El papel de la solidaridad en una pandemia / The role of solidarity in a pandemic

La solidaridad forma parte del mapa de los valores y principios éticos de la pandemia por la COVID-19 que ha asolado al mundo desde finales de 2019. La solidaridad ha estado detrás de la justificación de medidas de Salud Pública como el confinamiento, las cuarentenas, el cierre de espacios públicos y privados, el uso obligatorio de mascarillas y la financiación, distribución e inoculación de las vacunas contra el virus; también se ha utilizado para resaltar las compensaciones económicas, los sacrificios intergeneracionales, la importancia de la sanidad pública y hasta la ayuda mutua entre ciudadanos, instituciones y países para hacer frente a los peores efectos de la pandemia. No obstante, la solidaridad se ha utilizado indistintamente como una idea descriptiva y normativa, motivacional y justificativa, sentimental y política, moral y legal, aumentando, de este modo, la confusión sobre su significado, su uso y su alcance. En este artículo se repasa el uso retórico de la solidaridad durante la pandemia, se muestran las contradicciones derivadas de ese uso y se arroja luz sobre el uso normativo que debería tener la solidaridad para afrontar con más rigor las respuestas a las pandemias del futuro.(AU)

Solidarity is part of the map of values and ethical principles of the COVID-19 pandemic that has devastated the world since the end of 2019. Solidarity has been behind the justification for public health measures such as confinement, quarantines, lockdowns, the mandatory use of masks, and the financing, distribution and inoculation of vaccines against the virus; it has also been used to economic compensation, intergenerational sacrifices, the importance of public health care and even mutual aid between citizens, institutions and countries to face the worst effects of the pandemic. However, solidarity has been used interchangeably as a descriptive and normative, motivational and justificatory, sentimental and political, moral and legal idea, thus increasing confusion about its meaning, use and scope. This article reviews the rhetorical use of solidarity during the pandemic, shows the contradictions derived from that use, and sheds light on the normative use it should have in order to more rigorously address responses to future pandemics.(AU)

Grateful Patient Philanthropy: A Challenge to Organizational Ethics.

An examination of organization development in health care reveals a pattern of increasing reliance of academic medical centers toward new sources of revenue in support of operations. This trend is partly in response to the reduction of traditional funding sources such as public appropriations and tuition. Clinical income from faculty earnings and hospital transfer payments have supplanted heritage funding sources and are now predominantly institutional transactions rather than physician-patient interactions. Grateful patient philanthropy can be viewed as moving toward transactional status, with challenging ethical questions for the involved physician and patient as institutional control increases.

Implementation of Medical Assistance in Dying as Organizational Ethics Challenge: A Method of Engagement for Building Trust, Keeping Peace and Transforming Practice.

This paper focuses on the ethics of how to approach the introduction of MAiD as an organizational ethics challenge, a focus that diverges from the traditional focus in healthcare ethics on the ethics of why MAiD is right or wrong. It describes a method co-designed and implemented by ethics and medical leadership at a tertiary hospital to develop a values-based, grassroots response to the decriminalization of assisted dying in Canada. This organizational ethics engagement method embodied core tenants that drew inspiration from a variety of sources, including poetic ones. These tenants are: make the problem bigger; focus on values; cultivate open moral spaces; and trust emergence. The paper describes how these tenants were put into practice in order to create a rigorous and sustainable MAiD program that delivers high-quality care to patients and families while honoring the moral diversity of the hospital workforce. One of the goals in sharing this method is to provide a roadmap for healthcare organizations in Canada and other jurisdictions around the world that are facing the challenge of responding to patient requests for MAiD following the decriminalization of this care option.

Is there a role for ethics in addressing healthcare incivility?

In a healthcare setting, a multitude of ethical and moral challenges are often present when patients and families direct uncivil behavior toward clinicians and staff. These negative interactions may elicit strong social and emotional reactions among staff, other patients, and visitors; and they may impede the normal functioning of an institution. Ethics Committees and Clinical Ethics Consultation Services (CECSs) can meaningfully contribute to organizational efforts to effectively manage incivility through two distinct, yet inter-related channels. First, given their responsibility to promote a humane, respectful, and professional climate, many CECSs and Ethics Committees may assist institutional leadership in evaluating and monitoring incivility policies and procedures. Second, when confronted with individual incidents of patient/family incivility, Ethics Consultants can and often do work with all stakeholders to address and mitigate potentially deleterious impacts. This manuscript presents an overview of the multifaceted ethical implications of incivility in the healthcare environment, discusses the inherent qualifications of Ethics Consultants for assisting in the management of incivility, and proposes specific mitigating actions within the purview of CECSs and Ethics Committees. We also invite healthcare organizations to harness the skills and reputation of their CECSs and Ethics Committees in confronting incivility through comprehensive policies, procedures, and training.

