounded in mutual understanding. However, current attempts at identifying and assessing the conversational devices that make this possible are fragmented across disciplines and investigate single devices within single contexts. We present a comprehensive conceptual framework to investigate conversational devices, their relations, and how they adjust to contextual demands. In two corpus studies, we systematically test the role of three conversational devices: backchannels, repair, and linguistic entrainment. Contrasting affiliative and task-oriented conversations within participants, we find that conversational devices adaptively adjust to the increased need for precision in the latter: We show that low-precision devices such as backchannels are more frequent in affiliative conversations, whereas more costly but higher-precision mechanisms, such as specific repairs, are more frequent in task-oriented conversations. Further, task-oriented conversations involve higher complementarity of contributions in terms of the content and perspective: lower semantic entrainment and less frequent (but richer) lexical and syntactic entrainment. Finally, we show that the observed variations in the use of conversational devices are potentially adaptive: pairs of interlocutors that show stronger linguistic complementarity perform better across the two tasks. By combining motivated comparisons of several conversational contexts and theoretically informed computational analyses of empirical data the present work lays the foundations for a comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding the use of conversational devices in dialogue. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Comunicação , Comportamento Verbal , Humanos , SemânticaRESUMO
Fine motor skill is associated with expressive language outcomes in infants who have an autistic sibling and in young autistic children. Fewer studies have focused on school-aged children even though around 80% have motor impairments and 30% remain minimally verbal (MV) into their school years. Moreover, expressive language is not a unitary construct, but it is made up of components such as speech production, structural language, and social-pragmatic language use. We used natural language sampling to investigate the relationship between fine motor and speech intelligibility, mean length of utterance and conversational turns in MV and verbal autistic children between the ages of 4 and 7 while controlling for age and adaptive behavior. Fine motor skill predicted speech production, measured by percent intelligible utterances. Fine motor skill and adaptive behavior predicted structural language, measured by mean length of utterance in morphemes. Adaptive behavior, but not fine motor skill, predicted social-pragmatic language use measured by number of conversational turns. Simple linear regressions by group corrected for multiple comparisons showed that fine motor skill predicted intelligibility for MV but not verbal children. Fine motor skill and adaptive behavior predicted mean length of utterance for both MV and verbal children. These findings suggest that future studies should explore whether MV children may benefit from interventions targeting fine motor along with speech and language into their school years.
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Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Transtorno Autístico , Lactente , Criança , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Transtorno Autístico/complicações , Destreza Motora , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/complicações , Idioma , Fala , Comportamento VerbalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The phonological and semantic verbal fluency tasks are frequently used in neuropsychological assessment due to their easy application and good sensitivity to dementia. In Argentina, the psychometric evidence for these tasks is limited, with a special lack of knowledge of the temporal stability of its measurements. The psychometric production is even lower for the action fluency variant (emission of verbs in the infinitive in one minute). In effect, this research analyzes the test-retest reliability of three verbal fluency tasks in Argentine adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample was made up of 85 Argentine (average age, 63.7 years), 75,3% women and with a medium-high educational level. A prospective longitudinal design was carried out, administering phonological, semantic and action fluency tasks at two different times with an interval of up to four months. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), a statistical method suggested for test-retest reliability studies, was analyzed. For the interpretation of the ICC, the Fleiss criteria were adopted. RESULTS: The phonological and semantic fluency tasks showed good reliability, with ICCs of 0.77 and 0.79. The fluidity of action variant yielded ICC of 0.90, indicating excellent reliability. CONCLUSIONS: All fluency tasks have appropriate temporal stability, and their use is recommended when prospective neuropsychological research is planned (with language evaluation at different times) or as a method of monitoring the evolution of aphasic patients undergoing neurorehabilitation. Based on its excellent reliability, it is recommended to use the action variant more frequently.
TITLE: Tres tareas para la exploración de la fluidez verbal: evidencias de su fiabilidad test-retest en adultos argentinos.Introducción. Las tareas de fluidez fonológica y semántica son de uso frecuente en la evaluación neuropsicológica por su fácil aplicación y buena sensibilidad al deterioro cognitivo. En Argentina es limitado el cuerpo de evidencia psicométrica para dichas tareas, con especial desconocimiento de la estabilidad temporal de sus medidas. La producción psicométrica es aún menor para la variante fluidez de acción (emisión de verbos en infinitivo en un minuto). En efecto, este estudio analiza la fiabilidad test-retest de tres tareas de fluidez en adultos argentinos. Sujetos y métodos. La muestra se compuso de 85 argentinos (medida de edad, 63,7) de población general no clínica, un 75,3% mujeres, de nivel de instrucción medio-alto. Se efectuó un diseño longitudinal-prospectivo administrando tareas de fluidez fonológica, semántica y de acción en dos momentos distintos con un intervalo hasta de cuatro meses. Se analizó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI), método estadístico sugerido para estudios de fiabilidad test-retest. Para interpretar el CCI se adoptaron los criterios de Fleiss. Resultados. Las tareas de fluidez fonológica y semántica demostraron buena fiabilidad, con un CCI de 0,77 y 0,79. La fluidez de acción obtuvo excelente fiabilidad, con un CCI de 0,9. Conclusión. Las tareas de fluidez relevadas poseen apropiada estabilidad temporal, por lo que se sugiere su uso en investigaciones neuropsicológicas prospectivas (cuando se evalúe el lenguaje en distintos momentos) o cuando se requiera un seguimiento de la evolución de pacientes afásicos en neurorrehabilitación. Basándose en su excelente fiabilidad, se recomienda utilizar con más frecuencia la variante de acción.
