Merging meaningful classes and abstract equivalence classes by exclusion.

The current experiment assessed whether relating abstract stimuli with familiar pictures by exclusion would produce the formation of a meaningful equivalence class. Ten participants learned conditional discrimination relations with abstract stimuli and established equivalence classes (ABC classes). They then learned DA (D1A1, D2A2, and D3A3) conditional discriminations with written words as D stimuli; two words (D1 and D2) were meaningful stimuli in the participants verbal community ("Dentist" and "Baker"), whereas the third (D3) was a pseudoword ("Tabilu"). In testing trials, participants evidenced derived relations between pictures related preexperimentally to D1 and D2 with the experimental equivalence classes related to D1 and D2. For some participants, the decontextualized stimuli were a set of boat pictures (Condition 1), whereas for others they were a set of miscellaneous pictures (Condition 2). Participants in both conditions successfully matched decontextualized pictures (unrelated to dentist and baker contexts) to all abstract stimuli in the class related to D3 (exclusion responding). In Condition 1 the meaning reported to the word Tabilu was similar across participants, but in Condition 2 participants showed more variations to answer to the meaning of Tabilu. These results suggest that exclusion learning can occur under different stimulus control topographies.

Bewilderment, aquilombar, and the antimanicolonial: three ideas to radicalize Brazilian Psychiatric Reform. / Desnortear, aquilombar e o antimanicolonial: três ideias-força para radicalizar a Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira.

This article is part of a study aimed to map antiracist knowledge and practices in mental health by monitoring the practices of three collectives of professionals working in/with the psychosocial care network in the city of São Paulo, allowing us to characterize their intervention strategies. To contribute to the conceptualization of this article, through a review of the decolonial literature, three major ideas have been outlined that have allowed us to give substance to the decolonization of Psychiatric Reform: bewilderment, which, in dialogue with Achille Mbembe and Frantz Fanon, invites us to affirm madness and blackness without, however, establishing fixations; the antimanicolonial, which occurs in the promotion of the free and countercultural exercise of imagining diasporas, in light of that proposed by Édouard Glissant, Paul Gilroy, and Lélia Gonzales regarding an Atlantic (de)orientation in which elements of the black diaspora and Latin America can re-signify blackness and unreason; and aquilombar, as a liberatory praxis whose genesis lies in the quilombos as a living metaphor for the radicalisation of relationships in differences, based on Abdias do Nascimento's quilombismo, Clóvis Moura's quilombagem, Beatriz Nascimento's (k)quilombo, and Mariléa de Almeida's devir quilomba.

Este artigo é parte de uma pesquisa que buscou cartografar saberes e fazeres antirracistas em saúde mental por meio do acompanhamento das práticas de três coletivos de profissionais trabalhando na/com a rede de atenção psicossocial na cidade de São Paulo, o que possibilitou caracterizar suas estratégias de intervenção. Buscando contribuir para sua conceitualização, delineamos, por meio da revisão da literatura descolonial, três ideias-força que nos permitem dar corpo à descolonização da Reforma Psiquiátrica: o desnortear, que, em diálogo com Achille Mbembe e Frantz Fanon, nos convida à afirmação da loucura e da negritude - sem, no entanto, estabelecer fixações; o antimanicolonial, que se dá no fomento do exercício livre e contracultural de imaginar diásporas, em relação com as proposições de Édouard Glissant, Paul Gilroy e Lélia Gonzales quanto a uma (des)orientação atlântica na qual elementos da diáspora negra e da América Latina possam ressignificar negritude e desrazão; e o aquilombar, como práxis libertária que tem em sua gênese os quilombos como metáfora viva da radicalização das relações nas diferenças, a partir do quilombismo de Abdias do Nascimento, da quilombagem de Clóvis Moura, do (k)quilombo de Beatriz Nascimento e do devir quilomba de Mariléa de Almeida.

Conceptualizations of health, ability to act upon those definitions and desire for supports among families from historically marginalized communities.

Respect for parents' values and clinician-parent collaboration is less common among families from historically marginalized communities. We investigated how parents from marginalized communities operationalize health and their preferences for paediatric primary care. We recruited families who spoke English, Haitian Creole or Spanish with at least one child younger than 6 years old. Staff queried families' values and life experiences, perspectives on health and healthcare, social supports and resources. Fourteen interviews with the parents of 26 children were thematically analysed. Interviews revealed the following four themes: (1) parents' definitions of 'health' extend beyond physical health; (2) families' ability to actuate health definitions is complicated by poverty's impact on agency; (3) parents engage in ongoing problem recognition and identify solutions, but enacting solutions can be derailed by barriers and (4) parents want support from professionals and peers who acknowledged the hard work of parenting. Eliciting parents' multidimensional conceptualizations of health can support families' goal achievement and concern identification in the context of isolation, limited agency and few resources. Efforts to improve family centred care and reduce disparities in paediatric primary care must be responsive to the strengths, challenges, resources and priorities of marginalized families.

Using agreement probability to study differences in types of concepts and conceptualizers.

Agreement probability p(a) is a homogeneity measure of lists of properties produced by participants in a Property Listing Task (PLT) for a concept. Agreement probability's mathematical properties allow a rich analysis of property-based descriptions. To illustrate, we use p(a) to delve into the differences between concrete and abstract concepts in sighted and blind populations. Results show that concrete concepts are more homogeneous within sighted and blind groups than abstract ones (i.e., exhibit a higher p(a) than abstract ones) and that concrete concepts in the blind group are less homogeneous than in the sighted sample. This supports the idea that listed properties for concrete concepts should be more similar across subjects due to the influence of visual/perceptual information on the learning process. In contrast, abstract concepts are learned based mainly on social and linguistic information, which exhibit more variability among people, thus, making the listed properties more dissimilar across subjects. Relative to abstract concepts, the difference in p(a) between sighted and blind is not statistically significant. Though this is a null result, and should be considered with care, it is expected because abstract concepts should be learned by paying attention to the same social and linguistic input in both, blind and sighted, and thus, there is no reason to expect that the respective lists of properties should differ. Finally, we used p(a) to classify concrete and abstract concepts with a good level of certainty. All these analyses suggest that p(a) can be fruitfully used to study data obtained in a PLT.

