Assessment of Different Feature Extraction Methods for Discriminating Expressed Emotions during Music Performance towards BCMI Application.

A Brain-Computer Music Interface (BCMI) system may be designed to harness electroencephalography (EEG) signals for control over musical outputs in the context of emotionally expressive performance. To develop a real-time BCMI system, accurate and computationally efficient emotional biomarkers should first be identified. In the current study, we evaluated the ability of various features to discriminate between emotions expressed during music performance with the aim of developing a BCMI system. EEG data was recorded while subjects performed simple piano music with contrasting emotional cues and rated their success in communicating the intended emotion. Power spectra and connectivity features (Magnitude Square Coherence (MSC) and Granger Causality (GC)) were extracted from the signals. Two different approaches of feature selection were used to assess the contribution of neutral baselines in detection accuracies; 1- utilizing the baselines to normalize the features, 2- not taking them into account (non-normalized features). Finally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been used to evaluate and compare the capability of various features for emotion detection. Best detection accuracies were obtained from the non-normalized MSC-based features equal to 85.57 ± 2.34, 84.93 ± 1.67, and 87.16 ± 0.55 for arousal, valence, and emotional conditions respectively, while the power-based features had the lowest accuracies. Both connectivity features show acceptable accuracy while requiring short processing time and thus are potential candidates for the development of a real-time BCMI system.

The comparison of expressed emotion of parents of individuals with fragile X syndrome to other intellectual disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Parenting children and young adults with intellectual disabilities, including individuals with fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome, is challenging, joyful, and complicated. Exploring how parents talk about their children, and the quality of the parent/child relationship can provide insight into the home environment and interactional patterns of the family. METHOD: Expressed emotion (EE) is a measurement of a family's emotional climate based on a parent or caregiver's report of warmth, emotional overinvolvement, hostility, and criticism. The purpose of this study was to describe EE for a sample of parents of individuals with intellectual disabilities and to determine any differences in EE amongst individuals within subgroups. Based on previous research about fragile X syndrome and family systems, we hypothesized that there would be significant differences between the disability groups (higher EE in families with children/young adults with fragile X syndrome). RESULTS: Results showed relatively high proportions of EE across groups of individuals with intellectual disabilities, however, there were no significant differences between the subgroups. Null findings suggest that differences in EE may not relate directly to a child's specific genetic condition. Rather, increased EE in caregiver populations may simply reflect well-documented stressors related to stigma, caregiver burden, and limited community supports. Critical statements were infrequent, however, over half of the participants reported dissatisfaction with their situation, and many were categorized as having emotional overinvolvement, as measured by frequent statements of intense worry and self-sacrifice. CONCLUSION: Findings point to potential utility in family-level interventions focused on providing structured caregiver therapy to manage excessive worry and grief related to a diagnosis of intellectual disability, and respite care to encourage caregiver independence and pursuit of personal care.

Expressed emotion and treatment outcome in higher levels of care for eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Expressed emotion (EE) among caregivers toward the affected offspring is a negative prognostic indicator for adolescent patients with eating disorders (EDs) in outpatient treatment. Less research has examined its impact on adolescents in higher levels of care (HLOC). The current study examined differences in caregiver EE according to the subtype of anorexia nervosa (AN) (restricting [AN-R] versus binge/purge [AN-BP]), and level of care (LOC). We also examined the main effects of baseline caregiver EE (emotional overinvolvement [EOI] or criticism), AN subtype, and their interaction on eating pathology and depression at discharge. METHOD: Adolescent patients (N = 203) receiving treatment at HLOCs completed measures of ED pathology (Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) at baseline and discharge, and one caregiver of each patient completed a measure of EE (Family Questionnaire) at baseline. RESULTS: No differences in caregiver EE were found between patients with AN-R versus AN-BP, or relative to LOC. Caregiver EE did not predict outcome for ED symptoms or depression at discharge. DISCUSSION: The impact of high caregiver EE may be less substantial at HLOCs than outpatient care given that caregivers are less involved in treatment at HLOCs. Future research is needed to determine if high caregiver EOI leads to poor treatment outcome for adolescents as it does for adults, or whether it is an appropriate expression of care for patients who are ill enough to require HLOC treatment. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: High caregiver EE was not found to predict treatment outcome for adolescents with eating disorders in higher levels of care (HLOCs), possibly due to the limited involvement of caregivers in HLOCs. However, patients step down to outpatient treatment, where high caregiver EE can have a significant negative impact on outcome. HLOCs should incorporate efforts to reduce high caregiver EE in anticipation of step-down to outpatient treatment.