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Semântica , Comportamento Verbal , Humanos , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
Introdução: os treinamentos para o desenvolvimento da comunicação oral podem melhorar a auto percepção da fala e da voz, principalmente, em situações de fala em público. Objetivo: descrever a auto percepção dos efeitos de um treinamento para a comunicação oral dos locutores de uma rádio universitária em situações de fala em público. Método: este é um estudo antes e após intervenção. Foi aplicado o Programa de Desenvolvimento da Expressividade para Comunicação Oral em oito locutores durante oito encontros de duas horas de duração. O questionário de Auto avaliação das Habilidades de Voz e Fala em Diversos Contextos Comunicativos foi aplicado no primeiro e no último encontro. Resultados: a amostra constituiu-se, majoritariamente, por mulheres jovens, solteiras e estudantes, que trabalhavam por meio período durante três dias. As situações de fala em público que no início do treinamento ocorriam eventualmente passaram a ser mais frequentes. Houve redução nos sintomas de nervosismo, ansiedade, preocupação e confusão no conteúdo durante o discurso. A percepção de tremor e quebras na voz reduziram, e o sintoma de fala mais rápido aumentou. Houve relato prévio de que os interlocutores avaliavam a sua dicção variável com a situação, e ao final, afirmaram que era igual ao habitual. No término, segundo eles, as pessoas avaliavam a sua comunicação como boa. Conclusão: o treinamento resultou discretamente na auto percepção positiva para organização do discurso e nos sintomas de desvios vocais e alterações na fala dos locutores.
Introduction: training for the development of oral communication can improve self-perception of speech and voice, especially in public speaking situations. Objective: to describe the self-perception of the effects of oral communication training for university radio announcers in public speaking situations. Method: this is a before and after intervention study. The Expressiveness Development Program for Oral Communication was applied to eight speakers during eight two-hour meetings. The Self-Assessment of Voice and Speech Skills in Different Communicative Contexts questionnaire was applied in the first and last meeting. Results: the sample consisted mostly of young single women and students, who worked part-time for three days. The public speaking situations that occurred at the beginning of the training eventually became more frequent. There was a reduction in the symptoms of nervousness, anxiety, worry and confusion in the content during the speech. The perception of tremor and voice breaks reduced, and the symptom of faster speech increased. There was a previous report that the interlocutors evaluated their variable diction with the situation, and in the end, they stated that it was the same as usual. At the end, they said, people rated their communication as good. Conclusion: the training discreetly resulted in positive self-perception for speech organization and in symptoms of vocal deviations and changes in the speakers' speech.
Introducción: el entrenamiento para el desarrollo de la comunicación oral puede mejorar la autopercepción del habla y la voz, especialmente en situaciones de hablar en público. Objetivo: describir la autopercepción de los efectos del entrenamiento en comunicación oral para locutores universitarios de radio en situaciones de hablar en público. Método: este es un estudio de intervención antes y después. El Programa de Desarrollo de la Expresividad para la Comunicación Oral se aplicó a ocho ponentes durante ocho encuentros de dos horas. En la primera y última reunión se aplicó el cuestionario Self-Assessment of Voice and Speech Skills in Different Comunicative Contexts. Resultados: la muestra estuvo compuesta en su mayoría por mujeres jóvenes, solteras y estudiantes, que trabajaron a tiempo parcial durante tres días. Las situaciones de hablar en público que ocurrieron al comienzo de la capacitación eventualmente se hicieron más frecuentes. Hubo una reducción en los síntomas de nerviosismo, ansiedad, preocupación y confusión en el contenido durante el discurso. Se redujo la percepción de temblores y roturas de voz, y aumentó el síntoma de habla más rápida. Hubo un reporte previo de que los interlocutores evaluaron su dicción variable con la situación, y al final afirmaron que era la misma de siempre. Al final, dijeron, las personas calificaron su comunicación como buena. Conclusión: el entrenamiento resultó discretamente en una autopercepción positiva para la organización del habla y en síntomas de desviaciones vocales y alteraciones en el habla de los hablantes.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Percepção , Comportamento Verbal/fisiologia , Treinamento da Voz , Rádio , Universidades , Avaliação de Resultado de Intervenções Terapêuticas , Estudos Controlados Antes e DepoisRESUMO
Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) is one of the strongest evidence-based treatments for young children with behavior problems. Despite the efficacy of PCIT, many families fail to complete treatment, with attrition rates ranging from 30 to 69 percent. Preliminary research on attrition in PCIT treatment studies has linked maternal distress, negative verbal behavior (critical and sarcastic comments towards the child), lower socioeconomic status (SES), and fewer child major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnoses with premature termination from PCIT. However, more research is still needed to identify the range of reasons for treatment discontinuation. The purpose of the present study was to explore the range of reasons for premature termination from PCIT by conducting in-depth interviews with parents who discontinued PCIT using a qualitative design methodology. Results yielded eight themes, which were organized into three constructs: child-directed interaction (CDI) successes, difficulties with treatment, and the need for more clarity and orientation. Several existing treatment strategies that emerged from the data could be applied to PCIT to further enhance it and potentially reduce dropout (e.g., reconceptualizing dropout from PCIT, micro-orienting strategies used in other cognitive and behavioral therapies and dialectical behavior therapy). Understanding the reasons why parents drop out of PCIT and exploring different adaptations that can be made can further enhance this evidence-based treatment and increase its accessibility.