Desafios teórico-metodológicos na pesquisa em imagem corporal / Theoretical-methodological challenges in body image research / Défis théoriques et méthodologiques dans la recherche sur l'image corporelle / Desafíos teórico-metodológicos en la investigación de la imagen corporal

Imagem corporal é um conceito plural e probabilístico que vem sendo investigado a partir de diversas perspectivas em uma literatura interdisciplinar. Este estudo defende que o histórico plural de definições e avaliações da imagem corporal contribuiu para a emergência de uma literatura científica sólida sobre o tema, com as divergências de definição não tendo impedido o desenvolvimento do diálogo sobre os métodos e modelos conceituais de investigação. Ademais, este texto aponta possíveis direcionamentos de integração da literatura de imagem corporal, tendo como base modelos teóricos de representação corporal e o avanço tecnológico na área. Uma das possibilidades para o avanço das pesquisas em imagem corporal envolve a especificação do conceito em diferentes níveis de evidência e/ou consciência relacionados à satisfação, percepção e atenção para corpos

Body image is a plural and probabilistic concept that has been investigated from different perspectives in an interdisciplinary literature. This study argues that the plural history of body image definitions and assessments contributed to the emergence of a solid scientific literature on the topic, without divergent definitions preventing the dialogue concerning methods and conceptual models of research. Additionally, it points out possible paths for integrating body image literature based on theoretical models of body representation and technological advances in the area. One possible path for advancing body image research involves specifying the concept at different levels of evidence and/or awareness related to satisfaction, perception and attention toward bodies

L'image corporelle est un concept pluriel et probabiliste qui a été étudié sous différentes perspectives dans une littérature interdisciplinaire. Cette étude soutient que l'histoire plurielle des définitions et des évaluations de l'image corporelle a contribué à l'émergence d'une solide littérature scientifique sur le sujet, sans que des définitions divergentes n'empêchent le dialogue concernant les méthodes et les modèles conceptuels de la recherche. En outre, elle indique des voies possibles pour l'intégration de la littérature sur l'image corporelle, fondée sur des modèles théoriques de représentation du corps et des avancées technologiques dans ce domaine. L'une des voies possibles pour faire progresser la recherche sur l'image corporelle consiste à spécifier le concept à différents niveaux de preuve et/ou de conscience liés à la satisfaction, à la perception et à l'attention á l'égard des corps

La imagen corporal es un concepto plural y probabilístico que ha sido investigado por diversas perspectivas en una literatura interdisciplinaria. Este estudio sostiene que la historia plural de definiciones y evaluación de la imagen corporal fue positiva para el surgimiento de una literatura científica sólida sobre el tema, y las divergencias de definición no impidieron el desarrollo de un diálogo sobre métodos y modelos conceptuales de investigación. Este estudio señala posibles direcciones para integrar la literatura sobre imagen corporal, con base en modelos teóricos de representación corporal y avances tecnológicos en el área. Una de las posibilidades para avanzar en la investigación de la imagen corporal pasa por especificar el concepto en diferentes niveles de evidencia y/o autoconciencia relacionados con la satisfacción, la percepción y la atención a los cuerpos.

Déficit no autocuidado para higiene oral: teoria de enfermagem de médio alcance / Self-care deficit for oral hygiene: mid-range nursing theory / Déficit de autocuidado para la higiene bucal: teoría de enfermería de rango medio

Este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar uma Teoria de Enfermagem de Médio Alcance, sobre autocuidado para higiene oral. Estudo teórico que realizou análise do conceito 'autocuidado para higiene oral' fundamentada no modelo de Walker e Avant, tendo como base empírica uma revisão de escopo conforme diretrizes da Joanna Briggs Institute com buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, e bases específicas para literatura cinzenta. A análise de conceito foi ancorada na Teoria do Autocuidado de Dorothea Orem. Em seguida desenvolveu-se um diagnóstico de enfermagem baseado na NANDA-I e na Teoria do Autocuidado e do Déficit do Autocuidado. A partir do desenvolvimento do diagnóstico de enfermagem, foi edificada a proposta teórica por meio de estratégia metodológica desenvolvida por Brandão e Santana com uso da Terminologia da NANDA-I, das taxonomias NIC e NOC e ancoramento nas teorias de Orem. A revisão de escopo foi composta por 51 estudos e descreveu os atributos do autocuidado para higiene oral como: capacidade física-funcional (higienizar dentes, língua, gengiva, interdental e de prótese dentária e usar antissépticos), executiva (planejar, manusear auxiliares de higiene oral iniciar ações de autocuidado com sequenciamento de atividades e visitar regularmente profissional odontólogo) e de desenvolvimento de competências (conhecimento e adaptação para novos conhecimentos) para uma pessoa realizar a sua própria higiene oral. Foram revelados os fatores antecedentes, que se relacionam com os requisitos físico-funcionais, cognitivos, psicológicos e ambientais e os fatores consequentes que se apresentaram especialmente como medidas de evitar e controlar doenças orais. A análise de conceito subsidiou o desenvolvimento do diagnóstico de enfermagem Déficit no autocuidado para higiene oral, revelando 18 características definidoras, nove fatores relacionados, cinco condições associadas e cinco indicadores de população de risco. Destarte, foi elaborada a Teoria de Enfermagem de Médio Alcance do Déficit no Autocuidado para Higiene Oral - TEDACHO. A TEDACHO contribui para o alcance de diagnósticos na NANDA-I com melhores níveis de evidência por meio de validação teórico-causal auxiliando no desenvolvimento da ciência na Enfermagem e em um Processo de Enfermagem mais assertivo para promoção da saúde oral, impactando na qualidade de vida das pessoas e no amparo de políticas públicas para prevenção de doenças orais.(AU)