Caregiver Expressed Emotion and Pediatric Asthma: A Call for Culturally Specific Adaptations.

Background: Expressed emotion is the affective attitudes and behaviors of an individual toward another. In this preliminary study, we described expressed emotion among caregivers of children with asthma living in low-income urban area and evaluated its association with child asthma control. Methods: Forty-one children (90.2% African American/Black) and their caregivers participated. Measures included the Childhood Asthma Control Test and the Five-Minute Speech Sample coded for overall expressed emotion, emotional over-involvement, and criticism. Results: Most caregivers were rated borderline (31.7%) or high (48.8%) for expressed emotion, borderline (31.7%) or high (39.0%) for emotional overinvolvement, and low for criticism (73.2%). The association between criticism and asthma control neared statistical significance [U(Nlow = 30, NB/high = 11) = 100, z = -1.922, P = 0.055]. Conclusion: Findings suggest an examination into expressed emotion coding procedures for caregivers in low-income urban areas, and culturally specific adaptations may be necessary. Future research should confirm findings in a larger sample and consider how parental criticism affects children's asthma management.

Interference of non-intelligent factors in volleyball players' sports events / Interferência de fatores não inteligentes nos eventos esportivos dos jogadores de vôlei / Interferencia de factores no inteligentes en los eventos deportivos de los jugadores de voleibol

ABSTRACT Introduction Non-intelligent factors include learning habits, motivation, interest, emotion, attitude, and student characteristics. Many sports practices have demonstrated that creating excellent athletic performance and winning intense competition depends on various factors. Among them, physical quality is the physiological and material basis to ensure the quality of exercise. Movement technique is the essential condition. However, non-Intelligent factors are the internal motivators for both to function. Objective Analyze the non-Intelligent factors that affect the performance of volleyball players. Methods Several volleyball players were selected as research objects. The non-Intelligent factors that affect volleyball performance are analyzed by questionnaire survey and experimental method. Finally, this paper uses mathematical statistics to analyze the experimental data. Results Volleyball players are easily disturbed by external factors. These non-Intelligent factors can easily lead to large fluctuations in the athlete's psychology. These reasons will affect the stability of volleyball players' serving skills. Conclusion The non-Intelligent factors that affect the performance of volleyball players are the proficiency of serving technique, the degree of psychological relaxation, and the ability of emotional control. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução Fatores não-inteligentes incluem hábitos de aprendizagem, motivação, interesse, emoção, atitude e características estudantis. Muitas práticas esportivas têm demonstrado que criar um excelente desempenho atlético e vencer competições intensas depende de vários fatores. Entre eles, a qualidade física é a base fisiológica e material para garantir a excelência do exercício. A técnica do movimento é a condição essencial. Entretanto, fatores não inteligentes são os motivadores internos para que ambos funcionem. Objetivo Analisar os fatores não-inteligentes que afetam o desempenho dos jogadores de vôlei. Métodos Vários jogadores de voleibol foram selecionados como objetos de pesquisa. Os fatores não-inteligentes que afetam o desempenho do voleibol são analisados por questionário e método experimental. Finalmente, este artigo utiliza estatísticas matemáticas para analisar os dados experimentais. Resultados Os jogadores de vôlei são facilmente perturbados por fatores externos. Estes fatores não-inteligentes podem facilmente levar a grandes flutuações na psicologia do atleta. Estas razões afetarão a estabilidade das habilidades de serviço dos jogadores de vôlei. Conclusão Os fatores não-inteligentes que afetam o desempenho dos jogadores de vôlei são a proficiência da técnica de saque, o grau de relaxamento psicológico e a capacidade de controle emocional. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción Los factores no inteligentes incluyen los hábitos de aprendizaje, la motivación, el interés, la emoción, la actitud y las características del alumno. Muchas prácticas deportivas han demostrado que la creación de un excelente rendimiento deportivo y la obtención de una intensa competición dependen de varios factores. Entre ellos, la calidad física es la base fisiológica y material para garantizar la calidad del ejercicio. La técnica de movimiento es la condición esencial. Sin embargo, los factores no inteligentes son los motivadores internos para que ambos funcionen. Objetivo Analizar los factores no inteligentes que afectan al rendimiento de los jugadores de voleibol. Métodos Se seleccionaron varios jugadores de voleibol como objeto de investigación. Los factores no inteligentes que afectan al rendimiento de los jugadores de voleibol se analizan mediante un cuestionario y un método experimental. Por último, este trabajo utiliza la estadística matemática para analizar los datos experimentales. Resultados Los jugadores de voleibol son fácilmente perturbados por factores externos. Estos factores no inteligentes pueden provocar fácilmente grandes fluctuaciones en la psicología del deportista. Estas razones afectarán a la estabilidad de las habilidades de saque de los jugadores de voleibol. Conclusión Los factores no inteligentes que afectan al rendimiento de los jugadores de voleibol son el dominio de la técnica de saque, el grado de relajación psicológica y la capacidad de control emocional. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Actitud hacia la Ley Anita en estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Nacional del Caaguazú, año 2021 / Attitude towards the Anita Law in students of the Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Nacional of Caaguazú, year 2021

