Freedom of Movement and Adolescent Sexual Violence in India.

This study assesses associations between freedom of movement and sexual violence, both in marriage and outside of marriage, among a representative sample of adolescents in India. We analyzed data from girls aged 15 to 19 years (n = 9,593) taken from India's nationally representative National Family Health Survey 2015-2016. We defined freedom of movement using three items on whether girls could go unaccompanied to specified locations; we summated responses and categorized them as restricted, or unrestricted. We used multivariable regression to assess associations between restricted movement and nonmarital violence, and with marital sexual violence among ever-married girls. Results show that only 2% of girls reported nonmarital sexual violence, among married and unmarried girls; 6% of married girls reported marital sexual violence. Most girls (78%) reported some restriction in movement. Restricted movement was negatively associated with nonmarital sexual violence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.31, 0.87], p = .01) but positively associated with marital sexual violence (AOR = 3.87, 95% CI = [1.82, 8.25], p < .001). Further analyses highlight that the observed association with nonmarital sexual violence was specific to urban and not rural girls. These findings reveal that approximately one in 30 adolescent girls in India has been a victim of sexual violence. Restricted movement is associated with lower risk for nonmarital sexual violence for urban adolescent girls, possibly due to lower exposure opportunity. Married girls with restricted movement have higher odds of marital sexual violence, possibly because these are both forms of control used by abusive husbands. Freedom of movement is a human right that should not place girls at greater risk for nonmarital violence or be used as a means of control by abusive spouses. Social change is needed to secure girls' safety in India.

The Rights of Elders in Ireland during COVID-19.

This article reflects on COVID-19 restrictions imposed on elders in Ireland through the lens of the right to private and family life (Article 8 ECHR), focusing on stay at home orders and recommendations advising elders to avoid social contact. Furthermore, we examine restrictions on visiting nursing homes given the high death toll in that setting. In our analysis, we zero in on the principles of foreseeability and proportionality, highlighting areas of concern and aspects that we submit should be considered in a proportionality assessment. Ultimately, we argue that it is a mistake to view the COVID-19 pandemic solely as an emergency. In this manner, the solutions suggested through the law - restrictions on movement and visitation bans - are too narrow and fail to address the underlying structures, such as, issues in the healthcare system, the limited home help for elderly and poor conditions in nursing homes.

Las libertades individuales y la pandemia / Individual freedoms and the pandemic

En Colombia, por ley, los días festivos se trasladan al siguiente lunes, para el caso del 1 de noviembre del año 2020, que cayó en domingo, el día festivo se traslada al lunes, creando, de paso, un nuevo día festivo. Se tiene, pues, un bloque de tres días festivos, que además coinciden con la celebración el 31 de octubre, del día de los niños, el llamado "Halloween". Día muy especial para la "genta menuda" ya que es una fecha para ellos de diversión sin límite, que este año coincidió para infortunio de ellos, con la Pandemia. Pues bien, en Colombia, muchas autoridades locales se dedicaron a "enjaular" a los niños con toques de queda que, a menudo, se prolongaron por 4 o 5 días desde el viernes hasta el martes. ¿Vale la pena este exceso de celo con la parte de la población que presenta menos riesgo de contagio por COVID-19? ¿Vale la pena atropellar de esa forma sus derechos individuales? El otro sector de la población, más vulnerable, son los adultos mayores, que afortunadamente, como consecuencia de una tutela fueron sustraídos de la "protección estatal", sino aún estarían "enjaulados" indefinidamente, además, en flagrante violación de sus derechos individuales..Au

The scientific and ethical feasibility of immunity passports.