This study aimed to develop a Mid-Range Nursing Theory on self-care for oral hygiene. This is a theoretical study that analyzed the concept of 'self-care for oral hygiene' based on the Walker and Avant model, having as an empirical basis a scoping review according to guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute with searches in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus,Web of Scien ce, Virtual Health Library, and specific databases for gray literature. The concept analysis was anchored in Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory. A nursing diagnosis was then developed based on NANDA-I and the Theory of Self-Care and Self-Care Deficit. From the development of the nursing diagnosis, the theoretical proposal was created through a methodological strategy developed by Brandão and Santana using NANDA-I Terminology, the NIC and NOC taxonomies and anchored in Orem's theories. The scoping review consisted of 51 studies and described the attributes of self-care for oral hygiene as physical-functional capacity (cleaning teeth, tongue, gums, interdental and dental prosthesis and using antiseptics), executive (planning, handling hygiene aids oral hygiene, initiate self-care actions with sequencing of activities and regularly visit a dental professional) and develop skills (knowledge and adaptation to new knowledge) for a person to perform their oral hygiene. The antecedent factors were revealed, related to the physical-functional, cognitive, psychological, and environmental requirements, and the consequent factors were presented especially as measures to avoid and control oral diseases. The concept analysis supported the development of the nursing diagnosis of deficit in self-care for oral hygiene, revealing 18 defining characteristics, nine related factors, five associated conditions, and five indicators of a population at risk. Therefore, the Medium-Range Nursing Theory of Self-Care Deficit for Oral Hygiene - TEDACHO was developed. TEDACHO contributes to achieving diagnoses in NANDA-I with better levels of evidence through theoretical-causal validation, helping to create science in Nursing and a more assertive Nursing Process to promote oral health, impacting the quality of life of people and in support of public policies to prevent oral diseases.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una Teoría de Enfermería de Rango Medio sobre el autocuidado de la higiene bucal. Este es un estudio teórico que analizó el concepto de autocuidado de la higiene bucal' basado en el modelo de Walker y Avant, teniendo como base empírica una revisión de alcance según lineamientos del Instituto Joanna Briggs con búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL , Scopus, Web of Science, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y bases de datos específicas de literatura gris. El análisis conceptual se basó en la Teoría del Autocuidado de Dorothea Orem. Luego se desarrolló un diagnóstico de enfermería basado en la NANDA-I y la Teoría del Autocuidado y del Déficit de Autocuidado. A partir del desarrollo del diagnóstico de enfermería, se creó la propuesta teórica a través de una estrategia metodológica desarrollada por Brandão y Santana utilizando la Terminología NANDA-I, las taxonomías NIC y NOC y anclada en las teorías de Orem. La revisión de alcance estuvo compuesta por 51 estudios y describió los atributos del autocuidado para la higiene bucal como: capacidad físico-funcional (limpieza de dientes, lengua, encías, prótesis interdentales y dentales y uso de antisépticos), ejecutiva (planificación, manejo de ayudas para la higiene bucal , iniciar acciones de autocuidado con secuenciación de actividades y visitar periódicamente al profesional odontológico) y desarrollar habilidades (conocimiento y adaptación a nuevos conocimientos) para que una persona realice su propia higiene bucal. Se revelaron los factores antecedentes, los cuales se relacionan con los requerimientos físico-funcionales, cognitivos, psicológicos y ambientales y los factores consecuentes que se presentaron especialmente como medidas para evitar y controlar las enfermedades bucales. El análisis conceptual apoyó el desarrollo del diagnóstico de enfermería Déficit en el autocuidado de la higiene bucal, revelando 18 características definitorias, nueve factores relacionados, cinco condiciones asociadas y cinco indicadores de población en riesgo. Por ello, se desarrolló la Teoría de Enfermería de Medio Alcance del Déficit de Autocuidado para la Higiene Bucal - TEDACHO. La TEDACHO contribuye a lograr diagnósticos en NANDA-I con mejores niveles de evidencia a través de la validación teórico-causal, ayudando a desarrollar la ciencia en Enfermería y un Proceso de Enfermería más asertivo para promover la salud bucal, impactando la calidad de vida de las personas y en apoyo a las políticas públicas para prevenir enfermedades bucales.(AU)

Nursing diagnosis proposal "Impaired Peripheral Venous Return": concept formation.

OBJECTIVES: to develop a nursing diagnosis proposal focused on venous return. METHODS: this is a concept analysis according to the model proposed by Walker and Avant, which is operationalized through an integrative review. The study was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol recommendations. RESULTS: the analysis of the 131 studies allowed identifying attributes, antecedents and consequences. The most common attribute was decreased venous flow. The antecedents most frequently found were structural and/or functional valve deficiency, advanced age and peripheral venous thrombosis. The most common consequences were peripheral edema, venous ulcer and pain in the extremity. CONCLUSIONS: the formulated nursing diagnosis was proposed as part of Domain 4, Activity/rest, in Class 4, Cardiovascular/pulmonary responses, with eight defining characteristics, five related factors, six at-risk populations and four associated conditions.

Senning Procedure: Conceptualization in the Wet Lab.