Introducción: la donación de órganos sigue siendo un problema incluso en aquellos sistemas más exitosos en la detección de donantes. Objetivo: identificar la actitud hacia la Ley Anita en estudiantes de la Facultad de ciencias de la salud Universidad Nacional del Caaguazú, año 2021. Metodología: estudio observacional, tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se llevó a cabo en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, de la Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, en el periodo comprendido durante los meses de junio a agosto del año 2021. El instrumento fue un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas con opciones múltiples. Resultado: en cuanto a la actitud respecto a la donación de órganos el 81.9 % donaría sus órganos y el 95.1 % donaría sus órganos si es un familiar el que necesita del mismo, el 69.8 % afirmó donarían los órganos de sus familiares. La opinión de la familia es favorable para el 43.4 % es favorable mientras que el 52.2 % de la población manifestó que su religión condice con la donación de órganos. El 92.3 % está a favor de la ley Anita. Conclusión: la actitud favorable hacia la donación de órganos estuvo relacionada con la opinión favorable de la familia y de la religión, además de ser positiva para los que están de acuerdo con la donación de sangre. La opinión de la familia y la religión influye también en la actitud favorable hacia la donación de órganos de familiares, además de asociarse hacia la actitud favorable hacia la Ley Anita.

Introduction: organ donation continues to be a problem even in the most successful systems in donor detection. Objective: to identify the attitude towards the Anita Law in students at the College of Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, during 2021. Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. It was carried out at the College of Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, from June to August, 2021. The instrument was a questionnaire of closed questions with multiple-choice answers. Result: regarding attitudes towards organ donation, 81.9 % would donate their organs and 95.1 % would donate their organs if a family member required so, 69.8 % said they would donate the organs of their relatives. Family opinions were favorable for 43.4 % while 52.2 % of the population stated that their religious denomination agrees with organ donation. 92.3 % support the Anita law. Conclusion: the favorable attitude towards organ donation was related to the favorable opinions of the family and religious denomination, in addition to being positive for those who agree with blooddonation. The opinion of the family and religious denomination also influences the favorable attitude towards family organ donation, in addition to being associated with a favorable attitude towards the Anita Law.

Trabajo Emocional en grupos ocupacionales de Latinoamérica: Una revisión de alcance / Emotional work in occupational groups of Latin America: A scoping review

Introducción: El Trabajo Emocional deteriora la salud mental de los colaboradores, quienes, en interacción con usuarios, regulan sus emociones para expresar las prescritas en la organización. Objetivo: Mapear sistemáticamente los hallazgos principales sobre el Trabajo Emocional en grupos ocupacionales de Latinoamérica a partir de la revisión de artículos científicos publicados entre 2009 y 2020, mediante una revisión de alcance. Materiales y métodos: A partir de la metodología PRISMA-ScR, se realizó la búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Redalyc, Dialnet, DOAJ, BVS, Gale One File: Psychology y EBSCOhost; con las palabras clave "trabajo emocional" (español), "emotional labor"/"emotional work" (inglés) y "trabalho emocional" (portugués); y una matriz de registro documental como formulario de gráfico de datos. Resultados: De 186 artículos, se seleccionó 17, con las siguientes características: la mayoría fueron de Brasil; grupos de trabajadores en salud y docentes; con definición de trabajo emocional en 6 categorías; y se utilizaron 11 instrumentos de medición. Conclusiones: Existe amplia concepción sobre el trabajo emocional, sin embargo, la evidencia en Latinoamérica aún es limitada, por ello es necesario continuar investigación de su incidencia en diferentes escenarios laborales, para obtener una comprensión global del constructo.

