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1.
Biometrics ; 80(4)2024 Oct 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39360904

RESUMO

Mechanistic statistical models are commonly used to study the flow of biological processes. For example, in landscape genetics, the aim is to infer spatial mechanisms that govern gene flow in populations. Existing statistical approaches in landscape genetics do not account for temporal dependence in the data and may be computationally prohibitive. We infer mechanisms with a Bayesian hierarchical dyadic model that scales well with large data sets and that accounts for spatial and temporal dependence. We construct a fully connected network comprising spatio-temporal data for the dyadic model and use normalized composite likelihoods to account for the dependence structure in space and time. We develop a dyadic model to account for physical mechanisms commonly found in physical-statistical models and apply our methods to ancient human DNA data to infer the mechanisms that affected human movement in Bronze Age Europe.


Assuntos
Teorema de Bayes , Modelos Estatísticos , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Humanos , Europa (Continente) , Fluxo Gênico , Funções Verossimilhança , Genética Populacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Migração Humana/estatística & dados numéricos , DNA/genética
3.
Mol Biol Evol ; 41(9)2024 Sep 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39268685

RESUMO

The Roman period saw the empire expand across Europe and the Mediterranean, including much of what is today Great Britain. While there is written evidence of high mobility into and out of Britain for administrators, traders, and the military, the impact of imperialism on local, rural population structure, kinship, and mobility is invisible in the textual record. The extent of genetic change that occurred in Britain during the Roman military occupation remains underexplored. Here, using genome-wide data from 52 ancient individuals from eight sites in Cambridgeshire covering the period of Roman occupation, we show low levels of genetic ancestry differentiation between Romano-British sites and indications of larger populations than in the Bronze Age and Neolithic. We find no evidence of long-distance migration from elsewhere in the Empire, though we do find one case of possible temporary mobility within a family unit during the Late Romano-British period. We also show that the present-day patterns of genetic ancestry composition in Britain emerged after the Roman period.


Assuntos
Migração Humana , População Rural , Humanos , Reino Unido , História Antiga , DNA Antigo/análise , Genética Populacional
4.
Nature ; 633(8029): 389-397, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39261618

RESUMO

Rapa Nui (also known as Easter Island) is one of the most isolated inhabited places in the world. It has captured the imagination of many owing to its archaeological record, which includes iconic megalithic statues called moai1. Two prominent contentions have arisen from the extensive study of Rapa Nui. First, the history of the Rapanui has been presented as a warning tale of resource overexploitation that would have culminated in a major population collapse-the 'ecocide' theory2-4. Second, the possibility of trans-Pacific voyages to the Americas pre-dating European contact is still debated5-7. Here, to address these questions, we reconstructed the genomic history of the Rapanui on the basis of 15 ancient Rapanui individuals that we radiocarbon dated (1670-1950 CE) and whole-genome sequenced (0.4-25.6×). We find that these individuals are Polynesian in origin and most closely related to present-day Rapanui, a finding that will contribute to repatriation efforts. Through effective population size reconstructions and extensive population genetics simulations, we reject a scenario involving a severe population bottleneck during the 1600s, as proposed by the ecocide theory. Furthermore, the ancient and present-day Rapanui carry similar proportions of Native American admixture (about 10%). Using a Bayesian approach integrating genetic and radiocarbon dates, we estimate that this admixture event occurred about 1250-1430 CE.


Assuntos
Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca , DNA Antigo , População Europeia , Genética Populacional , Genoma Humano , Migração Humana , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca/genética , Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca/história , América/etnologia , Teorema de Bayes , DNA Antigo/análise , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , População Europeia/genética , População Europeia/história , Genoma Humano/genética , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Antiga , História Medieval , Migração Humana/história , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico/genética , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico/história , Filogenia , Polinésia/etnologia , Densidade Demográfica , Datação Radiométrica , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma
5.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 7406, 2024 Aug 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39198497

RESUMO

The Aurignacian is the first techno-complex related with certainty to Anatomically Modern Humans in Europe. Studies show that they appeared around 43-42 kyr cal BP and dispersed rapidly in Europe during the Upper Palaeolithic. However, human dispersal is a highly convoluted process which is until today not well understood. Here, we provide a reconstruction of the human dispersal during the Aurignacian on the pan-European scale using a human dispersal model, the Our Way Model, which combines archaeological with paleoclimate data and uses the human existence potential as a unifying driver of human population dynamics. Based on the reconstruction, we identify the different stages of the human dispersal and analyse how human demographic processes are influenced by climate change and topography. A chronology of the Aurignacian human groups in Europe is provided, which is verified for locations where archaeological dating records are available. Insights into highly debated hypotheses, such as human dispersal routes, are provided.