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Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Comportamento Problema , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Relações Pais-Filho , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Comportamento VerbalRESUMO
Research on the interrelation between language and other components of cognition makes frequent use of verbal interference paradigms. In this, participants are engaged in a primary nonverbal task, while simultaneously repeating non-sense syllables from memory or playback to occupy their articulatory buffer, which is assumed to block internal language use. However, language production involves different subprocesses and levels of representation, and no previous study has explicitly investigated which of these are affected by an occupied articulatory buffer. Thus, the current study addresses the question whether an occupied articulatory buffer significantly interferes with conceptualization. In Experiment 1, speakers name simple objects as fast and as accurately as they can under three conditions. In an interference condition, the verbalization task runs in parallel to a secondary, syllable memorization/recall task, which was expected to induce a situation in which the articulatory buffer temporarily holds phonological information while speakers engage in conceptualization. The articulatory buffer was not occupied in two control conditions. In Experiment 2, speakers performed a similar but more complex task. They verbally responded to visual depictions of actions, again under an interference condition and two control conditions. Results obtained in both experiments suggested no interference. Taken together, the findings suggest that an occupied articulatory buffer does not significantly affect conceptualization.
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Rememoração Mental , Comportamento Verbal , Humanos , Cognição , LinguísticaRESUMO
This study evaluates the psychometric properties of a verbal fluency task for potential use as an outcome measure in future clinical trials involving children with Down syndrome. Eighty-five participants attempted a modified version of the Neuropsychological Assessment of Children, Second Edition Word Generation Task at two time points. In the full sample, the measure fell below a priori reliability and feasibility criteria, though feasibility of the semantic trials were higher than feasibility of the phonemic trials. Performance on the measure correlated with chronological age and IQ scores, and no sex-related effects were found. Additional analyses suggested that the semantic verbal fluency trials might be appropriate for children with Down syndrome 10 years of age and older.
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Síndrome de Down , Comportamento Verbal , Criança , Humanos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , SemânticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Verbal fluency, a task frequently employed in neuropsychological assessment, provides important word productivity data but little information about subjective effort associated with demand monitoring and resource allocation. In two experiments, this study investigated the effects of task variables (semantic vs. phonemic cues; alternating vs. nonalternating conditions) and personal factors (fear of negative evaluation and trait anxiety) on subjective effort for a wide variety of verbal fluency tasks in neurotypical individuals. METHOD: Twenty-one adults completed eight verbal fluency tasks in Experiment 1. The tasks were selected to examine effort reported for verbal fluency that differed in (a) cue types and (b) the disruptions of clustering strategies. In Experiment 2, a separate group of 50 adults completed two verbal fluency tasks twice in separate sessions. Participants also completed social-emotional measures including fear of negative evaluation and trait anxiety. Working memory was assessed as a control variable. RESULTS: Experiment 1 showed greater effort for completing semantic than phonemic cue tasks and greater effort for alternating than nonalternating conditions. Alternating semantic verbal fluency yielded the greatest effort among all tasks. Differences in effort could not be accounted for by performance alone. Experiment 2 showed that greater fear toward negative evaluation was associated with greater effort. The relationship between fear and effort was not related to trait anxiety or moderated by performance levels or repeated testing. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about factors that impact subjective effort in neurotypical individuals is fundamental to accurate interpretation of effort reported by clinical populations. This study demonstrated the multifaceted nature of subjective effort that could not be accounted for by performance alone. In addition to task variables, effort assessment needs to consider the impact of social-emotional factors such as fear toward negative evaluation.
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Sinais (Psicologia) , Comportamento Verbal , Adulto , Medo , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , SemânticaRESUMO
While many studies have highlighted the existence of the anchoring effect in a wide variety of domains, no study to date has investigated its impact on memory. The present study aimed to test whether an irrelevant numerical anchor not only influences an estimate but also modifies the memory of the associated event. Two experiments (total N = 259) were conducted, combining the methodology used by Loftus and Palmer (Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589, 1974) and a classic anchoring paradigm. The results show that an irrelevant numerical anchor can modify the estimate of a car's speed and produce false memories of the event. We discuss the link between the processes underlying the anchoring effect and the false memory phenomenon.