Introduction: Emotional work deteriorates the mental health of employees who interact with the public and therefore must regulate their emotions in order to express those established by the organization. Objective: To systematically map the main findings of Emotional Work in occupational groups of Latin America based on the revision of scientific articles published between 2009 and 2020 through a scoping review. Materials and methods: A PRISMA-ScR methodology with the keywords "trabajo emocional" (Spanish), "emotional labor"/"emotional work" (English) and "trabalho emocional" (Portuguese) was used to search the following databases: LILACS, Redalyc, Dialnet, DOAJ, BVS, Gale One File: Psychology and EBSCOhost. A document record matrix was used as format for data graphic. Results: From 186 articles, 17 were selected with the following characteristics: majority were from Brazil; included health employees and professors; defined emotional work using 6 categories; used 11 measurement instruments. Conclusions: There is a wide understanding of the topic of emotional work, however the evidence in Latin America is limited, which is why it is necessary to continue investigating its incidence in different work environments in order to obtain a global understanding of the construct.

The association between carer self-compassion, expressed emotion, quality of life, and paediatric eating disorder symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate carer variables on paediatric eating disorders. We examined whether carer self-compassion, the tendency to treat oneself with kindness during distress and disappointments, was associated with lower carer expressed emotion, and, in turn, whether lower carer expressed emotion would be associated with both higher carer quality of life and lower eating disorder symptoms in young people. Further, we examined whether higher carer quality of life was associated with lower adolescent eating disorder symptoms. METHOD: Data were extracted from the Helping out Paediatric Eating Disorders (HOPE) project database. Participants included children and adolescents diagnosed with a DSM5 eating disorder and their primary carer (N of dyads = 359). Primary carers completed the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q-SF), and the Family Questionnaire-Expressed Emotion (FQ-EE). Children and adolescents completed an adapted version of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE). RESULTS: As hypothesised, structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed a direct relationship between higher carer self-compassion and lower expressed emotion, and between lower expressed emotion and both higher carer quality of life and lower eating disorder symptoms. However, contrary to our hypothesis, carer quality of life was not significantly associated with paediatric eating disorder symptoms. Expressed emotion carried significant indirect effects between carer self-compassion and (a) paediatric eating disorder symptoms and (b) carer quality of life. DISCUSSION: The results highlight the importance of further research to determine whether targeting carer self-compassion is helpful in the treatment of eating disorders in young people.

Perceived Expressed Emotion and Irritability in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattentive Type: The Moderating Effect of Subtype.

The current study aimed to investigate perceived expressed emotion (EE) and irritability among adolescents with inattentive and combined type attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-I and ADHD-C, respectively), and to assess whether the subtype plays a moderating role in the relationship between perceived EE and irritability. The current cross-sectional, case-control study comprised 37 adolescents with ADHD-I, 62 adolescents with ADHD-C, and 58 age- and sex-matched adolescents without ADHD. After controlling for confounding factors, adolescents with ADHD-C were found to exhibit significantly higher levels of perceived lack of emotional support than adolescents with ADHD-I (p = 0.029). Results of moderation analysis showed ADHD subtype to be a moderating factor in the relationship between perceived EE and irritability. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 60(10), 11-20.].

Nursing aides' mentalization, expressed emotion, and observed interaction with residents with dementia: A quasi-experimental study.

This study examined the associations between nursing aides' mentalization, expressed emotion, and observed sensitivity towards their residents with dementia. The study also explored whether nursing aides' mentalization and expressed emotion are relational constructs that vary with residents' characteristics and behavior. To assess mentalization and expressed emotion (i.e., criticism and positive comments), twenty nursing aides provided "Three Minutes Speech Samples" regarding two residents, one nominated by the head nurse as "difficult", and one nominated as "easy". Next, nursing aides were videotaped interacting with each of the two residents to assess their sensitivity and residents' engagement. Findings indicated that nursing aides' mentalization and positive comments were associated with their sensitivity. Nursing aides' mentalization and positive comments did not vary with residents' "easy" versus "difficult" nominations, but they were associated with residents' engagement. Results suggest training and supervision programs should involve efforts to improve nursing aides' mentalization skills and their ability to perceive their residents positively.