Assuntos
Arqueologia , Humanos , Europa (Continente) , Mudança Climática , Fósseis , Dinâmica Populacional , Migração Humana/história , História Antiga
6.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(36): e2317868121, 2024 Sep 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39159385

RESUMO

Elites played a pivotal role in the formation of post-Roman Europe on both macro- and microlevels during the Early Medieval period. History and archaeology have long focused on their description and identification based on written sources or through their archaeological record. We provide a different perspective on this topic by integrating paleogenomic, archaeological, and isotopic data to gain insights into the role of one such elite group in a Langobard period community near Collegno, Italy dated to the 6-8th centuries CE. Our analysis of 28 newly sequenced genomes together with 24 previously published ones combined with isotope (Sr, C, N) measurements revealed that this community was established by and organized around a network of biologically and socially related individuals likely composed of multiple elite families that over time developed into a single extended pedigree. The community also included individuals with diverse genetic ancestries, maintaining its diversity by integrating newcomers and groups in later stages of its existence. This study highlights how shifts in political power and migration impacted the formation and development of a small rural community within a key region of the former Western Roman Empire after its dissolution and the emergence of a new kingdom. Furthermore, it suggests that Early Medieval elites had the capacity to incorporate individuals from varied backgrounds and that these elites were the result of (political) agency rather than belonging to biologically homogeneous groups.


Assuntos
Arqueologia , Mundo Romano , Humanos , Mundo Romano/história , Itália , História Medieval , Migração Humana/história , História Antiga
7.
Washington, D.C.; PAHO; 2024-08-14. (PAHO/HSS/PH/24/0007).
Não convencional em Inglês | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-61110

RESUMO

In 2022, the program on Applying the Human Security Approach to Advance an integrated response to Health and Migration in the Northern Triangle of Central America and Mexico was jointly launched by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The program grant was sponsored by the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS). Among its main goals was the intention of raising awareness of the human security approach and how it can be used as a successful operational tool to advance universal access to health and universal health coverage, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), by contextualizing the added value of human security to health and migration in the four countries in which it was implemented: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. Sustainability and replicability of the program were specifically integrated in the program’s design to promote continuity and scale-up of the activities, ensuring that knowledge obtained on the ground be disseminated and used to mainstream the human security approach throughout the region and beyond. This guide is part of those activities to facilitate the process of further replicating the program and its outcomes, taking into consideration lessons learned through its implementation also this publication is crucial in promoting the human security approach as an operational tool in health and migration, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving universal health access and advancing the SDGs. It also provides a practical guide for replicating the program in other regions, ensuring the sustainability and expansion of its benefits.


Assuntos
Sistemas de Saúde , Resiliência de Sistemas de Saúde , Migração Humana , Política Pública , Cobertura Universal de Saúde , Acesso Universal aos Serviços de Saúde , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , México
8.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 6631, 2024 Aug 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39103334

RESUMO

The scale of wildfire impacts to the built environment is growing and will likely continue under rising average global temperatures. We investigate whether and at what destruction threshold wildfires have influenced human mobility patterns by examining the migration effects of the most destructive wildfires in the contiguous U.S. between 1999 and 2020. We find that only the most extreme wildfires (258+ structures destroyed) influenced migration patterns. In contrast, the majority of wildfires examined were less destructive and did not cause significant changes to out- or in-migration. These findings suggest that, for the past two decades, the influence of wildfire on population mobility was rare and operated primarily through destruction of the built environment.


Assuntos
Migração Humana , Incêndios Florestais , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Dinâmica Populacional
9.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 7032, 2024 Aug 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39147743

RESUMO

The Neolithic (i.e., farming and stockbreeding) spread from the Near East across Europe since about 9000 years before the common era (BCE) until about 4000 yr BCE. It followed two main routes, namely a sea route along the northern Mediterranean coast and an inland one across the Balkans and central Europe. It is known that the dispersive behavior of farmers depended on geography, with longer movements along the Mediterranean coast than along the inland route. In sharp contrast, here we show that for both routes the percentage of farmers who interbred with hunter-gatherers and/or acculturated one of them was strikingly the same (about 3.6%). Therefore, whereas the dispersive behavior depended on the proximity to the Mediterranean sea, the interaction behavior (incorporation of hunter-gatherers) did not depend on geographical constraints but only on the transition in the subsistence economy (from hunting and gathering to farming) and its associated way of life. These conclusions are reached by analyzing the clines of haplogroup K, which was virtually absent in hunter-gatherers and the most frequent mitochondrial haplogroup in early farmers. Similarly, the most frequent Y-chromosome Neolithic haplogroup (G2a) displays an inland cline that agrees with the percentage of interbreeding reported above.