Trascendencia de los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos en el Ecuador / Research Ethics Committees of Human Beings in Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos deben proteger la dignidad, los derechos, el bienestar y la seguridad de los sujetos investigados; evalúan aspectos éticos, metodológicos y jurídicos de los protocolos de investigación, competencia otorgada por el ente sanitario del país que ameritó observar si se cumplió. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la situación de los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos, basados en la percepción del cursillista, la normativa, las repercusiones y consecuencias para mantener su condición activa y su trascendencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y ambispectivo con un universo de 1 327 profesionales del área de la salud y una muestra de 385 encuestados que expresaron su percepción sobre trece Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos a nivel nacional, con revisión bibliográfica nacional e internacional, se excluyeron los suspendidos. Se aplicó encuesta validada online, período abril a octubre de 2019. Data analizada en Excel y SPSS versión 23. RESULTADOS. El 76,92% Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos fueron de la ciudad de Quito. Los cursillistas percibieron que el 64,16%, no trascendieron en su labor; desconocieron que: la Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia de la Salud, cuestionó el nombramiento de algún miembro un 97,14%; el cuestionamiento estuvo basado en la norma vigente un 79,48%; sobre la aprobación del plan anual de capacitación en investigación, 2019, un 95,06%; el plan anual de capacitación específico un 77,40%, y no recibieron directrices ni retroalimentación en temas de capacitación en calidad de investigador, un 90,39%. Además, percibieron que los Comités fueron responsables de capacitar otros Comités de ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos, un 81,82% y a los investigadores, un 85,71%; que deben elaborar el plan anual de educación específica para los miembros del comité, un 89,35%. CONCLUSIÓN. Se identificó entre los problemas que los investigadores casi no los conocen y hay necesidad de actualizar la norma que afectó el funcionamiento. Los justificativos para mantener la condición activa no se cumplieron, se evidenció la necesidad de asesoría para los comités por parte de las autoridades competentes, sin lograr conformación consolidada con actores y repercutió en su trascendencia.

INTRODUCTION. The Research Ethics Committees on Human Beings must protect the dignity, rights, well-being and safety of the research subjects; evaluate ethical, methodological and legal aspects of the research protocols, a competence granted by the health entity of the country that merited see if it is done. OBJECTIVE. Evaluate the situation of the Ethics Committees for Research in Human Beings, based on the perception of the trainee, the regulations, the repercussions and consequences to maintain their active condition and their transcendence. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive, cross-sectional and ambispective study with a universe of 1,327 professionals in the health area and a sample of 385 respondents who expressed their perception of thirteen Research Ethics Committees on Human Beings at the national level, with national and international bibliographic review. those suspended were excluded. An online validated survey was applied, from April to October 2019. Data analyzed in Excel and SPSS version 23. RESULTS. 76.92% Human Research Ethics Committees were from the city of Quito. The trainees perceived that 64,16%, did not transcend in their work; they did not know that: the National Directorate of Health Intelligence, questioned the appointment of a member 97,14%; the questioning was based on the current norm 79,48%; on the approval of the annual research training plan, 2019, 95,06%; the specific annual training plan 77,40%, and did not receive guidelines or feedback on training issues as a researcher, 90,39%. In addition, they perceived that the Committees were responsible for training other Human Beings Research Ethics Committees, 81,82% and the researchers, 85,71%; that they must prepare the annual specific education plan for the members of the committee, 89,35%. CONCLUSION. It was identified among the problems that the researchers hardly know them and there is a need to update the norm that affected the operation. The justifications to maintain the active condition were not fulfilled, the need for advice for the committees by the competent authorities was evidenced, without achieving a consolidated conformation with actors and had repercussions on its importance. hardly know them and there is a need to update the norm that affected the operation. The justifications to maintain the active condition were not fulfilled, the need for advice for the committees by the competent authorities was evidenced, without achieving a consolidated conformation with actors and had repercussions on its importance.