There is much debate about the use of immunity passports in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some have argued that immunity passports are unethical and impractical, pointing to uncertainties relating to COVID-19 immunity, issues with testing, perverse incentives, doubtful economic benefits, privacy concerns, and the risk of discriminatory effects. We first review the scientific feasibility of immunity passports. Considerable hurdles remain, but increasing understanding of the neutralising antibody response to COVID-19 might make identifying members of the community at low risk of contracting and transmitting COVID-19 possible. We respond to the ethical arguments against immunity passports and give the positive ethical arguments. First, a strong presumption should be in favour of preserving people's free movement if at all feasible. Second, failing to recognise the reduced infection threat immune individuals pose risks punishing people for low-risk behaviour. Finally, further individual and social benefits are likely to accrue from allowing people to engage in free movement. Challenges relating to the implementation of immunity passports ought to be met with targeted solutions so as to maximise their benefit.

The Effect of EU Integration on Health Care in Central and Eastern Europe.

The effect of EU policy and its legal framework on health care in CEE member states has been complex. In relation to health care access and financial sustainability, it has been detrimental in certain parts of CEE. This has primarily been the result of economic/fiscal governance instruments of the EU and free-movement rules facilitating outflows of health care professionals. Although there has been a general improvement in access to health care since accession to the EU, the instruments the EU has used to handle the economic crisis have somewhat offset this improvement. Additionally, outflow of health care professionals has resulted in retention strategies such as salary increases and investments in medical infrastructure in some CEE member states, increasing the standard of health care. Still, differences between East and West in terms of important health indicators continue to exist, and EU instruments aimed at compensating this generally lack power to provide meaningful solutions. It seems more solidarity between member states is the only way to increase legitimacy of the European integration in CEE member states and thus prevent them from feeling as outsiders within the EU. Without such a development, CEE countries will continue to lag behind other parts of the Union.

O Fechamento das fronteiras terrestres amazônicas e impactos na mobilidade transnacional / Português

Este artigo resgata, de forma incipiente, algumas consequências da falta de articulação dos países amazônicos no de suas fronteiras terrestres e na adoção das medidas de restrição da circulação e da mobilidade transfronteiriça, em função da emergência sanitária mundial instaurada.

Violation of children's and adolescents' rights ­ the profile of a southern state in Brazil

The rights of children and adolescents are provided by law and it is the duty of the State, family and society to care for them. Health and education professionals are responsible for reporting suspected or confirmed cases of rights violation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and qualification of violation of children's and adolescents' rights in the State of Paraná between 2009 and 2014. A descriptive and observational quantitative study was carried out based on the records of the Child Protective Services in Paraná, accessed through the Information System for Childhood and Adolescence (SIPIA). A total of 129.123 violations of rights were found. Among those cases, the right to familiar and communitarian companionship stands out with the greatest number of violations, followed by the right to education, culture, sports and leisure. Mothers were found to be the main aggressors, followed by fathers, and sexual violence/abuse was the most prevalent type of violence. In conclusion, there was a significant amount of violation of children's and adolescents' rights in the State of Paraná during the period covered by this research, and it has increased over the years. Besides, we found out that there is a predisposition of gender and age group for each variable analyzed.

Circulação e cidadania: modos de comunicar na cidade / Circulation and citizenship: ways of communicating in the city / Circulación y ciudadanía: formas de comunicación en la ciudad

Este texto pretende discutir, a partir de uma perspectiva comunicacional, a relação entre circulação urbana e cidadania. Em um primeiro momento introdutório, nos deteremos principalmente nos conceitos de sistemas comunicacionais, comum e comunicação. Em seguida, pensaremos como o paradigma moderno de circulação, histórica e contemporaneamente, interfere na organização do comum e nos espaços da cidade de modo a privilegiar circuitos domésticos e de consumo em detrimento de usos e ocupações mais livres do espaço público. Por fim, discutiremos sobre a ideia de cidadania no Brasil para pensar com há uma relação explícita no modo como se circula na cidade, se constitui o comum urbano e se dispõe de certos direitos, especificamente o de liberdade de locomoção, ou, se quisermos, o direito de ir e vir.

This text intends to discuss, from a communicational perspective, the relationship between urban circulation and citizenship. In the first introductory moment, we will focus mainly on the concepts of communication, common and communication systems. Next, we will think about how the modern paradigm of circulation, historically and contemporarily, interferes with the organization of the commons and the city spaces in order to privilege domestic and consumption circuits over the freer uses and occupations of public space. Finally, we will discuss about the idea of citizenship in Brazil to think with there is an explicit relation in the way it circulates in the city, if it constitutes the urban common and if it has certain rights, specifically freedom of movement, or, if we wish, the right to come and go.