Assuntos
Fazendeiros , Migração Humana , Humanos , Europa (Continente) , História Antiga , Haplótipos , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Agricultura/história , Masculino , Mar Mediterrâneo , Arqueologia
10.
Curr Biol ; 34(17): 3996-4006.e11, 2024 Sep 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39146937

RESUMO

The Yellow River Delta played a vital role in the development of the Neolithic civilization of China. However, the population history of this region from the Neolithic transitions to the present remains poorly understood due to the lack of ancient human genomes. This especially holds for key Neolithic transitions and tumultuous turnovers of dynastic history. Here, we report genome-wide data from 69 individuals dating to 5,410-1,345 years before present (BP) at 0.008 to 2.49× coverages, along with 325 present-day individuals collected from 16 cities across Shandong. During the Middle to Late Dawenkou period, we observed a significant influx of ancestry from Neolithic Yellow River farmers in central China and some southern Chinese ancestry that mixed with local hunter-gatherers in Shandong. The genetic heritage of the Shandong Longshan people was found to be most closely linked to the Dawenkou culture. During the Shang to Zhou Dynasties, there was evidence of genetic admixture of local Longshan populations with migrants from the Central Plain. After the Qin to Han Dynasties, the genetic composition of the region began to resemble that of modern Shandong populations. Our genetic findings suggest that the middle Yellow River Basin farmers played a role in shaping the genetic affinity of neighboring populations in northern China during the Middle to Late Neolithic period. Additionally, our findings indicate that the genetic diversity in the Shandong region during the Zhou Dynasty may be linked with their complex ethnicities.


Assuntos
Genoma Humano , Humanos , China , História Antiga , DNA Antigo/análise , Migração Humana/história , Rios , Genética Populacional , Arqueologia , Variação Genética , Genômica
11.
Adv Sci (Weinh) ; 11(36): e2401899, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39099330

RESUMO

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive wheat diseases worldwide. To understand the impact of human migration and changes in agricultural practices on crop pathogens, here population genomic analysis with 245 representative strains from a collection of 4,427 field isolates of Fusarium asiaticum, the causal agent of FHB in Southern China is conducted. Three populations with distinct evolution trajectories are identifies over the last 10,000 years that can be correlated with historically documented changes in agricultural practices due to human migration caused by the Southern Expeditions during the Jin Dynasty. The gradual decrease of 3ADON-producing isolates from north to south along with the population structure and spore dispersal patterns shows the long-distance (>250 km) dispersal of F. asiaticum. These insights into population dynamics and evolutionary history of FHB pathogens are corroborated by a genome-wide analysis with strains originating from Japan, South America, and the USA, confirming the adaptation of FHB pathogens to cropping systems and human migration.


Assuntos
Agricultura , Fusarium , Migração Humana , Doenças das Plantas , Triticum , Fusarium/genética , Fusarium/patogenicidade , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Humanos , Triticum/microbiologia , Triticum/genética , China , Agricultura/métodos
12.
Cutis ; 113(5): E15-E21, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39042130

RESUMO

Understanding the genetic adaptations that occurred as humans migrated out of Africa to higher latitudes helps explain on a population-wide level how UV radiation (UVR) exposure will have varying consequences and benefits in patients of different skin pigmentations. It has been hypothesized that the need for efficient vitamin D synthesis was the primary driver for the skin-lightening process that evolutionarily occurred as humans migrated to higher latitudes. This review analyzes the level of support for the hypothesis that skin lightening occurred to enable adequate vitamin D synthesis in populations that migrated to areas with less UVR. Our literature search supported the hypothesis that through natural selection and intricate genetic adaptations, humans who migrated to areas with lower levels of UVR underwent a skin-lightening process to avoid the consequences of vitamin D deficiency. Our review includes an analysis of migration patterns out of Africa and how these affected pigmentation genes that are found in certain ethnic populations can be used to better understand this critical adaptation process when counseling patients on the need for sun protection.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Pigmentação da Pele , Raios Ultravioleta , Vitamina D , Humanos , Migração Humana , Seleção Genética , Luz Solar/efeitos adversos , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Vitamina D/metabolismo , Deficiência de Vitamina D
14.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(28): e2302924121, 2024 Jul 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38950368