Cuidar de otros: retorno a una noción básica para la medicina actual / Caring for others: a return to a basic notion for the current medicine patricia olivares osorio

La medicina actual es un campo de tensiones permanentes: entre las estructuras y los individuos, entre las políticas públicas y la atención individualizada de los pacientes, y entre estos y sus terapeutas. En el presente artículo se reflexiona acerca de la noción de cuidado como una forma de regresar la problemática de las profesiones relacionadas con la salud a uno de sus conceptos fundamentales. Con esta finalidad, se investigó en la literatura médica para recuperar los términos en los que se discute acerca del cuidado en la medicina actual. A partir de los hallazgos realizados, se detallan tres paradigmas o constructos referidos a la noción de cuidado: a) Patient Centered Care, b) la ética del cuidado, y c) la idea del Whole Person Care. Aun con las notables diferencias entre estos constructos es posible rescatar el marco del cuidado: el bien objetivo del paciente. Así, se desarrolla una propuesta de reflexión sobre el cuidar de otros sustentada en el concepto de bien objetivo para la persona proveniente del pensamiento del filósofo Dietrich von Hildebrand.

Medicine today is a field of permanent tensions: between structures and individuals, between publicpolicies and individualised patient care, and between patients and their therapists. This article reflects on the notion of care as a way of resolving the problems encountered by health professions by considering one of their fundamental concepts. For this purpose, research was carried out in the medical literature in order to understand the definitions in which care is discussed in current medicine. Based on the findings, three paradigms or constructs related to the notion of care are detailed: a) Patient Centered Care, b) the ethics of care, and c) the idea of Whole Person Care. Even with the notable differences between these constructs, it is possible to rescue the framework of care: the objective being for the good of the patient. Thus, a proposal for the reflection on caring for others is developed, based on what is the concept of “objective good for the person” in accordance with the thinking of the philosopher Dietrich von Hildebrand.

The effectiveness of the Ethics Quarter intervention on the ethical activity profile of nurse managers: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To test the effectiveness of a new ethics educational e-learning intervention, Ethics Quarter, in supporting nurse managers' ethical activity profile. BACKGROUND: Health care organisations need evidence-based ethics interventions to support nurse managers' ethical activity profile. METHODS: A parallel-group, individually randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2020. Finnish nurse managers nationwide [members of the Union of Health and Social Care Professionals in Finland (Tehy) trade union] were randomly allocated to intervention (n = 169) or control group (n = 172). The intervention group participated in the Ethics Quarter comprising twelve 15-min evidence-based educational 'quarters' spread over 6 weeks. The control group had standard organisational ethics structures. The primary and secondary outcomes were ethical activity profile and ethics knowledge, respectively. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement for study design and reporting was adopted. RESULTS: Ethical activity profile showed statistically significant differences in mean changes between the groups from baseline to 10 weeks: all five dimensions were statistically significantly higher in the intervention group compared with the control group (p = <.0001). CONCLUSION: The Ethics Quarter was effective in increasing nurse managers' ethical activity profile. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Applying this ethics educational e-learning intervention would benefit nursing management education and health care organisations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04234503.

'Value, values and valued': a tripod for organisational ethics.

Public benefit corporations are National Health Service, that is, state, entities whose function to provide healthcare in discharge of public duties. If we regard value as the output of such organisations, it seems logical to connect the values of the organisation to the value produced by such organisations. But, on closer examination there are competing underlying logics in play: (1) those based on promoting organisational efficiency and efficacy; and (2) those based on the idea of building service provision around the clinician-patient relationship. Underlying these logics are differing value sets. These clash. Because of the clashing of underlying moral frameworks the connection between values and value becomes hard, if not impossible. This paper argues that (1) the clash in these moral frameworks must be addressed by the organisation rather than between individuals or groups of individuals within the organisation; (2) alloying duties within hybrid professionals submerges but does not resolve these conflicts; (3) one approach could be to impose on the organisation itself an ethical imperative to promote, enhance and protect from deterioration the welfare of the patients; (4) a board ethics committee is a possible organisational structure that could transparently and fairly balance clashes within the competing moral frameworks in a way that could reconcile the competing logics and (5) if such conflicts can be better resolved at the organisational level what the organisation must do to achieve its objectives will become clearer because what needs to be valued would naturally emerge connecting values, value and what is valued.

A world away and here at home: a prioritisation framework for US international patient programmes.