Parents' expressed emotions and children's executive functions.

The ways in which people talk about their family members may say as much as the words themselves. For example, emotions expressed by family members of mentally ill patients during unscripted speech samples relate to the risk of relapse and the prognosis of psychiatric disorders; however, the idea of expressed emotions as a construct has previously been limited to parents of children and adolescents aged 4-18 years who suffer from severe emotional or behavior dysregulation. Here, we applied an expressed emotions coding paradigm to speech samples obtained from mothers and fathers of 104 typically developing children when the children were 14 months of age. This is the first study applying the expressed emotions coding paradigm at this age. Parents were prompted to give thoughts, attitudes, and feelings about their children; speech samples were coded for critical comments (e.g., "She is very whiny"), emotional over-involvement (e.g., "I was so worried, I couldn't sleep"), and quality of relationship (e.g., "We get along great"). During the same home visit, children completed three executive function tasks that measured children's inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. We found negative associations between fathers' criticism and their children's inhibition and between fathers' emotional over-involvement and their children's working memory. In contrast, we found positive associations between mothers' expressed quality of relationship and their children's working memory. This approach to analyzing parents' speech samples may allow for unique insights into the thoughts, attitudes, and feelings of new parents and how that might guide children's development.

The influence path of caregivers' positive aspects, expressed emotion and coping style on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the correlation and mechanism of action among caregivers' expressed emotion, positive aspects, coping style and the behavioral and psychological symptoms of people with dementia by using the theory of planned behavior as a framework. METHODS: We investigated 193 pairs of people with dementia and caregivers to assess patients' behavioral and psychological symptoms, as well as caregivers' expressed emotion, positive aspects and coping style. Regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used. RESULTS: Dementia severity and psychotropic drug use were influencing factors of behavioral and psychological symptoms. Caregivers' positive aspects predicted expressed emotion and coping style, while expressed emotion predicted behavioral and psychological symptoms. Expressed emotion played a completely mediating role between caregivers' positive aspects and dementia patients' behavioral and psychological symptoms. CONCLUSION: Health care professionals should follow strict guidelines on medication, and focus on the caregiver's emotional state to reduce adverse effects on the person with dementia.

Family environmental factors in at-risk mental states for psychosis.

The family environment represents an important psychosocial factor that impacts psychosis prognosis, but little is known about its effect on the at-risk stages of psychosis. This study presents a comprehensive review and summarizes the state of the art of study on the wide range of family factors related to family functioning in the At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) for psychosis, as well as family interventions in ARMS individuals. Publications were retrieved by an extensive search on MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS (1990-2020). Expressed Emotion is the most studied variable in ARMS literature, but there is scarce evidence of the role of other significant family factors at the ARMS stage. Overall, high Expressed Emotion did not appear to be reactive to ARMS patients' poor clinical status. However, initial evidence has suggested that relatives' beliefs about the disorder may play a significant role, either as mediators of these relationships or as predictors of Expressed Emotion. Available literature yet to yield a consistent pattern of findings on the association between Expressed Emotion or other family functioning indicators and negative outcomes, but some longitudinal studies highlight the greater potential for the protective effects of positive family environments at the ARMS stage. Family-based interventions have demonstrated benefits for both ARMS individuals and family dynamics. An increased focus on the impact of the at-risk stage of illness on relatives' mental well-being is required to provide family support based on their needs and to clarify the mechanisms leading to dysfunctional family dynamics during the critical ARMS period.

Expressed Emotion in Families of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cerebral Palsy and Down Syndrome: Relations with Parenting Stress and Parenting Behaviors.

This study examined the family emotional climate as assessed by Five Minute Speech Samples and the relation with parenting stress and parenting behaviors among parents of children (6-17 years, 64.7% boys) with autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and without any known disability (n = 447). The large majority of parents (79%) showed low levels of Expressed Emotion, an indicator of a positive family climate. In all groups, more Emotional Over-involvement, more Criticism and fewer expressions of Warmth were associated with higher levels of parenting stress. Across groups, Emotional Over-involvement was related to more autonomy-supportive parenting, Criticism to more psychologically controlling and overreactive parenting, and Warmth was associated with more responsive and less psychologically controlling and overreactive parenting.

