Lost in translation: the history of the Ebers Papyrus and Dr. Carl H. von Klein.

While the Ebers Papyrus is understood to be one of the oldest and most complete contemporaneous perspectives on Ancient Egyptian healing practices, nothing has yet been said about the biography of its first English-language translator, Dr. Carl H. von Klein. A German immigrant and surgeon in the American Midwest, von Klein spent twenty-some years meticulously translating and annotating the Papyrus, but ultimately his manuscript was destroyed. In this paper, we examine the societal- and personal-scale forces that thwarted his efforts to transform our understanding of the history of medicine.

Paracelso y la medicina del Renacimiento en el cine / Paracelsus and the Medicine of the Renaissance in the Cinema

La breve, azarosa y fructífera vida de Paracelso, médico del siglo XVI, motivó en 1943, aproximadamente 400 años después de su muerte, a un film homenaje alemán que rescató un fragmento de su existencia. El rodaje y estreno se realizó en plena segunda guerra mundial y fue controlado rigurosamente por el nazismo. Esto produjo determinadas polémicas, aún vigentes, relacionadas con su director. Este trabajo intenta dar cuenta de ambos hechos. (AU)

The brief, eventful and fruitful life of Paracelsus, a 16th century doctor, motivated a German tribute film in 1943, approximately 400 years after his death that rescued a fragment of his existence. The filming and premiere took place during the Second World War and was rigorously controlled by the Nazis. This produced certain controversies, still in force, related to its director. This paper intends to portrait both facts. (AU)

[Developing traditional medical heritage for further achievements in medical history and literature research-Commemorating the establishment of China Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine].

The Institute of Chinese Medical History and Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine was officially established on May 28, 1982. Its predecessor was the Medical History Research Office in the Chinese Medicine Institute of the Central Institute of Health, the Editorial Office of the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the Theory and Literature Research Office of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Before that, the Research Office of Chinese Medical History and Literature in the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine was established in 1971. It made remarkable achievements in scientific research, personnel training and discipline construction in terms of medical history and literature. It was upgraded to the Institute with the approval of the Ministry of Health in 1980. After its establishment, the institute has benefited from great achievements.

How to Teach History of Medicine at Medical School: Period, Structure, and Teaching Methods.

Currently, the education of the history of medicine in South Korea has established a solid foundation. Since Kim Du-jong (1896-1988) began giving medical history lectures at Severance Medical College in 1946, a total of 22 universities-over half of the 40 total universities-have implemented medical history education in the curriculum as of 2023. Furthermore, several textbooks and translations summarizing Western and Korean medical history have been published. However, despite this expansion, there has been little discussion on how to implement medical history education for students. To address this gap, this study examines the period and structure of medical history education, as well as various teaching methods, while considering their respective advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, there are two main approaches to implementing medical history education. One approach integrates medical history throughout the entire educational process, while the other concentrates on specific stages of education. Both approaches extend beyond undergraduate education and encompass medical education after graduation. The former emphasizes integration with basic medical and clinical education, while the latter focuses on ensuring educational coherence. Secondly, the structure of medical history courses can be broadly categorized as chronological or thematic. Within the chronological approach, there are two subcategories: general and periodic. The general method is traditionally used in history education but may be rigid in structure and fail to engage students' interest. On the other hand, the period method conveys multidimensional and comprehensive understanding of different periods but may make it challenging to grasp the overall flow of history, resulting in fragmentation of the course. Thematic structure can be further divided into topic-centered and field-specific methods. Both approaches allow for adjusting the content and arrangement of courses based on student interests and teaching conditions, but they present challenges in maintaining the coherence of the entire course. Lastly, the teaching methods in medical history education can be categorized into traditional lectures, small-group discussions, and individual research guidance. Most medical history courses adopt a lecture-based teaching method, which effectively provides diverse knowledge to medical students who may be unfamiliar with historical research and methodology. However, due to the one-directional nature of the instruction and the passive role of the learners, it can be challenging to stimulate learners' motivation or assess their understanding. Consequently, recent changes try to incorporate active learning through small-group discussions and individual research guidance.