Training congenital heart surgeons today is challenging for themselves and their mentors. The situation becomes even more complicated while teaching complex surgical procedures. Senning operation is one of the most ingenious intracardiac techniques. We consider this surgical technique a worthy example to stand out the potential advantage of wet lab training. This article demonstrates the simulation of the Senning procedure in an explanted porcine model.

A scoping review of food and nutrition literacy programs.

The impact of food literacy (FL) and nutrition literacy (NL) programs on lifestyles and health is recognized in the literature, yet few studies systematize it. This study aims to deepen the understanding of FL/NL from the characterization of programs in terms of (i) theoretical foundations, conceptualization and measuring instruments; (ii) characterization of the FL/NL programs and results and (iii) limitations and future directions declared. A scoping review of original articles addressing FL/NL programs from the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases published between 2015 and 2023. There was a somewhat restricted view of the construct and the absence of a clear boundary between FL and NL. Half of the studies reported theoretical foundations. The most used model was Social Cognitive Learning Theory. More significant development of programs was observed in Australia, using quasi-experimental designs. Most of the studies informed positive results. Limitations of the studies related to the sampling process, absence of a control group and lack of follow-up. It is suggested that long-term interventions consider economic, social and cultural factors. Despite that theoretical and empirical aspects should be revised, FL/NL programs are a suitable strategy to mitigate the social and health effects of inadequate nutrition.

Early diagnosis of HIV/aids infection: concept analysis.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the concept of "early diagnosis of HIV/Aids infection" in light of Walker and Avant's conceptual analysis model. METHODS: concept analysis study based on the framework proposed by Walker and Avant, instrumented by a scoping review conducted in April 2022, following the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute and checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The search was made in eight data sources, obtaining sixteen articles. RESULTS: the study found homosexual intercourses, early examination, anti-HIV antibodies, CD4 count, and sexually transmitted infection as the main attributes of the concept. As antecedents: information, risky behavior, unprotected sexual relations, prevention, and access to the service. As main consequences: antiretroviral treatment, seroconversion, transmission, and consultations. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the study approached the circumstantial situations of the theme, its attributes, antecedents, and consequences, qualifying the work process based on knowledge of nursing practice.

Pyramids in medical education: Their conceptualization and utility summarized / Las pirámides de la educación médica: una síntesis sobre su conceptualización y utilidad

Objectives: To examine the conceptual underpinnings of learning pyramids, their limitations and some proposed modifications, and to describe their utility. Materials and methods: Starting with a selection of pyramids based on whether graphic design was part of their original design and on their conceptual description, we examined the criticisms they have received and the modifications derived from those observations, and the use given to the pyramids most commonly used in medical education. Results: Five pyramids were included, namely, George Miller, Edgar Dale, Donald Kirkpatrick, Benjamín Bloom and Abraham Maslow. Pyramids describe different aspects of medical education evaluation, either of individuals or of training programs, including competencies, identity, reliability, learning, behavior, results, cognitive complexity and self-realization. Conclusions: As theoretical models, the pyramids examined have contributed to support learning processes in health professions. Their practical utility extends to different specialties and education levels given that they can help faculty optimize curricular design, teaching and evaluation processes. It is important to conduct a local assessment of the effects on health science programs built on these theoretical models.

Objetivos: examinar los aspectos conceptuales que sustentan las pirámides educativas, sus limitaciones, las modificaciones que se han propuesto en algunas de ellas y hacer una descripción de su utilidad. Materiales y métodos: a partir de la selección de las pirámides con base en que el diseño gráfico hubiera sido parte de su conceptualización original, y de la descripción conceptual, se hace una reflexión de las críticas que han sido objeto y las modificaciones resultado de estas observaciones y del uso que se ha dado a las pirámides más comúnmente utilizadas en la educación médica. Resultados: se incluyeron cinco pirámides: George Miller, Edgar Dale, Donald Kirkpatrick, Benjamín Bloom, y Abraham Maslow. Las pirámides describen diferentes aspectos de la evaluación en la educación médica, ya sea en los individuos o en los programas, tales como: competencias, identidad, confiabilidad, aprendizaje, comportamiento, resultado, complejidad cognitiva y realización personal. Conclusiones: las pirámides revisadas han contribuido, como referentes teóricos, para el soporte de procesos educativos en las profesiones de la salud. Su utilidad práctica es extensiva a diferentes especialidades y niveles de educación por cuanto pueden asistir a los profesores para optimizar los procesos de diseño curricular, instruccional y de evaluación. Es importante evaluar, en el medio local, los efectos en los programas de ciencias de la salud que se han basado en estos referentes teóricos.

Analysis of the concept of nurses' autonomy in intensive care units: A hybrid model / Análisis del concepto de autonomía de las Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo. Un modelo hídrido / Análise do conceito de autonomia das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Um modelo híbrido

Objective. To analyze the concept of autonomy of nurses in Intensive Care Units (ICU). Methods. The hybrid model approach proposed by Schwartz-Barcott and Kim, which includes theoretical, fieldwork and analytical phases, was used for this study. For the theoretical and fieldwork phases, the Graneheim and Lundman stages and the CORE-Q checklist were used, and the results were combined in the final analysis phase. For the theoretical phase, 46 related articles, two instruments and four books were identified after using a search strategy in 7 bibliographic databases in English and one in Persian with the terms MESH: 'nursing', 'autonomy' and 'intensive care'. The information extracted in the theoretical phase served as the basis for the design of the questions used in the semi-structured interviews in the fieldwork phase. Eight nurses with ICU experience working in hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Iran) participated in the fieldwork phase. Results. The antecedents of the concept of nurse autonomy in ICUs were: empowerment of the workforce, organizational platform, and social and individual views of the profession. Its attributes were professionalism and high personal capabilities. Finally, increased personal competencies, promotion of quality of care, improved attitudes towards the profession and professional outcomes were noted as consequences. Conclusion. The autonomy of nurses in the ICU can facilitate their empowerment, which translates into the promotion of their caring behaviours, followed by the improvement of patient outcomes and quality of care.