Este texto pretende discutir, desde una perspectiva comunicacional, la relación entre la circulación urbana y la ciudadanía. En el primer momento introductorio, nos centraremos principalmente en los conceptos de comunicación, sistemas comunes y de comunicación. A continuación, pensaremos cómo el paradigma moderno de la circulación, histórica y contemporáneamente, interfiere con la organización de los espacios comunes y municipales para privilegiar los circuitos domésticos y de consumo sobre los usos y ocupaciones más libres del espacio público. Finalmente, discutiremos sobre la idea de ciudadanía en Brasil para pensar que existe una relación explícita en la forma en que circula en la ciudad, si constituye el común urbano y si tiene ciertos derechos, específicamente la libertad de movimiento o, si lo deseamos, El derecho a ir y venir.

A deambulação na evolução do primeiro estádio do trabalho de parto: Intervenção do enfermeiro especialista em Enfermagem de Saúde Materna Obstetrícia e Ginecológica / Ambulation in the evolution of the first stage of labor: Intervention of the nurse specialist in Maternal Health Nursing, Obstetrics and Gynecology

O mecanismo de trabalho de parto como é conhecido na atualidade, é um mecanismo fisiológico inacabado que tem a sua origem há centenas de milhões de anos. A par das alterações físicas a assistência ao trabalho de parto sofreu transformações ao longo dos tempos, condicionadoras do desfecho do nascimento. A deambulação durante o trabalho de parto apoia a fisiologia do nascimento e melhora a experiência do parto para a mulher pois, favorece a irrigação do útero, as contrações são mais eficazes, diminui o tempo do trabalho de parto, ajuda o feto a adaptarse à bacia materna e alivia a dor. Os Enfermeiros Especialistas em Enfermagem de Saúde Materna Obstétrica e Ginecológica devem colocar a mulher e família no centro das decisões, prestar cuidados centrados na mulher, recém-nascido e família e privilegiar a promoção da saúde. Para tal, é necessário compreender as intervenções que promovem o papel ativo da mulher durante o trabalho de parto e parto, nomeadamente no que concerne à deambulação. Para compreender esta intervenção recorreu-se à revisão sistemática da literatura através da metodologia PI[C]O, tendo sido formulada a questão de estudo: "Quais as Intervenções do enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de saúde materna e obstetrícia (I) junto da parturiente (P) no incentivo à deambulação para a evolução do 1º estádio do trabalho de parto (O)"? Através da análise da evidência obtida, verificou-se que a deambulação contribui para a evolução mais rápida do primeiro estádio do trabalho de parto e benefícios para a mãe e feto. No que concerne à contratilidade uterina esta é de maior amplitude e com repercussões no apagamento do colo, diminuição da duração do trabalho de parto, pela pressão do feto na pelve, diminuição da probabilidade de padrões anormais na frequência cardíaca fetal, alívio da dor da parturiente e aumento da liberdade de movimentos.

The mechanism of labor as it is known today is an unfinished physiological mechanism that has its origins hundreds of millions of years ago. Alongside the physical changes, the assistance to labor has undergone changes over time, conditioning the outcome of birth. Ambulation during labor supports the physiology of birth and improves the experience of childbirth because it favors the uterus, contractions are more effective, decreases labor time, helps the fetus to adapt. to the maternal basin and relieves the pain. Specialist Nurses in Obstetric and Gynecological Maternal Health Nursing should place women and families at the center of decisions, provide women, newborn and familycentered care, and favor health promotion. To this end, it is necessary to understand the interventions that promote the active role of women during labor and delivery, particularly about ambulation. To understand this intervention, a systematic literature review was used through the PI [C] O methodology, and the study question was formulated: "What are the interventions of the nurse specialist in maternal and midwifery nursing (I) with the parturient ( Q) in encouraging ambulation for the evolution of the 1st stage of labor (O) "? Through the analysis of the evidence obtained, it was found that ambulation contributes to the faster evolution of the first stage of labor and benefits to the mother and fetus. About uterine contractility, it is more extensive and has repercussions on cervical erasure, decreased duration of labor, pressure of the fetus in the pelvis, decreased likelihood of abnormal patterns in fetal heart rate, relief of parturient pain. and increased freedom of movement.