All in the Family: How Parental Criticism Impacts Depressive Symptoms in Youth.

Despite a strong connection between family environment and mood symptoms in youth, little research to date has examined potential underlying mechanisms. We propose an etiological model investigating how parenting (i.e., expressed emotion, or EE) affects youth depression by shaping their emotion regulation abilities. Forty-six youth and caregivers participated in this cross-sectional study. Family environment was assessed using the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) and the Levels of Expressed Emotion Scale (LEE). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) were used to assess youth emotion regulation and depressive symptoms, respectively. Analyses demonstrated no significant relationships between type of reporter (i.e., independent rater, parent, youth) of parental EE and criticism. Mediation analyses suggested that youth-reported parental EE predicted greater levels of youth depressive symptoms, and that this association was mediated by emotion regulation. This study has direct clinical implications, elucidating the importance of strengthening positive parent-child communication to support the development of emotion regulation skills and psychological well-being for youth.

A comparison of experiences of care and expressed emotion among caregivers of young people with first-episode psychosis or borderline personality disorder features.

OBJECTIVE: Caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness often experience significant negative experiences of care, which can be associated with higher levels of expressed emotion. Expressed emotion is potentially a modifiable target early in the course of illness, which might improve outcomes for caregivers and patients. However, expressed emotion and caregiver experiences in the early stages of disorders might be moderated by the type of severe mental illness. The aim was to determine whether experiences of the caregiver role and expressed emotion differ in caregivers of young people with first-episode psychosis versus young people with 'first-presentation' borderline personality disorder features. METHOD: Secondary analysis of baseline (pre-treatment) data from three clinical trials focused on improving caregiver outcomes for young people with first-episode psychosis and young people with borderline personality disorder features was conducted (ACTRN12616000968471, ACTRN12616000304437, ACTRN12618000616279). Caregivers completed self-report measures of experiences of the caregiver role and expressed emotion. Multivariate generalised linear models and moderation analyses were used to determine group differences. RESULTS: Data were available for 265 caregivers. Higher levels of negative experiences and expressed emotion, and stronger correlations between negative experiences and expressed emotion domains, were found in caregivers of young people with borderline personality disorder than first-episode psychosis. Caregiver group (borderline personality disorder, first-episode psychosis) moderated the relationship between expressed emotion and caregiver experiences in the domains of need to provide backup and positive personal experiences. CONCLUSION: Caregivers of young people with borderline personality disorder experience higher levels of negative experiences related to their role and expressed emotion compared with caregivers of young people with first-episode psychosis. The mechanisms underpinning associations between caregiver experiences and expressed emotion differ between these two caregiver groups, indicating that different supports are needed. For borderline personality disorder caregivers, emotional over-involvement is associated with both negative and positive experiences, so a more detailed understanding of the nature of emotional over-involvement for each relationship is required to guide action.

Um "clique" de maternidade: contato pele a pele na construção de sentidos da maternidade / A motherhood insight: skin-to-skin contact in the construction of meanings of motherhood