Objetivo. Analizar el concepto de autonomía entre las enfermeras de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI).Métodos. Para este estudio se utilizó el enfoque de modelo híbrido propuesto por Schwartz-Barcott y Kim que incluye las fases: teórica, de trabajo de campo y analítica. Para las fases teórica y de trabajo de campo se utilizaron las etapas de Graneheim y Lundman y la lista de comprobación CORE-Q, y los resultados se combinaron en la fase de análisis final. Para la fase teórica se identificaron 46 artículos relacionados, dos instrumentos y cuatro libros tras utilizar una estrategia de búsqueda en 7 bases de datos bibliográficas en inglés y otra en persa con los términos MESH: 'nursing', 'autonomy' e 'intensive care'. La información extraída en la fase teórica sirvió de base para el diseño de las preguntas que se utilizaron en las entrevistas semiestructuradas de la fase de trabajo de campo. En esta última fase participaron ocho enfermeras con experiencia en UCI que trabajaban en hospitales afiliados a la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Isfahan (Irán). Resultados. Los antecedentes del concepto de autonomía de las enfermeras en las Unidades de UCI fueron: el empoderamiento de la fuerza de trabajo, la plataforma organizativa y las opiniones sociales e individuales acerca de la profesión. Sus atributos fueron el profesionalismo y las grandes capacidades personales. Por último, se señalaron como consecuencias: el incremento de las competencias personales, la promoción de la calidad de los cuidados, la mejoría de las actitudes hacia la profesión y los resultados profesionales. Conclusión. La autonomía de las enfermeras en las UCI puede facilitar su empoderamiento, lo que se traduce en la promoción de sus conductas asistenciales, seguida de la mejora de los resultados de los pacientes y de la calidad asistencial.

Objetivo. Analisar o conceito de autonomia dos enfermeiros da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Métodos. Este estudo foi realizado utilizando a abordagem do modelo híbrido proposto por Schwartz- Barcott e Kim, que inclui as fases teórica, de campo e analítica. As etapas de Graneheim e Lundman e o checklist CORE-Q foram utilizados nas fases teórica e de trabalho de campo, e os resultados foram combinados na fase de análise final. Para a fase teórica, foram identificados 46 artigos relacionados, dois instrumentos e quatro livros após a utilização de uma estratégia de busca em 7 bases bibliográficas em inglês e outra em persa com os termos MESH: 'nursing', 'autonomy' e 'intensive care'. As informações extraídas na fase teórica serviram de base para o desenho das questões que foram utilizadas nas entrevistas semiestruturadas da fase de trabalho de campo. Participaram desta última fase, oito enfermeiras experientes em UTI trabalhando em hospitais afiliados à Universidade de Ciências Médicas de Isfahan, no Irã.Resultados. Os antecedentes do conceito de autonomia dos enfermeiros nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva foram: o empoderamento da força de trabalho, a plataforma organizacional e as opiniões sociais e individuais sobre a profissão. Seus atributos eram profissionalismo e grandes habilidades pessoais. Por fim, foram apontadas as seguintes consequências: o aumento das competências pessoais, a promoção da qualidade dos cuidados, a melhoria das atitudes perante a profissão e os resultados profissionais. Conclusão. A autonomia dos enfermeiros na UTI pode facilitar seu empoderamento, que se traduz na promoção de seus comportamentos assistenciais, seguida da melhoria dos resultados dos pacientes e da qualidade da assistência.

Epistemología de la investigación social / Epistemology of social research

INTRODUCCIÓN. La epistemología, rama de la filosofía que estudia el proceso de investigación y su producto el conocimiento científico, implica ámbitos de la ciencia con enfoque positivismo y postpositivismo, interpretativismo, teoría crítica; y, transcomplejo, cada uno de ellos con los elementos paradigmáticos de: ontología, epistemología y metodología, su conocimiento y aplicabilidad en los diferentes ámbitos es fundamental porque sus enfoques generan ciencia. OBJETIVO. Desarrollar capacidades intelectuales en bases contextuales y teóricas en epistemología de la investigación social, indispensables para el ejercicio profesional en el ámbito de la investigación científica y del conocimiento científico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, con población y muestra conocida de 30 modalidades de publicación, periodo junio a julio 2020. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: fuentes secundarias de información bibliográfica validadas en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales. La técnica de observación fue en buscadores bibliográficos PUBMED, Scielo, Scopus, Diccionario de Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud y la Real Academia Española. La tarea de revisar la literatura de investigación comprendió la identificación, selección, análisis crítico, descripción escrita, interpretación, discusión y conclusión de la información que existe sobre la epistemología de la investigación social, tema, que se registró con aplicación de un gestor de referencias bibliográficas, tipo Microsoft Word. RESULTADOS. Se logró obtener capacidades intelectuales al estructurar la cronológica de la epistemología de la investigación social, del conocimiento científico y nuevas perspectivas para el ejercicio profesional en el ámbito de la investigación científica. CONCLUSIÓN. Las perspectivas se orientan a integrar paradigmas pasados y futuros con visión de transcomplejidad, espacios organológicos de una gran red, conformación de cibercomunidades de investigación, uso de método integrador, nuevo lenguaje en equipos multidisciplinarios, agentes como el foco principal de la teoridad epistémica en espacio, tiempo y la relación entre las cosas.