"É uma sensação de vácuo": contribuições da sociologia da mobilidade sobre o uso da bicicleta na cidade de São Paulo / "It feels like being pushed in": contributions of sociology of mobility on bicycle use in the in the city of São Paulo

O uso da bicicleta na cidade de São Paulo para fins de deslocamento não é um fenômeno novo e muito menos trazido e/ou baseado sobre infraestrutura existente. Ciclistas enfrentam as ruas da cidade há mais de 10 anos, e tem tido influências crescentes na participação de políticas públicas de mobilidade que concernem a bicicleta. Contudo, fato é que a inclusão da bicicleta como peça-chave no desenho de políticas municipais durante os anos de 2012-2016 deu visibilidade acadêmica, social, econômica e cultural à bicicleta. Essa emersão deu margem à uma onda de novos ciclistas e impactou concretamente o cenário da bicicleta urbana na cidade. Essa pesquisa contemplou dois objetivos: o primeiro deles compreender como a bicicleta é utilizada pelos diversos atores sociais da cidade, e o impacto disso com relação à estilos de vida, sociabilidades, apropriação do espaço urbano, e o aspecto intrinsicamente corporal que tangencia essa experiência. O segundo objetivo foi a construção empírica diferenciada de um problema de pesquisa contemporâneo norteado pelo Paradigma das Novas Mobilidades e os Métodos Móveis, amparado no campo do conhecimento recente da Sociologia da Mobilidade. Ao contrário do discurso predominante relacionado à bicicleta, no qual se associa o "novo" modal à liberdade, simplicidade, economia, facilidade e praticidade, os resultados encontrados apontam que isso é apenas uma faceta da experiência vivida por ciclistas em uma cidade com alto índice de desigualdade como São Paulo, circunscrita a um grupo de ciclistas que circulam em determinados espaços sociais. Fazendo uso do conceito de motilidade surgido a partir de uma visão crítica pautada no Paradigma das Novas Mobilidades, é argumentado que embora a bicicleta tenha sido associada nos últimos anos com liberdade e direito à cidade por parte de seus usuários, em muitos casos a experiência que se tem da cidade sob essa perspectiva é agressiva, desconfortável, perigosa e nociva à saúde. A bicicleta é o instrumento único por meio da qual uma parcela empobrecida da população, moradora de regiões periféricas, é capaz de acessar trabalho, lazer, bens e serviços da cidade. Por outro lado, moradores de bairros centrais usufruem da maior porcentagem da infraestrutura cicloviária existente, e utilizam a bicicleta como mais uma modalidade de transporte em seu leque de opções. A pesquisa também possibilitou algumas inovações metodológicas, na forma de uma ferramenta desenvolvida para a coleta dos dados. Por fim, ao pensar no planejamento de uma política pública que concerne o Sistema de Mobilidade Urbana, é necessário pautar a bicicleta como sendo um mais um dispositivo inserido dentro de sistema coletivo de transportes que não abarcou a tempo o crescimento exponencial da cidade e de sua região metropolitana, tornando-o desconexo, obsoleto e à margem das necessidades cotidianas de seus usuários. Para que os benefícios da bicicleta possam impactar em grande escala a população da cidade, é essencial que ela seja pensada e planejada como um elemento na complexa rede de mobilidade da cidade de São Paulo - em meio a sistemas de transporte sobre trilhos, ônibus, automóveis particulares, e mobilidade a pé -, e não apenas como um dispositivo que margeia esse sistema