A prática do contato pele a pele (CPP) deve respeitar o parto e nascimento como fenômeno cultural, psíquico e social, o direito humano de mãe e filho se reconhecerem e estarem juntos podendo modificar positivamente a experiência materna do nascimento. Baseado em alguns conceitos da obra Fenomenologia da Percepção de Merleau-Ponty, acredita-se que a vivência corporal desse contato em momento oportuno seja importante também para a consciência do mundo através do corpo e então a produção de sentidos sobre a maternidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever narrativas maternas da vivência com ou sem CPP logo após o nascimento e analisar a contribuição desse momento para a construção de sentidos da maternidade em acordo com essa obra de Merleau-Ponty. Propôs-se um estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, baseado na história oral temática da vivência com ou sem CPP das mães com seus recém-nascidos saudáveis, que foram elegíveis para esse contato logo após o nascimento. Essa experiência foi relatada por meio de entrevista em profundidade, realizada por telefone com dez mães, que tiveram gestação de feto único e parto ocorrido há, no mínimo, 3 meses. As unidades de sentido foram organizadas segundo proposta temático-categorial em 11 subcategorias, que foram agrupadas em 4 categorias: interação mãe-filho como linguagem; modelo instituído de maternidade e do ato de dar à luz; temporalidade, e local de parto e a vivência do nascimento. A primeira categoria apontou a vivência do nascimento como singularidade de perceber e ser percebido, mãe e filho simultaneamente vivendo em uma generalidade comum. com aproximações e distanciamentos na vivência com e sem CPP, respectivamente. Na vivência sem CPP prevaleceu o sentimento de alívio, comunicado principalmente pelo choro do recém-nascido, centrado na certeza da sobrevivência. A frustração do desejo de permanência devido à interação breve e distanciada, marcada pela mediação do profissional de saúde, indicou a sujeição da mãe ao modelo instituído de assistência. Com CPP, a duração da interação foi considerada suficiente pelas mães, supriu o desejo de permanência e possibilitou a interação de reciprocidade do ato comunicativo. O sentimento de deleite emergiu no CPP como ápice da interação e o desempenho da autonomia relativa em que mãe e filho protagonizam o encontro. As segunda e terceira categorias explicitam o mundo imanente no qual o sujeito se insere, de modo que a intersubjetividade se dá temporalmente, sobre uma estrutura também social. A última categoria indicou que o local de parto - tradicionalmente organizado - impôs limitações ao CPP, enquanto as práticas humanizadas atuaram para superá-las. Como conclusão, as narrativas maternas do nascimento indicaram que o CPP pode ser tratado por diversas dimensões sem se excluírem, ampliando a dimensão histórica e singular na vivência materna do nascimento para emergir sentidos sobre a maternidade, de maneira peculiar. Diante das subjetividades do mundo percebido por um sujeito histórico em constante transformação na interação com o mundo, permanecer em CPP, com duração suficiente de tempo e sem interrupções respeitou, tangente e tangível, essa primeira interação como um momento privilegiado de comunhão participativa da percepção do mundo.

The practice of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) must respects the process of labor and delivery as a cultural, psychological, and social phenomenon; the human right for mother and child to be together and acknowledge each other, positively modifying the maternal experience from birth. Based in some concepts from the work Phenomenology of the Perception, it is believed that the body experience of timely SSC is also the means to a perception of the world and subsequently construction of feelings and meanings about motherhood. The objective of this study was to describe maternal narratives of the experiences with or without skin-to-skin contact soon after birth and analyze this influence to the construction of feelings and meanings of motherhood according to Merleau-Ponty writings. A qualitative exploratory descriptive study it was proposed, through oral history method, from mothers who have experienced SSC or not, in both cases with healthy newborns, deemed eligible for this type of contact after delivery. These events were narrated by means of thorough phone interviews with ten mothers that had had a singleton pregnancy and had had given birth in the last 3 months. A thematic-categorical Content Analysis was applied. The meaning units were indexed in 11 subcategories, grouped in 4 categories: mother-child interaction as a language; institutionalized motherhood and childbirth model; temporality; labor/delivery location and the birth experience. The first category pointed out the experience of birth as a singularity of noticing one and being noticed, coming closer and pulling away in the events with and without SSC, respectively. In the experiences without SSC the feeling of relief prevailed, expressed mainly through hearing the babys cry, centered in the certainty of the babys surviving. The wish to stay together frustrated due to their brief and interrupted interaction, caused by the health professional intervention, indicated the mothers subjection to the institutionalized model of assistance. With SSC, the interactions time span was considered sufficient by the mothers, it sufficed the yearn to stay together and made the interaction of reciprocating the communication act possible to notice and be noticed. The feeling of delight has risen as the peak of the interaction and the performance of the correspondent autonomy in which mother and child are the main characters of the encounter. The second and third categories made explicit the inherent world in which the subject is born into, in a way that the subjectivity is temporal, under an additional social structure. The last category indicated the birth location presented limitations to SSC although the humanized practices have act to overcome those, supporting that the perceived environment modified the birth experience. In conclusion, the maternal narratives of birth indicated the SSC can be treated several dimensions without excluding each other, expanding the historical and singular dimension in the maternal experience of birth to emerge meanings about motherhood, in a particular way. Faced with the subjectivities of the world perceived by a historical person in constant transformation while interacting with this world, staying in SSC, with enough time and without interruptions, has respected, palpably and palpable, that first interaction as a privileged moment of participatory communion of the perception of the world.