José Luis Arteta y Aljibez (1912-1957), un patólogo excepcional en la esfera de Gregorio Marañón, Carlos Jiménez Díaz y Pío Baroja / José Luis Arteta y Aljibez (1912-1957), an exceptional pathologist in the steps of Gregorio Marañón, Carlos Jiménez Díaz and Pío Baroja

José Luis Arteta, fue uno de los últimos discípulos de Cajal. Él encarna como pocos la transición entre la brillante escuela neurohistológica española, con el inicio de la anatomía patológica diagnóstica de ámbito hospitalario asistencial. Esa transición ocurre durante la difícil posguerra en la década de los cuarenta e inicio de los cincuenta del siglo XX, hasta culminar con la fundación de la Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica en 1959. Como muchos de los patólogos de su generación, dominaba la práctica de las autopsias clínicas, pero en el Hospital Provincial de Madrid tuvo ocasión de desarrollar el diagnóstico biópsico de la mano del clínico más brillante de su generación Carlos Jiménez Díaz, al tiempo que mantenía una notable actividad investigadora en el Instituto Cajal y a través de su estrecha colaboración con Gregorio Marañón. Además de médico y patólogo, Arteta era un humanista, de vasta cultura, que también pudo desarrollar por su entrañable amistad con Pío Baroja. Sobre su prematura muerte a los 45 años por poliomielitis, queda una sombra de misterio acerca de si se trató de una infección ambiental o una inoculación accidental durante sus investigaciones sobre este virus.(AU)

José Luis Arteta, was one of Cajal's last students at the outstanding institute of neurohistology. His career highlights a time of transition in Spanish pathology during the difficult years between the 1940s and the early 1950s, following the Spanish civil war. Diagnostic pathology was beginning to take place within the hospital setting and eventually, in 1959, the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) was founded. Like many of his peers, he was expert in clinical autopsies, but he also had the opportunity, in the Provincial Hospital in Madrid, to develop skills in biopsy diagnosis under the tutelage of Carlos Jimenez Díaz, the most brilliant clinician of the time. He continued his research at the Cajal Institute and in collaboration with Gregorio Marañón. However, not only was Arteta a notable physician and pathologist, he was also a cultured humanist and close friend of Pío Baroja. His premature death at age 45 from poliomyelitis remains somewhat of a mystery: was it caused by an environmental infection or an accidental inoculation during his research on the virus?.(AU)

Evolución histórica del Sistema Nacional de Salud venezolano(1909-2023) / Historical evolution of the Venezuelan National Health System (1909-2023)

Se hace un análisis de la Evolución Histórica del Sistema Nacional de Salud en Venezuela desde 1909 hasta el año 2023. Se realizó un desglose de seis etapas: etapa "A" o Gomecista (1905 ­ 1935), etapa "B" o de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1936- 1945), etapa "C" o de la División de Hospitales(1946-1949), etapa "D" o Perezjimenista (1950 ­ 1958), etapa "E" o de inicio de la Democracia (1959 ­ 1963), etapa "F" de Modelo Curativo y de Expansión Hospitalaria (1963 ­ 1998),etapa "G" de la Revolución Bolivariana (1999 ­ 2023). Se analizó también el Plan Nacional de Salud 2019 ­ 2025(AU)

An analysis of the Historical Evolution of the National Health System in Venezuela is made from 1909 to the year 2023. A breakdown of six stages is made: stage "A" or Gomez (1905 - 1935), stage "B" or Second World War (1936-1945),stage "C" or the Hospital Division (1946-1949), stage "D" or Perezjimenista (1950-1958), stage "E" or the beginning of Democracy (1959-1963), stage "F" of the Curative Model and Hospital Expansion (1963-1998), stage "G" of the Bolivarian Revolution (1999 - 2023). The National Health Plan 2019 -2025 is also analyzed(AU)

Hans Hugo Bruno Selye y el estrés, hito en la historia de la Medicina moderna / Hans Hugo Bruno Selye and the stress, a milestone in the modern medical history

Fundamento: Hans Hugo Bruno Selye, fisiólogo y médico austrohúngaro nació el 26 de enero de 1907, posteriormente se naturalizó canadiense, este hombre que vivió 75 años y llegó a ser director del Instituto de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental de la Universidad de Montreal, Canadá, hasta su retiro en 1970. Falleció en 1982, en esa misma ciudad. Objetivo: Describir la vida y obra del ilustre académico Hans Hugo Bruno Selye y la historia del estrés como hito en la historia de la Medicina moderna. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de corte histórico donde se utilizaron métodos teóricos como el análisis documental y el histórico-lógico. Desarrollo: El doctor empezó a desarrollar su famosa teoría acerca de la influencia del estrés en la capacidad de las personas para enfrenarse o amoldarse a las consecuencias de lesiones o enfermedades en el segundo año de sus estudios de Medicina (1926). Esta investigación le permitió descubrir que los pacientes con variedad de dolencias manifestaban síntomas similares, los cuales podían ser atribuidos a los esfuerzos del organismo para responder a esta condición de estar enfermo. Él llamó a este conjunto de síntomas síndrome del estrés o síndrome de adaptación general (GAS). Conclusiones: Este médico es una de las personalidades más importantes de la historia de la Medicina; su teoría del estrés proporcionó un marco conceptual transcendental para cuestiones posteriores de los mecanismos y manifestaciones de las reacciones del mismo.