Programmes serving international patients are increasingly common throughout the USA. These programmes aim to expand access to resources and clinical expertise not readily available in the requesting patients' home country. However, they exist within the US healthcare system where domestic healthcare needs are unmet for many children. Focusing our analysis on US children's hospitals that have a societal mandate to provide medical care to a defined geographic population while simultaneously offering highly specialised healthcare services for the general population, we assume that, given their mandate, priority will be given to patients within their catchment area over other patients. We argue that beyond prioritising patients within their region and addressing inequities within US healthcare, US institutions should also provide care to children from countries where access to vital medical services is unavailable or deficient. In the paper, we raise and attempt to answer the following: (1) Do paediatric healthcare institutions have a duty to care for all children in need irrespective of their place of residence, including international patients? (2) If there is such a duty, how should this general duty be balanced against the special duty to serve children within a defined geographical area to which an institution is committed, when resources are strained? (3) Finally, how are institutional obligations manifest in paradigm cases involving international patients? We start with cases, evaluating clinical and contextual features as they inform the strength of ethical claim and priority for access. We then proceed to develop a general prioritisation framework based on them.

Producción de sentidos sobre asistencia transespecífica en salud, derechos y ciudadanía trans* / Production of meanings in trans-specific assistance for health, rights, and trans* citizenship / Produção de sentidos na assistência transespecífica em saúde, direitos e cidadania trans*

En este artículo discutiremos el proceso de producción de sentidos sobre la asistencia transespecífica en salud y su relación con los derechos y la ciudadanía trans*, lo que desarrollamos a partir del diálogo con 11 personas, entre usuarias/os, médicas/os y funcionarias/os de un servicio de atención a personas trans* en una capital en la región Sur de Brasil. Se realizaron entrevistas con las/os participantes, y el análisis de la información se efectuó a partir de la problematización recursiva. Los resultados se organizan en torno a dos tramas de sentidos. Por un lado, se analizan la significación y la potencia de las demandas realizadas por las personas trans* al campo de la asistencia transespecífica en salud, apuntando su relación con una ética comprometida con lo que es excluido por los regímenes de verdad y con la garantía de nuevos flujos de inteligibilidad. Por otro, se analizan las exigencias para constituir un espacio de atención en salud para personas trans* como un ámbito de concretización de la ciudadanía trans*, que supone garantizarse no solo por el acceso al sector de la salud, sino también por las características de la oferta, su formalización, manutención e institucionalización del cuidado a las personas trans*.(AU)

In this article we discuss the process of production of meanings around trans-specific health care and its relationship with trans* rights and citizenship, which we develop from a dialogue with 11 people, between users, doctors, and employees of a health service for trans* people located in a capital city in southern Brazil. We interviewed the participants and the analyzed the information based on recursive problematization. The results are organized around two webs of meanings. On the one hand, we analyze the significance and power of the demands made by trans* people in the field of trans-specific health care, pointing out their relationship with an ethic committed to what is excluded by the regimes of truth and with the guarantee of new streams of intelligibility. On the other hand, we analyze the requirements for the constitution of the health care space for trans* people as an area of concretization of trans* citizenship, which is meant to be assured not only by access to the health sector, but also by the characteristics of the offer, its formalization, the maintenance and the institutionalization of care for trans* people.(AU)

Neste artigo, discutimos o processo de produção de sentidos na assistência transespecífica em saúde e sua relação com os direitos e a cidadania trans*, a partir do diálogo com 11 pessoas, entre usuários(as), médicos(as) e funcionários(as) de um serviço de atenção em saúde para pessoas trans* localizado em uma capital de estado do Sul do Brasil. Os(as) participantes foram entrevistados(as) e essas informações foram analisadas a partir da problematização recursiva. Os resultados organizam-se em torno de duas tramas de sentidos. Por um lado, analisa-se o significado e a potência das demandas das pessoas trans* no campo da assistência transespecífica em saúde, apontando sua relação com uma ética comprometida com o que é excluído pelos regimes de verdade e com a garantia de novos fluxos de inteligibilidade. Por outro lado, analisa-se os requisitos para a constituição do espaço de atenção em saúde para as pessoas trans* como um âmbito para a concretização da cidadania trans*, que se supõe garantir não apenas pelo acesso ao setor da saúde, mas também pelas características da oferta, sua formalização, a manutenção e a institucionalização do cuidado às pessoas trans*.(AU)