Cuidar del otro. Palabra, alter y la salud mental en tiempos de pandemia / Take care of the other. Word alter and mental health in times of pandemic

Este texto presenta una reflexión acerca de la función de la palabra como acción de cui-dado del otro durante la pandemia actual. Se contrastan dos dimensiones: la afectación del discurso y del sujeto político durante el confinamiento y las formas en las que la pa-labra tomó fuerza para contribuir a la generación de vínculo y al cuidado intersubjetivo

This text presents a reflection on the function of the word as an action of care for the other during the current pandemic. Two dimensions are contrasted: the affectation of the discourse and the political subject during the confinement and the ways in which the word took force to contribute to the generation of bonding and intersubjective care

Paternal expressed emotion influences psychobiological indicators of threat and safety learning in daughters: A preliminary study.

This preliminary study examined the association of children's anxiety, paternal expressed emotion (EE), and their interaction with psychophysiological indices of children's threat and safety learning. Participants included 24 father-daughter dyads. Daughters (ages 8-13 years, 100% Latina) self-reported their anxiety levels and completed a differential threat conditioning and extinction paradigm, during which psychophysiological responding was collected. Fathers completed a Five-Minute Speech Sample, from which paternal EE (i.e., criticism, emotional overinvolvement) was assessed. Anxiety-dependent associations emerged between paternal EE and individual differences in daughters' psychophysiological responding to safety signals during threat conditioning. Paternal EE was positively associated with psychophysiological responding to safety in daughters with high and mean, but not low, levels of anxiety. Although previous work suggests that chronic harsh maternal parenting is a potential risk factor for children's general threat and safety learning, these preliminary findings implicate milder forms of negative parenting behavior in fathers, particularly for highly anxious children.

Deficits in emotion processing in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review / Déficits no processamento emocional na doença de Alzheimer: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Emotional processing involves the ability of the individual to infer emotional information. There is no consensus about how Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects emotional processing. Objective: Our aim is to systematically review the impact of AD on emotion processing. Methods: We conducted a search based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The literature search was performed using the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed) and Science Citation Index (Institute for Scientific Information [ISI]). The following descriptors were used in the review process: emotion or emotional processing, cognition or cognitive functions, and Alzheimer disease or Alzheimer's disease. This systematic review was recorded in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the number CRD42018115891. Results: We identified 425 articles, 19 of which met our criteria. Visual emotional stimuli were the most used among studies. Most studies used tasks of emotional naming, discrimination, identification, and correspondence. The results were contradictory. Many studies reported that individuals with AD were impaired on emotional perception tasks, while other results reported preserved skills. The relationship between emotional processing and cognition is also unclear. Some studies suggested that general cognitive performance affects performance in emotional perception tasks among people with AD, but other studies have shown deficits in recognizing emotion, regardless of cognitive performance. Conclusions: Studies are scarce, present contradictory results, and report impairment in emotional processing in relation to cognition. Moreover, the analyses of the correlation between emotion processing and cognitive functioning failed to reveal clear relationships.

RESUMO O processamento emocional é a habilidade de indivíduos inferirem informação emocional. Não há consenso sobre como a doença de Alzheimer (DA) afeta o processamento emocional. Objetivo: Este artigo visa revisar sistematicamente o impacto da DA no processamento emocional. Métodos: Realizamos uma pesquisa com base no Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE (Pubmed) e Science Citation Index (ISI). Os seguintes descritores foram utilizados no processo de revisão: processamento emocional ou emoção, cognição ou funções cognitivas e doença de Alzheimer. A revisão sistemática foi registrada no Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO), sob o número CRD42018115891. Resultados: Foram identificados 425 artigos, 19 dos quais atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. Os estímulos visuais emocionais foram os mais utilizados entre os estudos. A maioria dos estudos usou tarefas de nomeação emocional, discriminação, identificação e correspondência. Os resultados foram contraditórios. Muitos estudos relataram que indivíduos com DA apresentavam comprometimento em tarefas de percepção emocional, outros resultados apontam para habilidades preservadas. A relação entre o processamento emocional e a cognição também não está clara. Alguns estudos sugerem que o desempenho cognitivo geral afeta o desempenho nas tarefas de percepção emocional na DA, outros estudos demonstraram déficits no reconhecimento da emoção, independentemente do desempenho cognitivo. Conclusões: Os estudos são escassos, apresentam resultados contraditórios e relatam comprometimento no processamento emocional em relação à cognição. Além disso, análises de correlação entre processamento emocional e funcionamento cognitivo não conseguiram revelar relações claras.