Background: Hans Hugo Bruno Selye, Austro-Hungarian physiologist and physician, born January 26, 1907, later naturalized Canadian citizen, this man who lived 75 years and became the Director of Experimental Medicine and Surgery Institute of Montreal University in Canada, until his retirement in 1970. He passed away in 1982, in the same city. Objective: Describe the life and achievements of the distinguished academic Hans Hugo Bruno Selye and the history of stress as a milestone in modern medical history. Methodology: A historical retrospective study was conducted using theoretical methods such as documental and historical-logical analysis. Methodology: The doctor began to build his famous theory about the influence of stress on the ability of persons to cope or adjust to the injury or illness consequences in the second year of his medical studies (1926). He discovered with this investigation that patients with a variety of ailments exhibited similar symptoms, which could be attributed to the organism efforts to respond to the condition of being sick. He named this set of symptoms stress syndrome or general adaptation syndrome (GAS). Conclusions: This physician is one of the greatest personalities in medical history; his stress theory provided a transcendental conceptual framework for later issues of the mechanisms and manifestations for stress reactions.

Una pequeña historia de la medicina del trabajo en Venezuela / A short history of occupational medicine in Venezuela

Se presenta una recopilación de hechos relacionados con la salud y seguridad en el trabajo, en forma de aproximación, sin intentar un análisis histórico, siguiendo un hilo transversal del rol de la medicina, en lo que ha significado a través del tiempo la salud física y mental del trabajador. Se discute la contradicción entre la salud y el trabajo, intentando dar una explicación de cómo los diferentes sistemas económicos han intentado mediar en esta contradicción. El artículo hace hincapié en las circunstancias, que en el caso venezolano, condujeron al desarrollo de hecho y de derecho de la atención de la salud de quien trabaja, primero de nuestros ancestros, los indios americanos, luego de los esclavos negros y con el pasar del tiempo, de los trabajadores de las minas en el siglo XIX y delos trabajadores petroleros en el siglo XX, siglo que a partir de 1950, con la graduación en Inglaterra del primer médico ocupacional venezolano, el Dr. Emigdio Cañizales Guédez, vio crecer exponencialmente los profesionales que se sumaron a este campo del ejercicio profesional, que incluyó servicios en las empresas, gremios, y finalmente, los postgrados. Se trae a la memoria a personas de todo el país, que, desde su lugar de acción, dieron su aporte para que la Medicina del Trabajo o Medicina Ocupacional ocupe hoy un lugar estratégico en lo que significa la empresa nacional, sea pública o privada(AU)

A compilation of facts related to health and safety at work is presented, in the form of an approximation, without attempting a historical analysis, following a transversal thread of the role of medicine in what physical and mental health has meant over time. Who works the contradiction between health and work is discussed, trying to explain how different economic systems have tried to mediate this contradiction. The article emphasizes the circumstances that in the Venezuelan case led to the de facto and legal development of health care, first of our ancestors, the American Indians, then of the black slaves and over time of the workers of the mines in the 19th century and of the oil workers in the 20th century, a century that from1950, with the graduation in England of the first Venezuelan occupational doctor, Dr. Emigdio Cañizales Guédez, will see the professionals who joined grow exponentially. To this field of professional practice, which will include services in companies, trade unions and finally postgraduate courses. The article brings to mind people from all over the country, who from their place of action, gave their contribution so that Occupational Medicine or Occupational Medicine now occupies a strategic place in what the national company means, whether public or private(AU)

[On "the remedies and medications which were given to ailing negroes:" health and death spending on slaves by the Office of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, 1711-1745]. / Sobre "os remédios e medicinas que se haviam dado a negros enfermos": os gastos com a saúde e a morte de escravos do Ofício da Província Jesuítica do Paraguay, 1711-1745.

This text analyzes the way sick slaves were treated at the Office (ofício) of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay and Santa Catalina Farm (estancia) between 1711 and 1745. The sources consulted - Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales, and Cartas ânuas - reveal that the sickness of the enslaved people generated expenses, not only for medications, clothing, and food, but also for shrouds for their burial. As for the slaves from the Santa Catalina Farm, the sources indicate that depending on the infirmity, they were sometimes sent to Córdoba, where they were treated by laypersons trained in the healing arts, which incurred different expenses, also recorded in the ledgers.