RESUMO

The human colonization of the Canary Islands represents the sole known expansion of Berber communities into the Atlantic Ocean and is an example of marine dispersal carried out by an African population. While this island colonization shows similarities to the populating of other islands across the world, several questions still need to be answered before this case can be included in wider debates regarding patterns of initial colonization and human settlement, human-environment interactions, and the emergence of island identities. Specifically, the chronology of the first human settlement of the Canary Islands remains disputed due to differing estimates of the timing of its first colonization. This absence of a consensus has resulted in divergent hypotheses regarding the motivations that led early settlers to migrate to the islands, e.g., ecological or demographic. Distinct motivations would imply differences in the strategies and dynamics of colonization; thus, identifying them is crucial to understanding how these populations developed in such environments. In response, the current study assembles a comprehensive dataset of the most reliable radiocarbon dates, which were used for building Bayesian models of colonization. The findings suggest that i) the Romans most likely discovered the islands around the 1st century BCE; ii) Berber groups from western North Africa first set foot on one of the islands closest to the African mainland sometime between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE; iii) Roman and Berber societies did not live simultaneously in the Canary Islands; and iv) the Berber people rapidly spread throughout the archipelago.


Assuntos
Migração Humana , Humanos , Espanha , Migração Humana/história , Teorema de Bayes , História Antiga , Datação Radiométrica
15.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 6285, 2024 Jul 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39060247

RESUMO

Amid the escalating global climatic challenges, hydrological risks significantly influence human settlement patterns, underscoring the imperative for an in-depth comprehension of hydrological change's ramifications on human migration. However, predominant research has been circumscribed to the national level. The study delves into the nonlinear effects of hydrological risks on migration dynamics in 46,776 global subnational units. Meanwhile, leveraging remote sensing, we procured globally consistent metrics of hydrological intrusion exposure, offering a holistic risk assessment encompassing hazard, exposure, and vulnerability dimensions, thus complementing previous work. Here, we show that exposure is the primary migration driver, surpassing socioeconomic factors. Surrounding disparities further intensified exposure's impact. Vulnerable groups, especially the economically disadvantaged and elderly, tend to remain in high-risk areas, with the former predominantly migrating within proximate vicinities. The nonlinear analysis delineates an S-shaped trajectory for hydrological exposure, transitioning from resistance to migration and culminating in entrapment, revealing dependence on settlement resilience and adaptability.


Assuntos
Migração Humana , Hidrologia , Humanos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Medição de Risco , Mudança Climática
16.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 15518, 2024 07 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38969748

RESUMO

Lebanon's rich history as a cultural crossroad spanning millennia has significantly impacted the genetic composition of its population through successive waves of migration and conquests from surrounding regions. Within modern-day Lebanon, the Koura district stands out with its unique cultural foundations, primarily characterized by a notably high concentration of Greek Orthodox Christians compared to the rest of the country. This study investigates whether the prevalence of Greek Orthodoxy in Koura can be attributed to modern Greek heritage or continuous blending resulting from the ongoing influx of refugees and trade interactions with Greece and Anatolia. We analyzed both ancient and modern DNA data from various populations in the region which could have played a role in shaping the current population of Koura using our own and published data. Our findings indicate that the genetic influence stemming directly from modern Greek immigration into the area appears to be limited. While the historical presence of Greek colonies has left its mark on the region's past, the distinctive character of Koura seems to have been primarily shaped by cultural and political factors, displaying a stronger genetic connection mostly with Anatolia, with affinity to ancient but not modern Greeks.


Assuntos
Genética Populacional , Líbano , Humanos , Grécia , Migração Humana , Turquia , Etnicidade/genética
17.
Mol Biol Evol ; 41(7)2024 Jul 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38885310

RESUMO

Large-scale genomic projects and ancient DNA innovations have ushered in a new paradigm for exploring human evolutionary history. However, the genetic legacy of spatiotemporally diverse ancient Eurasians within Chinese paternal lineages remains unresolved. Here, we report an integrated Y-chromosome genomic database encompassing 15,563 individuals from both modern and ancient Eurasians, including 919 newly reported individuals, to investigate the Chinese paternal genomic diversity. The high-resolution, time-stamped phylogeny reveals multiple diversification events and extensive expansions in the early and middle Neolithic. We identify four major ancient population movements, each associated with technological innovations that have shaped the Chinese paternal landscape. First, the expansion of early East Asians and millet farmers from the Yellow River Basin predominantly carrying O2/D subclades significantly influenced the formation of the Sino-Tibetan people and facilitated the permanent settlement of the Tibetan Plateau. Second, the dispersal of rice farmers from the Yangtze River Valley carrying O1 and certain O2 sublineages reshapes the genetic makeup of southern Han Chinese, as well as the Tai-Kadai, Austronesian, Hmong-Mien, and Austroasiatic people. Third, the Neolithic Siberian Q/C paternal lineages originated and proliferated among hunter-gatherers on the Mongolian Plateau and the Amur River Basin, leaving a significant imprint on the gene pools of northern China. Fourth, the J/G/R paternal lineages derived from western Eurasia, which were initially spread by Yamnaya-related steppe pastoralists, maintain their presence primarily in northwestern China. Overall, our research provides comprehensive genetic evidence elucidating the significant impact of interactions with culturally distinct ancient Eurasians on the patterns of paternal diversity in modern Chinese populations.