The use of the bicycle in the city of São Paulo for purposes of mobility is not a new phenomenon, much less brought and/or based on existing infrastructure. Cyclists have faced the city streets for more than 10 years, and have had growing influence in the participation of public mobility policies concerning cycling. However, the inclusion of cycling as a key element in the design of municipal policies during the years 2012-2016 gave academic, social, economic and cultural visibility to the bicycle. This emergence gave way to a wave of new cyclists and affected the urban bike scene in the city. This research contemplated two objectives: the first one was to understand how the bicycle is used by the various social actors of the city, and its impact regarding lifestyles, sociabilities, appropriation of urban space, and the intrinsically corporal aspect that tangents the cycling experience. The second objective was the differentiated empirical construction of a contemporary research problem guided by the New Mobilities Paradigm and the Mobile Methods, supported by the recent field of knowledge of the Sociology of Mobility. Unlike the predominant discourse related to the bicycle, in which the "new" modal is associated with freedom, simplicity, economy, ease, and practicality, the results found point out that this is only one facet of the experience of cyclists in a city with a high index of inequality as São Paulo, circumscribed to a group of cyclists that circulate in certain social spaces. Making use of the concept of motility arising from a critical view based on the New Mobilities Paradigm, it is argued that although the bicycle has been associated in recent years with freedom and right to the city by its users, in many cases the city experience by cycling is aggressive, uncomfortable, dangerous and harmful to health. The bicycle is the only instrument through which an impoverished portion of the population, living in peripheral regions, is able to access work, leisure, goods, and services of the city. On the other hand, residents of central districts enjoy the largest percentage of existing bicycle infrastructure and use the bicycle as another mode of transportation in their range of options. The research also enabled some methodological innovations, in the form of a tool developed for data collection. Finally, when thinking about the planning of a public policy that concerns the Urban Mobility System, it is necessary to pinpoint the bicycle as one more device inserted within a collective transportation system that did not include the exponential growth of the city and its metropolitan region, making it disconnected, obsolete and at the margin of the daily needs of its users. In order for the bicycle's benefits to impact the city's population on a large scale, it is essential that it be designed and planned as an element adding to the complex mobility network of São Paulo - amid transport rail systems, buses, private cars, and walk -, and not simply as a tool that serves this systems

Transporte público coletivo: discutindo acessibilidade, mobilidade e qualidade de vida / Collective public transportation: discussing accessibility, mobility and quality of life

A realização da função social do trânsito passa necessariamente pelo atendimento às demandas dos seus participantes por acessibilidade, mobilidade e qualidade de vida. Mobilidade compreende a facilidade de deslocamento das pessoas e bens na cidade em função das complexas atividades nela desenvolvidas, constituindo um componente da qualidade de vida aspirada por seus habitantes. Problemas na infra-estrutura e qualidade do transporte comprometem a mobilidade e a capacidade de deslocamento. Acessibilidade constitui a facilidade, em distância, tempo e custo, em alcançar fisicamente os destinos desejados, encerrando a efetividade do sistema de transporte em conectar localidades separadas. Traduz uma relação entre pessoas e espaço diretamente relacionada à qualidade de vida dos cidadãos. Falar em qualidade de vida no trânsito implica necessariamente abordar o sistema de transporte das cidades, sobretudo o coletivo, de maneira a problematizar sua influência na configuração do desenho urbano e o consequente impacto na acessibilidade e mobilidade dos atores sociais.

The accomplishment of the transit social function goes necessarily through the fulfillment of its participants' demands of accessibility, mobility and quality of life. Mobility includes the ease of people and properties movement in the city in terms of the complex activities carried out, composing a component of the quality of life wanted by its residents. Problems in infrastructure and transportation quality compromise the mobility. Accessibility constitutes the ease, related to distance, time and cost, in reaching the desired destination, comprehending the effectiveness of the transport system as connecting separated locations. It reflects a relationship between people and space directly related to the citizens' quality of life. Talking about quality of life in traffic necessarily needs to investigate the transport system of cities, especially the collective, in order to discuss its influence on the configuration of urban design, and the consequent impact on the accessibility and mobility of social actors.