INTRODUCTION. Epistemology, a branch of philosophy that studies the research process and its product, scientific knowledge, involves areas of science focussed in with positivism and postpositivism, interpretivism, critical theory; and, transcomplex, each one of them with the paradigmatic elements of: ontology, epistemology and methodology, their knowledge and applicability in the different fields is fundamental because their approaches generate science. OBJECTIVE. Develop intellectual capacities on contextual and theoretical bases in the epistemology of social research, essential for professional practice in the field of scientific research and scientific knowledge. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive study, with population and a known sample of 30 publication modalities, period June to July 2020. The inclusion criteria were: secondary sources of bibliographic information validated in the field of social sciences. The observation technique was in bibliographic search engines PUBMED, Scielo, Scopus, Dictionary of Descriptors in Health Sciences and the Royal Spanish Academy. The task of reviewing the research literature included the identification, selection, critical analysis, written description, interpretation, discussion and conclusion of the information that exists on the epistemology of social research, subject, which was registered with the application of a reference manager bibliographic, Microsoft Word type. RESULTS. Intellectual capacities were obtained by structuring the chronology of the epistemology of social research, scientific knowledge and new perspectives for professional practice in the field of scientific research. CONCLUSION. The perspectives are aimed at integrating past and future paradigms with a vision of transcomplexity, organological spaces of a large network, formation of research cyber communities, use of integrative method, new language in multidisciplinary teams, agents as the main focus of epistemic theory in space, time and the relationship between things.

Promoting spontaneous analogical transfer by idealizing target representations.

Recent results demonstrate that inducing an abstract representation of target analogs at retrieval time aids access to analogous situations with mismatching surface features (i.e., the late abstraction principle). A limitation of current implementations of this principle is that they either require the external provision of target-specific information or demand very high intellectual effort. Experiment 1 demonstrated that constructing an idealized situation model of a target problem increases the rate of correct solutions compared with constructing either concrete simulations or no simulations. Experiment 2 confirmed that these results were based on an advantage for accessing the base analog, and not merely an advantage of idealized simulations for understanding the target problem in its own terms. This target idealization strategy has broader applicability than prior interventions based on the late abstraction principle because it can be achieved by a greater proportion of participants and without the need to receive target-specific information. We present a computational model, SampComp, that predicts successful retrieval of a stored situation to understand a target based on the overlap of a random, but potentially biased, sample of features from each. SampComp is able to account for the relative benefits of base and target idealization, and their interaction.

Nursing care management concepts: scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: to clarify the concepts of Nursing Care Management and Nursing Care Administration in the scientific literature, highlighting approximations and distances between the terms. METHODS: scoping review as per Joanna Briggs Institute protocol and preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The searches were performed in LILACS, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. RESULTS: the qualitative analysis, through content analysis, counted 49 studies published between 2007 and 2020. Hospital care was the most evident level of care. It was identified that nursing care management aims at the macropolitical performance of nurses and mobilizes skills essentially strategic-cognitive, while Nursing Care Administration aims at the micropolitical performance of nurses, requiring essentially strategic-administrative skills. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the study allowed us to propose the conceptualization of the terms and identify the approximations and distances between them.

Embodiment and repeated exposure do not suffice for abstract concepts acquisition: evidence from tonal music cognition.

Research on abstract concepts (AC) suggests that while some AC are enacted indirectly and occasionally, others are largely grounded in our sensory-motor and affective experience, and the opportunities to enact them are countless, which would allow us to acquire them without supervision. From this, the following question arises: do embodiment and repeated exposure suffice to dispense with supervision in abstract concepts acquisition (ACA)? In the present study, this question was addressed in the context of tonal music cognition, which demands a high level of abstraction, and via musical materials that participants had frequently heard and sung. Specifically, highly trained, moderately trained, and untrained participants (24 each) were given 12 well-known melodic fragments ending on tones instantiating 6 different scale degrees (2 times each) and asked to group (round 1) or pair (round 2) those fragments whose last tone conveyed the same (or a similar enough) level of stability or rest. If embodiment and repeated exposure suffice for ACA, then one would expect a scale degree-based grouping strategy regardless of participants' training level. Results showed that only highly trained participants systematically grouped stimuli ending on the same scale degree, particularly in round 2; moderately trained participants' performance was mixed, and tonality's influence on untrained participants was negligible. Further, moderately trained and untrained participants performed inconsistently, discarding in round 2 almost all of the pairs formed in round 1. These findings are integrated with previous findings on the effect of language, affect, and category type on conceptualization to account for why and when ACA requires supervision.

Valoração da atividade física: discussão sobre uma ideia identificada mas não contextualizada na literatura / Evaluación de la actividad física: discusión sobre una idea identificada pero no contextualizada en la literatura / Physical activity valuation: a discussion on an identified idea not contextualized in the literature

A valoração da atividade física é uma abordagem não evidenciada como conceito ou definição. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender a conceituação e fomentar uma discussão preliminar acerca da valoração da atividade física, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de literatura seguida de uma revisão integrativa utilizando diferentes estratégias de busca. A partir dos critérios de inclusão da revisão sistemática não foram identificados estudos que procuraram definir e/ou conceituar a valoração da atividade física. Porém, a partir da seleção e leitura dos artigos na revisão integrativa, buscou-se compreender em quais contextos os estudos foram desenvolvidos e quais os métodos de valoração se referiam à atividade física. Sugere-se que a valoração da atividade diz respeito à importância que o indivíduo direciona a atividade física, ou seja, um juízo de valor determinado à atividade física que pode se relacionar ao custo hedônico, valoração contingente e ao custo evitado. (AU)