Assuntos
Povo Asiático , Cromossomos Humanos Y , Migração Humana , Humanos , China , Povo Asiático/genética , Masculino , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , DNA Antigo/análise , Herança Paterna , Filogenia , População do Leste Asiático
18.
J Mol Evol ; 92(4): 359-362, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38926178

RESUMO

The genetic architecture of multiple sclerosis is complicated. Additionally, the disease incidence varies per population or per geographical region. A recent study gives convincing explanations about the north-south incidence gradient of multiple sclerosis in Europe, by analyzing ancient and modern human genomes. Interestingly, the evidence shows that multiple sclerosis associated immunogenetic variants underwent positive selection in Asian and European populations. Lifestyle and pathogen infections probably shaped the overall multiple sclerosis risk. These results complete the findings of previous studies that showed that a high percentage of the autoimmunity associated genetic variants are under selection pressure.


Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Esclerose Múltipla , Seleção Genética , Humanos , Esclerose Múltipla/genética , Esclerose Múltipla/imunologia , Autoimunidade/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Migração Humana , Europa (Continente)
19.
Sci Adv ; 10(25): eadl2468, 2024 Jun 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38896620

RESUMO

The third millennium BCE was a pivotal period of profound cultural and genomic transformations in Europe associated with migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which shaped the ancestry patterns in the present-day European genome. We performed a high-resolution whole-genome analysis including haplotype phasing of seven individuals of a collective burial from ~2500 cal BCE and of a Bell Beaker individual from ~2300 cal BCE in the Paris Basin in France. The collective burial revealed the arrival in real time of steppe ancestry in France. We reconstructed the genome of an unsampled individual through its relatives' genomes, enabling us to shed light on the early-stage admixture patterns, dynamics, and propagation of steppe ancestry in Late Neolithic Europe. We identified two major Neolithic/steppe-related ancestry admixture pulses around 3000/2900 BCE and 2600 BCE. These pulses suggest different population expansion dynamics with striking links to the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker cultural complexes.


Assuntos
Sepultamento , Genoma Humano , Haplótipos , Humanos , Sepultamento/história , População Branca/genética , Genética Populacional , História Antiga , Migração Humana , Europa (Continente) , DNA Antigo/análise , Dinâmica Populacional , França
20.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 14967, 2024 06 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38942799

RESUMO

The Philippines are central to understanding the expansion of the Austronesian language family from its homeland in Taiwan. It remains unknown to what extent the distribution of Malayo-Polynesian languages has been shaped by back migrations and language leveling events following the initial Out-of-Taiwan expansion. Other aspects of language history, including the effect of language switching from non-Austronesian languages, also remain poorly understood. Here we apply Bayesian phylogenetic methods to a core-vocabulary dataset of Philippine languages. Our analysis strongly supports a sister group relationship between the Sangiric and Minahasan groups of northern Sulawesi on one hand, and the rest of the Philippine languages on the other, which is incompatible with a simple North-to-South dispersal from Taiwan. We find a pervasive geographical signal in our results, suggesting a dominant role for cultural diffusion in the evolution of Philippine languages. However, we do find some support for a later migration of Gorontalo-Mongondow languages to northern Sulawesi from the Philippines. Subsequent diffusion processes between languages in Sulawesi appear to have led to conflicting data and a highly unstable phylogenetic position for Gorontalo-Mongondow. In the Philippines, language switching to Austronesian in 'Negrito' groups appears to have occurred at different time-points throughout the Philippines, and based on our analysis, there is no discernible effect of language switching on the basic vocabulary.


Assuntos
Migração Humana , Idioma , Filogenia , Humanos , Teorema de Bayes , População das Ilhas do Pacífico , Filipinas , Polinésia , Taiwan , Malásia , Asiático , Povo Asiático
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