Psychological recovery after critical illness and stay in hospital ICU / Recuperação psicológica após adoecimento grave e internação em UTI / Recuperación psicológica después de una enfermedad grave y admisión en la UCI

The effects of critical illness and hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU) have been associated with the presence of negative psychological consequences. This study explores the experiences of sick people who were admitted to an ICU, seeking to know its repercussions on the self. In-depth qualitative interviews and participant observations were carried out with two people since their ICU admission until at least six months after discharge from the unit. Data was analyzed following an adaptation of the clinical qualitative method within a longitudinal frame and interpreted with Winnicott's psychoanalytic perspective. This research managed to describe participants' lived experiences and the ways they affected their psychic organization. To the interviewed, these experiences configured threshold situations which promoted a process of psychic disintegration. Psychological recovery, then, depends on the articulation of lived experiences, and is supported by facilitating intersubjective relationships that promote the expression of personal potentialities.(AU)

Os efeitos do adoecimento crítico e da hospitalização em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) têm sido associados a consequências psicológicas negativas. Este estudo investiga as experiências de pessoas adoecidas que foram internadas em UTI, buscando compreender suas repercussões no self. Foram realizadas entrevistas qualitativas em profundidade e observações participantes com duas pessoas, desde a admissão na UTI até, no mínimo, seis meses após a alta. Os dados foram analisados seguindo uma adaptação do método clínico qualitativo, em um enquadre longitudinal, e interpretados a partir da perspectiva psicoanalítica winnicottiana. A pesquisa descreveu as experiências vividas pelos participantes e a forma como elas afetaram sua organização psíquica. Para os entrevistados, essas experiências se configuraram como situações limite, que estimularam um processo de desintegração psíquica. A recuperação psicológica, por sua vez, depende da articulação das experiências vividas, e é sustentada por relações intersubjetivas facilitadoras que promovem a expressão de potencialidades pessoais.(AU)

Los efectos de una enfermad grave y de la hospitalización en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) se asocian a consecuencias psicológicas negativas. Este estudio abordó las experiencias de personas enfermas hospitalizadas en UCI, con el fin de comprender sus repercusiones en el self. Se realizaron entrevistas cualitativas a profundidad y observaciones participantes con dos personas, desde la admisión en la UCI hasta, por lo menos, seis meses después de haber dado el alta el paciente. Los datos se analizaron de acuerdo con una adaptación del método clínico cualitativo, en un marco longitudinal, y para su interpretación se aplicó la perspectiva psicoanalítica winnicottiana. La investigación describió las experiencias de los participantes y la forma como estas han afectado sus organizaciones psíquicas. Según los entrevistados, las experiencias se configuraron como situaciones límite, las cuales han promovido un proceso de desintegración psíquica. La recuperación psicológica dependió de la articulación de las experiencias vividas y estuvo sostenida por relaciones intersubjetivas facilitadoras, las cuales promovieron la expresión de potencialidades personales.(AU)

Health Workers' Perceptions on Data-informed Decision-Makingpracticesin Primary Health Care Units at Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia

Background: Data-informed decision making is influenced by organizational, technical, and behavioral factors. Behavioral factors are the major contributing factors for data-informed decision-making practices. This study aimed to explore health workers' perceptions of data-informed decision making at primary health care units in Awi zone. Method: A cross-sectional qualitative study was undertaken to explore health workers' perceptions on the barriers of health data-informed decision-making practices. Eleven healthcare workers were purposively selected from primary hospitals, health centers and health posts. Medical doctors, nurses, midwifes and health extension workers were selected as key informants for the in-depth interview. The selected healthcare workers were asked about their perceptions that affect health data use practices. The data obtained was analyzed through thematic analysis using Open Code software. Analysis was performed using three themes namely, organizational, behavioral, and technical barriers of data-informed decision making. Results: All the health care workers including health extension workers utilized a data-informed decision-making practice at least once during their point of care. Five of the eleven key informants reported their data-informed decision-making practice as reviewing quality of facility data, while none of them reported data-informed decision-making practices for their monthly performance monitoring. Behavioral factors included negligence, workarounds, and skill gaps. Organizational factors included staff turnover and shortage of recording tools. Technical factors included high workloads which lead to data error and paper-based systems were considered major barriers to data-informed decision-making practices.