La valoración de la actividad física es un enfoque no evidenciado como concepto o definición. Así, el objetivo del presente estudio fue comprender la conceptualización y promover una discusión preliminar sobre la valoración de la actividad física, a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura seguida de una revisión integradora, utilizando diferentes estrategias de búsqueda. Con base en los criterios de inclusión de la revisión sistemática, no se identificaron estudios que buscaran definir y/o conceptualizar la valoración de la actividad física. Sin embargo, a partir de la selección y lectura de artículos en la revisión integradora, buscamos comprender en qué contextos se desarrollaron los estudios y qué métodos de valoración se referían a la actividad física. Se sugiere que la valoración de la actividad atañe a la importancia que el individuo le da a la actividad física, o sea, un juicio de valor determinado a la actividad física que puede relacionarse con el costo hedónico, la valoración contingente y el costo evitado. (AU)

The valuation of physical activity has not yet been established as a concept or definition in the literature. Thus, the objective of the present study was to understand the concept and foster a preliminary discussion about the valuation of physical activity, through a systematic literature review followed by an integrative review with different search strategies. Considering the systematic review inclusion criteria, studies addressing the concept or definition of physical activity valuation were not identified. However, from the selection and reading of the articles in the integrative review, we sought to understand in which contexts the studies about physical activity valuation methods were developed. It is suggested that the valuation of physical activity is associated with the importance given by the individuals to physical activity, i.e. a broad concept related to value judgment regarding physical activity; the valuation of physical activity can be related to the hedonic pricing, the contingent valuation, and the avoided costs. (AU)

Teoria da Autodeterminação e Paixão para o esporte: revisão narrativa / Self-determination theory and passion for sport: narrative review / Teoría de la autodeterminación y pasión por el deporte: revisión narrativa

Objetivo: Definir conceitos, analisar e relacionar artigos sobre a Paixão e a Teoria da Autodeterminação (TAD) -como componentes da Psicologia Positiva -no esporte. Método:Foram coletados artigos utilizando a base de dados "Periódicos Capes", além de materiais de posse das próprias autoras, como textos e livros, que incluíam uma ou mais das seguintes temáticas: Teoria da Autodeterminação e/ou Motivação, Paixão, Esporte e Atividade Física. Resultados e discussão: Foram incluídos 2 livros, 2 capítulos de livros, 19 artigos e uma dissertação de Mestrado, que atendiam o critério das autoras de contribuir na conceituação de terminologias e na integração das áreas pesquisadas. Com a leitura dos textos, foi possível discutir, analisar e relacionar a teoria da autodeterminação, a motivação e a paixão no contexto esportivo. Apesar de ter sido possível a construção de vínculos entre a Psicologia Positiva e a Psicologia do Esporte, evidenciam-se limitações nesta área de estudos devido à escassa bibliografia existente. Conclusão: A paixão para o esporte, como variável psicológica, foi definida pela Teoria da Autodeterminação como elemento de caráter motivacional intrínseco. Sendo a inclinação que um indivíduo tem por determinada atividade esportiva, na qual despende tempo de dedicação, a paixão tem função identitária e, por isso, é capaz de diferenciar praticantes esportivos em gênero, experiência e nível competitivo. O caráter da paixão, harmoniosa ou obsessiva, refere-se a como uma atividade esportiva é internalizada, de forma que, mesmo sendo um elemento de interesse dos indivíduos, pode contribuir tanto de forma positiva, como negativa. Após uma conceituação detalhada e a consideração dos artigos que interligam as temáticas da Psicologia com os esportes, concluímos que os conceitos da Psicologia Positiva se constituem como bases para a compreensão dos aspectos psicológicos de praticantes de atividades físicas, visto que estes são ambientes de estimulação mental e emocional

Objective: Define concepts, analyze and relate articles about Passion and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) -as components of Positive Psychology - in sport. Method: Articles were collected using the "Periódicos Capes" database, in addition to materials owned by the authors themselves, such as texts and books, which included one or more of the following themes: Theory of Self-Determination and/or Motivation, Passion, Sport and Physical activity. Results and discussion: 2 books, 2 book chapters, 19 articles and a Master's dissertation were included, which met the authors' criteria of contributing to the conceptualization of terminologies and the integration of the areas researched. By reading the texts, it was possible to discuss, analyze and relate the theory of self-determination, motivation and passion in the sporting context. Although it was possible to build links between Positive Psychology and Sports Psychology, there are limitations in this area of study due to the scarce existing bibliography. Conclusion: Passion for sport, as a psychological variable, was defined by the Self-Determination Theory as an intrinsic motivational element. Being the inclination that an individual has for a certain sporting activity, in which they spend dedicated time, passion has an identity function and, therefore, is capable of differentiating sports practitioners in terms of gender, experience and competitive level. The character of passion, whether harmonious or obsessive, refers to how a sporting activity is internalized, so that, even though it is an element of interest to individuals, it can contribute both positively and negatively. After a detailed conceptualization and consideration of the articles that interconnect the themes of Psychology with sports, we conclude that the concepts of Positive Psychology constitute the basis for understanding the psychological aspects of practitioners of physical activities, as these are environments of mental and emotional stimulation.

Objetivo: Definir conceptos, analizar y reportar artículos sobre la Teoría de Autodeterminación (TAD) y la Pasión - como componentes de la Psicología Positiva -en el deporte. Método: Se recolectaron artículos a través de la base de datos "Periódicos Capes", además de materiales de propiedad de los propios autores, como textos y libros, que incluyeran uno o más de los siguientes temas: Teoría de la Autodeterminación y/o Motivación, Pasión, Deporte y Actividad Física. Resultados y discusión: Se incluyeron 2 libros, 2 capítulos de libro, 19 artículos y una disertación de maestría, que cumplieron con el criterio de los autores de contribuir a la conceptualización de terminologías y la integración de las áreas investigadas. A través de la lectura de los textos fue posible discutir, analizar y relatar la teoría de la autodeterminación, la motivación y la pasión en el contexto deportivo. Si bien se logró construir vínculos entre la Psicología Positiva y la Psicología del Deporte, existen limitaciones en esta área de estudio debido a la escasa bibliografía existente. Conclusión: La pasión por el deporte, como variable psicológica, fue definida por la Teoría de la Autodeterminación como un elemento motivacional intrínseco. Al ser la inclinación que tiene un individuo por una determinada actividad deportiva, a la que dedica un tiempo dedicado, la pasión tiene una función identitaria y, por tanto, es capaz de diferenciar a los practicantes del deporte en términos de género, experiencia y nivel competitivo. El carácter dela pasión, ya sea armoniosa u obsesiva, se refiere a cómo se interioriza una actividad deportiva, de modo que, si bien es un elemento de interés para los individuos, puede contribuir tanto positiva como negativamente. Después de una detallada conceptualización y consideración de los artículos que interconectan los temas de la Psicología con el deporte, concluimos que los conceptos de la Psicología Positiva constituyen la base para comprender los aspectos psicológicos de los practicantes de actividades físicas, ya que estos son ambientes de estimulación mental y emocional.