Neste texto, analisamos o tratamento dispensado aos escravos enfermos do Ofício da Província Jesuítica do Paraguay e da Estância de Santa Catalina entre 1711 e 1745. As fontes analisadas ­ Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales e Cartas ânuas ­ revelam que o adoecimento de escravos do Ofício gerava despesas tanto com a aquisição de medicamentos, roupas e alimentos quanto com mortalhas para seu sepultamento. No caso dos escravos da Estância de Santa Catalina, observou-se que, dependendo da enfermidade, eles eram encaminhados à cidade de Córdoba, onde eram tratados por leigos treinados nas artes de curar, o que implicava despesas de outra natureza também registradas nos relatórios contábeis.

[The manifesto of new Russian historians of medicine: The open letter to editorial board of the journal "The Problems of Social Hygiene, Health Care and History of Medicine"].

The author, on the grounds of archival documents discovered by S. N. Zatravkin and cited in Chapter I of the new book by S. N. Zatravkin and E. A. Vishlenkova, comes to conclusion that the Soviet history of medicine as scientific discipline did not exist. The history of medicine in the USSR must be written anew, using accumulated factual base after verification with primary sources and observing the rule of source criticism and comparative method.

History of medicine in medical education: new Italian pathways.

Objective: There is little doubt that there are currently obstacles in measuring the impact of the history of medicine within medical training. Consequently, there is a clear need to support a vision that can historicize Euro-Western medicine, leading to a greater understanding of how the medical world is a distinct form of reality for those who are about to immerse themselves in the study of medicine. Methods: History teaches that changes in medicine are due to the processes inherent to the interaction among individuals, institutions, and society rather than individual facts or individual authors. Results: Therefore, we cannot ignore the fact that the expertise and know-how developed during medical training are the final product of relationships and memories that have a historical life that is based social, economic, and political aspects. Conclusion: Moreover, these relationships and memories have undergone dynamic processes of selection and attribution of meaning, as well as individual and collective sharing, which have also been confronted with archetypes that are still able to influence clinical approaches and medical therapy today.

La medicina de los niños. Las peculiaridades pediátricas de la relación médico-enfermo en España (1880-1960 / Medicine of children. Pediatric peculiarities of the doctor-patient relationship in spain (1880-1960)

La aparición del especialismo pediátrico en el siglo XIX y primeras décadas del XX, fue un proceso muy complejo que obligó a reformular aspectos de la ciencia y, sobre todo, de la práctica médica. La necesidad de hacer frente a los problemas de un paciente peculiar, con unos rangos de edad que había que definir y cuyas características singulares eran las de ser un organismo en fase de crecimiento y desarrollo, planteaba unos retos nuevos a estos nuevos profesionales, entre ellos, la relación que había que establecer con la madre y la familia. A esta tarea se enfrentaron los nuevos especialistas, que pusieron todo su empeño en transmitir sus experiencias a las nuevas generaciones de profesionales lo que supuso, por un lado, abordar las enfermedades infantiles desde nuevas perspectivas y por otro, legitimar su posición de expertos.(AU)

The appearance of pediatric specialization in the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th was a very complex process that forced the reformulation of aspects of science and, above all, of medical practice. The need to deal with the problems of a peculiar patient, with age ranges that had to be defined and whose specific characteristics were that of being an organism in a phase of growth and development, posed new challenges for these new professionals. This task was faced by the new specialists, who made every effort to transmit their experiences to the new generations of professionals, which meant, on the one hand, addressing childhood diseases from new perspectives and, on the other, legitimizing their position as experts.(AU)

Género y "domesticidad". Claves históricas de la relación terapéutica en el origen de la enfermería profesional norteamericana (1800-1860) / Gender and "domesticity" Historical keys to understand the therapeutic relationship in the origin of american professional nursing (1800-1860)

En la primera mitad del siglo XIX, los cuidados de salud que se administraban en el ámbito doméstico en los Estados Unidos de América eran transmitidos de madres a hijas como parte del aprendizaje cotidiano femenino. En el contexto de las relaciones terapéuticas que se establecían a pie de cama de quienes enfermaban, el ejercicio de los cuidados se entendía como una manifestación moral de la mujer hacia los suyos y un ejemplo de benevolencia femenina. Se produjo un cambio paulatino en el que influyeron los movimientos sociales en favor de las mujeres y el acceso a la educación. La investigación muestra un recorrido que permite comprender el contexto cotidiano como un elemento catalizador para la visibilidad, reconocimiento y legitimidad social de los cuidados realizados por las mujeres, y su papel en la profesionalización de la enfermería y en las relaciones que se establecían entre médicos, enfermeras y aquellos que enfermaban. El artículo propone una transición progresiva desde las prácticas de los cuidados en el ámbito doméstico al de la profesionalización de las mujeres como enfermeras.(AU)