La legitimidad institucional como fuente de reputación corporativa / Institutional legitimacy as a source of corporate reputation

Resumen Este artículo se concentra en el desarrollo del concepto de legitimidad social en las organizaciones como fundamento teórico de la reputación. Así mismo, establece una triangulación en la revisión de literatura que inicia con la teoría institucional hasta llegar al concepto de legitimidad institucional y su importancia en el estudio de la reputación corporativa. En esta revisión se analizaron las dimensiones o fuentes de la legitimidad, como lo son: la moral, cognitiva y evaluativa. En el mismo sentido, esta investigación se soporta en la revisión de literatura, la cual se edificó mediante la revisión de más de 50 referencias bibliográficas. Estas fuentes bibliográficas contribuyeron a darle una mayor comprensión al concepto de reputación corporativa desde el campo de la sociología en relación con la teoría de la legitimidad institucional.

Abstract This article focuses on the development of the concept of social legitimacy in organizations, as a theoretical foundation for reputation. The article establishes a triangulation in the literature review that begins with institutional theory until reaching the concept of institutional legitimacy and its importance in the study of corporate reputation. In this review, the dimensions or sources of legitimacy were analyzed, including: moral, cognitive and evaluative dimensions. In the same sense, this research is supported by the literature review, which was done by reviewing more than 50 bibliographic references. These bibliographic sources contributed to give a greater understanding of the concept of corporate reputation from the field of sociology in relation to the theory of institutional legitimacy.

O cuidado integral em tempos de COVID-19: uma reflexão / El cuidado integral en tiempos de COVID-19: una reflexión / Comprehensive care in times of COVID-19: a reflection

La pandemia SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 ha generado muchos cambios en el contextopúblico y privado, planteando problemas morales, legales, políticos y sociales para la vida diariade la sociedad planetaria. Este artículo hace reflexiones sobre los temas de la ética y el cuidadocon la vida, cuyos cambios bruscos se asociaron al desafío de la viabilidad de supervivencia y laimportancia del cuidado relacional en el contexto de la pandemia. Ante el imperativo delaislamiento y el distanciamiento social, se buscaron estrategias de protección para un continuumsocial. En ese contexto, las dimensiones del cuidado se construyeron desde la noción desalutogénesis y autocultivo, que fundamenta un sistema de valores que incorpora saberes para lasalud, la calidad de vida y el bienestar. Se infiere que en una mirada sistémica, por medio depolíticas públicas y ayuda humanitaria, nuevos principios y valores orientarán la experiencia futura enfocada en la preservación de la vida humana, el cuidado ético con la salud y el cultivoplanetario para el buen vivir de la humanidad.(AU)

The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has caused various changes in the public andprivate context, raising moral, legal, political and social challenges for the daily life of the societyaround the world. This paper offers some reflections on the ethics and care for life, in a time whensudden changes were associated with the challenge of survival viability and the importance ofrelational care in the context of the pandemic. In view of the mandate for social isolation anddistancing, protection strategies were sought for a social continuum. In this context, the careframework was built around the notion of salutogenesis and self-preservation, which underlies avalue system incorporating knowledge related to health, quality of life and well-being. In asystemic view, through public policies and humanitarian aid, there is the assumption that newprinciples and values will guide the future experience focusing on the preservation of human life,ethical health care and planetary preservation for the good living of humanity.(AU)

A pandemia do SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 gerou muitas mudanças no contexto público eprivado, levantando questões morais, legais, políticas e sociais para o cotidiano da sociedadeplanetária. Esse artigo trata de reflexões acerca das temáticas da ética e do cuidado com a vida,as quais bruscas mudanças associaram-se ao desafio da viabilidade de sobrevivência eimportância do cuidado relacional no contexto da pandemia. Ao imperativo do isolamento edistanciamento social, buscaram-se estratégias de proteção para um continuum social. Nessecontexto, as dimensões do cuidado edificaram-se a partir da noção da salutogênese e auto cultivo,que fundamenta um sistema de valores incorporando saberes para a saúde, qualidade de vida e obem-viver. Infere-se que numa visão sistêmica, por meio de políticas públicas e de ajudahumanitária, novos princípios e valores nortearão a vivência futura tendo como foco a preservaçãoda vida humana, o cuidado ético com a saúde e o cultivo planetário para ao bem viver dahumanidade.(AU)

Percepção social sobre atividade assistida por animais em hospitais / Social representation of animal-assisted activity in hospitals / Percepción social de la actividad asistida por animales en hospitales