Maternidad subrogada. Concepto emitido por la Academia Nacional de Medicina la Comisión Primera Constitucional / Surrogate motherhood. Concept issued by the National Academy of Medicine the First Constitutional Commission

Objeto de proyecto: "Regular la subrogación uterina para la gestación en Colombia, estableciendo los parámetros que reglamentan el proceso asistencial y clínico, el tipo de acuerdo entre las partes, las relaciones filiales y la protección de la subrogante y del fruto de la gestación, en garantía de los derechos a la libertad de desarrollo de la personalidad y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos como parte integral del derecho fundamental a la salud, conforme los principios de dignidad humana, autonomía reproductiva e igualdad".

Componente curricular projeto de vida: perspectivas de professoras da rede estadual de São Paulo / Curricular component life purpose: perspectives of teachers of the São Paulo state network / Componente curricular proyecto de vida: perspectivas de profesores de la red estadual de São Paulo

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a experiência de alguns professores ao lecionar projeto de vida durante a implementação do componente curricular Projeto de Vida no estado de São Paulo. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório. Participaram do estudo sete professoras que lecionavam o componente curricular Projeto de Vida em duas escolas públicas, de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, escolhidas por conveniência. Foram utilizados o Questionário de Dados Sociodemográficos e o Protocolo de Entrevista Semiestruturada para Projeto de Vida de Professores, elaborados para este estudo. As professoras foram entrevistadas individualmente, on-line, e as entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio e vídeo. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise temática. Os resultados indicaram possibilidades e desafios em relação à implementação do componente curricular Projeto de Vida. Constatou- se que a maioria das docentes afirmou que escolheu esse componente curricular devido à necessidade de atingir a carga horária exigida na rede estadual. As professoras criticaram a proposta, os conteúdos e os materiais desse componente curricular. As críticas apresentadas pelas professoras estão em consonância com aquelas presentes na literatura em relação à reforma do Ensino Médio e ao Inova Educação. Esses resultados sugerem a necessidade de formação tanto nos cursos de licenciatura quanto em ações de formação continuada, para que os professores se sintam mais seguros e preparados para lecionar o componente curricular Projeto de Vida na Educação Básica. Propõe-se uma perspectiva de formação pautada na reflexão e na troca entre os pares para a construção de um projeto coletivo da escola para o componente Projeto de Vida.(AU)

This study aimed to know the experience of some teachers when teaching life purpose during the implementation of the curricular component "Life Purpose" (Projeto de Vida) in the state of São Paulo. A qualitative, exploratory research was carried out. Seven teachers who taught the curricular component "Life Purpose" (Projeto de Vida) in two public schools in a city in the inland state of São Paulo, chosen for convenience, participated in the study. The Sociodemographic Data Questionnaire and the Semi-structured Interview Protocol for Teachers' Life Purposes, developed for this study, were used. The teachers were interviewed individually, online, and the interviews were recorded in audio and video. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results indicated possibilities and challenges regarding the implementation of the Life Purpose curricular component. It was found that most teachers chose this curricular component due to the need to reach the required workload in the state network. The teachers criticized the proposal, the contents and the materials of this curricular component. Teacher's critics are in line with the criticisms present in the literature regarding the reform of High School and Inova Educação. Therefore, training is essential, both in undergraduate courses and in continuing education actions, so that teachers can teach the curricular component Life Purpose in Basic Education. A training perspective based on reflection and exchange between peers is proposed for the construction of a collective school project for the Life Purpose component.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la experiencia de algunos profesores al enseñar proyecto de vida durante la implementación del componente curricular Proyecto de Vida en el estado de São Paulo. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, exploratoria. Participaron en el estudio siete profesores que impartían el componente curricular Proyecto de Vida en dos escuelas públicas en un municipio del estado de São Paulo, elegidos por conveniencia. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y el protocolo de entrevista semiestructurada para proyectos de vida de profesores, desarrollados para este estudio. Las entrevistas a los profesores fueron en línea, de manera individual, y fueron grabadas en audio y video. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis temático. Los resultados indicaron posibilidades y desafíos en relación a la implementación del componente curricular Proyecto de Vida. La mayoría de los profesores declararon elegir este componente curricular por la necesidad de alcanzar la carga horaria requerida en la red estatal. Los profesionales criticaron la propuesta, los contenidos y los materiales de este componente curricular. Las críticas presentadas están en línea con las críticas presentes en la literatura respecto a la reforma de la educación básica e Inova Educação. Por lo tanto, la formación es fundamental, tanto en los cursos de grado como en las acciones de educación permanente, para que los profesores puedan impartir el componente curricular Proyecto de Vida en la educación básica. Se propone una formación basada en la reflexión y el intercambio entre pares para la construcción de un proyecto escolar colectivo en el componente Proyecto de Vida.(AU)