In the first half of the 19th century, the health care administered in the domestic sphere in the United States of America was transmitted from mothers to daughters as part of women’s daily learning. In the context of the therapeutic relationships established at the bedside of those who were ill, the exercise of care was understood as a moral manifestation of women towards their loved ones, and an example of feminine benevolence. We observe that there was a gradual change that was influenced by social movements in favour of women and the access to education. The research shows a path that allows us to understand the domestic context as a catalyst for the visibility, recognition and social legitimacy of the care provided by women, and its role in the professionalization of nursing, and in the relationships established between doctors, nurses and those who fell ill. The article proposes a progressive transition from care practices in the domestic sphere to the professionalization of women as nurses.(AU)

La revisión emocional del encuentro médico-terapéutico en M. Balint, P. Freeling y K. Browne (1957-1967) / The emotional perspective of the encounter between doctor and patient in m. Balint, P. Freeling and K. Browne (1957-1967)

Se analiza la perspectiva emocional de la relación médico-paciente y la confianza propia de esta interrelación, a través de publicaciones y relatos médicos de Michael Balint, Kevin Browne y Paul Freeling, aparecidos en la década de 1960. Balint promovió en la clínica Tavistock (Londres) los llamados ‘Grupos Balint’ en los que participaron Browne y Freeling. Sus publicaciones se enmarcan en la aproximación psicoanalítica y psicosomática, enfoque que actualizó la consideración de la persona como un todo y mostró el significado de las emociones en la enfermedad. Balint, Browne y Freeling destacaron el carácter terapéutico de la relación médico-paciente y subrayaron la subjetividad y la participación tanto del profesional como del paciente, en el encuentro médico-paciente. El movimiento Balint y en ese marco, la obra de Browne y Freeling, se sumó a otras que llevaron a promover la integración de lo psicológico y el entorno social en la definición de la enfermedad y en la práctica de la medicina de ese tiempo. El artículo pone de manifiesto los contrastes entre las propuestas de Michael Balint y las planteadas por la Escuela Psicosomática norteamericana y otros movimientos de origen psicoanalítico, respecto a la psicogenia y a la relación médico-paciente.(AU)

The emotional perspective of the doctor-patient relationship and the trust inherent in this interrelation are analysed through medical narratives published in the 1960s by Michael Balint, Kevin Browne and Paul Freeling. Balint promoted the so-called ‘Balint Groups’ in the Tavistock clinic (London), in which Browne and Freeling participated. Their publications are part of the psychoanalytic and psychosomatic approach, that updated the consideration of the person as a whole and showed the meaning of emotions in illness. Balint, Browne and Freeling highlighted the therapeutic nature of the doctor-patient relationship and underlined the subjectivity and participation of both the professional and the patient in the doctor-patient encounter. The Balint movement and within this framework, the work of Browne and Freeling, joined others that led to promoting the integration of the psychological and the social environment in the definition of the disease and in the practice of medicine at that time. The article also focusses the contrasts between the proposals of Michael Balint and those raised by the American Psychosomatic Society, and other psychoanalytic movements, regarding the doctor-patient relationship.(AU)

¿Tecnología o acompañamiento del parto? La relación profesional sanitario-gestante en España a lo largo del siglo XX / Technology or childbirth accompaniment? The health professional-gestant relationship in spain during the 20th century

En España, como en otros países del entorno, durante el siglo XX, la atención al parto hospitalario fue desplazando progresivamente al parto domiciliario. En el entorno clínico, la relación de los profesionales sanitarios con las gestantes sufrió grandes transformaciones, derivadas, fundamentalmente, de la pérdida de las posibilidades de elección de las parturientas durante el proceso obstétrico. Paralelamente, los protocolos y los adelantos científicos, como la monitorización cardio-tocográfica, propiciaron la tecnificación y medicalización del parto, lo que a su vez tuvo implicaciones en la relación entre gestantes y profesionales sanitarios, quienes no siempre fueron conscientes de cómo todas estas transformaciones afectaban a las mujeres durante parto.(AU)

In Spain, like in other countries, during the 20th century, hospital care for childbirth progressively displaced homebirth. In the clinical settings, the relationship between health professionals and pregnant women underwent major transformations, mainly due to the loss of choice for women in labour during the obstetric process. At the same time, protocols and scientific advances, such as cardiotocographic monitoring, led to the technification and medicalisation of childbirth, which in turn had implications for the relationship between pregnant women and healthcare professionals, who were not always aware of how all these transformations affected women during the labour.(AU)