RESUMO
We describe the in vivo features of endometrium stained with methylene blue dye and observed via microhysteroscopy, showing the patterns of endometrial glands and superficial cell changes during the midproliferative, periovulatory, and midluteal phases. These preliminary observations have allowed us to identify a series of changes occurring in the different phases of the ovulatory cycle of potential value in reproductive medicine for specific groups of infertile patients.
Assuntos
Corantes/administração & dosagem , Endométrio/fisiologia , Azul de Metileno/administração & dosagem , Colo do Útero , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Endométrio/citologia , Diacetato de Etinodiol , Feminino , Fase Folicular , Humanos , Histeroscopia , Injeções , Fase Luteal , Mestranol , Valores de Referência , Coloração e RotulagemRESUMO
PIP: Medical histories of 436 patients treated with Ovulen after childbirth or an abortion were examined in order to collect a sample of women who had taken the orals for 6-12 cycles. A group of 70 patients was thus formed. The following parameters were investigated: weight variation; blood pressure; nausea and vomiting; varicosities; variation in menstrual flow and length of period; breast-related side effects; jaundice; psychic alteration, i.e., nervousness, anxiety, or depression; changes in libido; headaches; skin changes; and pregnancy. Results are presented both in graph and table form. Weight change was found to tend more to loss than to gain. No statistically significant changes in blood pressure were observed. Nausea and associated symptoms tended to disappear after the 9th cycle. Edema was present in only 6% of all cycles. The most common side effect was varicosities, present in 25% of the sample, but in no instance did thrombosis occur nor was varicosity a cause for discontinuation in any case. Breast-related side effects were more common at the outset. No jaundice was observed. Psychic alterations were not common and were mostly insignificant and tended to occur more frequently at the outset. 12% of the sample had headaches from the beginning of treatment up until the 8th month, after which they began to disappear. Only 1 patient had chloasma and then only during the 1st 2 cycles. There was a marked tendency toward menorrhagia which was thought to be beneficial due to the prevalence of anemia in the group. Changes in libido were minimal and tended to disappear after the 8th cycle. None of the patients became pregnant.^ieng
Assuntos
Diacetato de Etinodiol/farmacologia , Mestranol/farmacologia , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Libido/efeitos dos fármacos , Menstruação/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
PIP: The structure, sources, synthesis, economics, and the present and future marketing of male and female sex steroids and corticoids are summarized. Physiologically, and historically in industry, steroids were made from cholesterol. Now most steroids are produced from diosgenin, an akaloid from the Mexican Dioscorea plant. Other sources are stigmasterol from soybeans, hecogenin from sissal waste, bile acids, and total synthesis. Unlike prices of corticoids which have been low for lack of patent protection, prices of sex steroids, especially oral contraceptives, have fallen only 50%, although doses have decreased 90%. There are 735 million women of fertile age, so prices could fall to an unlikely $1 per year without hurting sales. The major companies and subsidiaries, patent holders, and licencees of steroids in South America, U.S., Europe, Iron Curtain countries, Asia, and Africa were listed with their products. In the future oral contraceptives will be joined with minipills, injectables, once monthly pills, and steroid treatment of menopause. Postcoital pills and pills taken for delayed menses may be developed, but used clandestinely because of government and moral barriers. Corticoids are now used an analogs, with a growing market for topical ointments. Steroids will find uses in domestic animal estrus control, rat control, and insect hormones isolated from plant sources for insect control.^ieng