Resumo A visita de animais de companhia em hospitais vem se tornando cada vez mais frequente, e os benefícios biopsicossociais dessa prática têm sido atestados empírica e cientificamente. Contudo, é preciso refletir sobre certas limitações que podem gerar vulnerabilidades. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar, por meio de pesquisa exploratória, qualiquantitativa, a percepção social sobre a atividade assistida com animais. Respondentes da sociedade (n=116), voluntários (n=15), equipe terapêutica (n=16) e pacientes participantes de intervenções desse tipo (n=16) se mostraram receptivos à presença de animais, enaltecendo os benefícios (especialmente os emocionais) da prática e ofuscando as limitações relativas à biossegurança e ao bem-estar animal. Os resultados corresponderam à expectativa inicial, de que as vulnerabilidades da atividade assistida por animais podem ser mitigadas com o apoio da bioética, dada sua natureza dialogante, multidisciplinar, deliberativa e consultiva, visando a ponderação dos custos, benefícios e alternativas para o bem-estar de todos os atores envolvidos.

Abstract Pet visits to hospitals have become increasingly more frequent, and although its biopsychosocial benefits have been empirically and scientifically ascertained, this activity has risk-related limitations that should be properly addressed. This exploratory, quantitative and qualitative study sought to characterize the social representation of animal-assisted activity. Respondents selected from society in general (N=116), volunteers (N=15), staff members (N=16), and patients (N=16) who participate in animal interventions were receptive to the presence of animals, praising the benefits - especially the emotional - of the activity, and disregarding its limitations, mainly related to biosafety and animal well-being. Results show that the risks involved in the activity can be mitigated by the dialogical, multidisciplinary, deliberative and consultative nature of a bioethical approach aimed at assessing the costs, benefits and alternatives to ensure the well-being of all the actors involved.

Resumen La visita de mascotas en hospitales se ha vuelto cada vez más frecuente, y los beneficios biopsicosociales de esta práctica han sido demostrados empírica y científicamente. Sin embargo, es necesario reflexionar sobre ciertas limitaciones que pueden generar vulnerabilidades. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar, por medio de una investigación exploratoria, cualicuantitativa, la percepción social de la actividad asistida por animales. Encuestados de la sociedad (n=116), voluntarios (n=15), equipo terapéutico (n=16) y pacientes participantes en intervenciones de este tipo (n=16) se mostraron receptivos a la presencia de animales, enalteciendo los beneficios (especialmente los emocionales) de la práctica y eclipsando las limitaciones relativas a la bioseguridad y al bienestar animal. Los resultados correspondieron a la expectativa inicial de que las vulnerabilidades de la actividad asistida por animales pueden ser mitigadas con el apoyo de la bioética, dada su naturaleza dialógica, multidisciplinaria, deliberativa y consultiva, buscando considerar los costos, beneficios y alternativas para el bienestar de todos los actores implicados.

Incorporating Stakeholder Perspectives on Scarce Resource Allocation: Lessons Learned from Policymaking in a Time of Crisis.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis provoked an organizational ethics dilemma: how to develop ethical pandemic policy while upholding our organizational mission to deliver relationship- and patient-centered care. Tasked with producing a recommendation about whether healthcare workers and essential personnel should receive priority access to limited medical resources during the pandemic, the bioethics department and survey and interview methodologists at our institution implemented a deliberative approach that included the perspectives of healthcare professionals and patient stakeholders in the policy development process. Involving the community more, not less, during a crisis required balancing the need to act quickly to garner stakeholder perspectives, uncertainty about the extent and duration of the pandemic, and disagreement among ethicists about the most ethically supportable way to allocate scarce resources. This article explains the process undertaken to garner stakeholder input as it relates to organizational ethics, recounts the stakeholder perspectives shared and how they informed the triage policy developed, and offers suggestions for how other organizations may integrate stakeholder involvement in ethical decision-making as well as directions for future research and public health work.

Commentary on "Pandemics and Beyond: Considerations When Personal Risk and Professional Obligations Converge".

The excellent article by Daniel J. Benedetti, Mithya Lewis-Newby, Joan S. Roberts, and Douglas S. Diekema draws strength by dealing both with micro ethical (personal) and macro ethical (institutional policies and structures) considerations. One should further note that often, the macro factors are even stronger than the article implies, although individuals can affect the macro context. A particularly important macro factor for all matters concerning healthcare, indeed all human services, is the tension between the profit motive and ethical decisions.