Implementation and contribution of temperature screening and handwashing practice at points of entry for COVID-19 pandemic response in a humanitarian crisis setting

Introduction: over the last decade, insecurity in the Lake Chad Basin has triggered an unprecedented humanitarian crisis in the Niger´s Diffa Region with a significant population movement. In this humanitarian setting, we reviewed the implementation process and the contribution of temperature screening and handwashing practice at points of entry as part of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19. Methods: in Diffa, border officers were trained on the fundamentals of infection prevention and control in relation to COVID-19 readiness and response and a 14-day district response team was constituted. To examine the significance of the implementation process of temperature screening and handwashing practices at points of entry, we conducted a secondary analysis of data submitted by the six health districts of the Diffa Region between March and July 2020. Results: travellers screened for fever ranged from 10,499 (in March 2020) to 62,441 (in April 2020) with the health districts of Diffa (mean: standard error of the mean: 25,999: 9,220) and of Bosso (mean: standard error of the mean: 30.4: 19.1) accounting for the most and the least of activities during the entire period, respectively. Overall, 125/169,475 travellers presented fever and were effectively quarantined. Only the Ngourti Health District reported travellers who declined handwashing (54/169,475); this was during the first three months of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: we have documented a successful implementation of measures related to temperature screening with some unsubstantial denial of handwashing. Given the importance of border traffic due to insecurity in the Diffa Region, maintaining temperature screening and handwashing in this humanitarian setting is necessary but requires coordinated actions of all stakeholders involved in the region.

Un balance de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en Venezuela 2000-2020 / A balance of food and nutrition security in Venezuela. 2000-2020

Venezuela está atravesando procesos de decrecimiento económico lo que profundiza la crisis alimentaria y aumenta la violencia. Venezuela está viviendo la mayor crisis institucional, social, económica, política, moral, cultural de su historia, lo que incluye la pérdida de su capital humano por motivos de la emigración masiva y forzosa habida en los últimos años y también por la violencia, inseguridad ciudadana, por el incremento de la desigualdad social y la destrucción del Estado de Derecho. La crisis venezolana es una crisis de carácter multidimensional, la más profunda, compleja y larga de su historia moderna cuyas causas tienen que ver con la erosión continua de la institucionalidad, la pérdida progresiva de los valores democráticos, con el desdibujamiento del Estado y con el auge de un populismo autocrático que viola constantemente los principales derechos humanos. Ello sucede sin que en el país haya habido desastres naturales o conflictos bélicos. Los diversos programas sociales dirigidos a la soberanía alimentaria implementados durante las dos últimas décadas estuvieron atados a la volatilidad de los precios petroleros. Por otra parte, presentan un descuido extremo en cuanto a la calidad institucional de su gestión, se caracterizan por una acrecentada tendencia hacia la inefectividad y un agravamiento de la desprofesionalización de la administración pública. Ausencia de planificación y de evaluación desnudan las grandes y graves limitaciones de la gran mayoría de estos programas. Hoy en día el país está sumido en una crisis humanitaria compleja que ya lleva 5 años sin perspectivas claras de progreso(AU)

enezuela is going through a process of economic decline, which is deepening the food crisis and increasing violence. Venezuela is experiencing the greatest institutional, social, economic, political, moral and cultural crisis in its history, which includes the loss of its human capital due to massive and forced emigration in recent years, as well as violence, citizen insecurity, increased social inequality and the destruction of the rule of law. The Venezuelan crisis is a multidimensional crisis, the deepest, most complex and longest in its modern history, the causes of which have to do with the continuous erosion of institutions, the progressive loss of democratic values, the blurring of the state and the rise of an autocratic populism that constantly violates the main human rights. This is happening without any natural disasters or armed conflicts in the country. The various social programs aimed at food sovereignty implemented over the last two decades have been tied to the volatility of oil prices. On the other hand, they show extreme neglect in terms of the institutional quality of their management and are characterized by an increased tendency towards ineffectiveness and a worsening of the de-professionalization of public administration. The absence of planning and evaluation reveal the great and serious limitations of the vast majority of these programs. The country is currently in the midst of a complex humanitarian crisis that has been going on for five years with no clear prospects for progress(AU)

Saúde dos imigrantes venezuelanos: revisão de escopo / Salud de los inmigrantes venezolanos: revisión de alcance / Health of venezuelan immigrants: scoping review

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear a produção existente na área da saúde sobre a imigração venezuelana no território brasileiro de 2016 a 2021 e identificar possíveis lacunas. Método: revisão de escopo fundamentada nas normas JBI, com dados coletados em bases científicas sobre as questões de saúde referentes aos imigrantes venezuelanos no Brasil. As bases para coleta foram PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Science Direct, SciELO, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, CAPES e Lilacs. Os dados foram analisados a partir da Análise do Conteúdo, com suporte do software MAXQDA. Resultados: a síntese incluiu 23 estudos conduzidos em sua maior parte por pesquisadores brasileiros e que versaram sobre direito à saúde, questões socioculturais, impactos da migração sobre os processos de trabalho e perfil epidemiológico da população. Conclusão: os artigos enfocaram a temática sem levar em conta a gênese social dos fenômenos pesquisados. Há necessidade de pesquisas acerca do impacto da migração sobre o trabalho em saúde, particularmente da enfermagem.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Mapear la producción existente en el área de la salud sobre la inmigración venezolana al territorio brasileño de 2016 a 2021 e identificar posibles debilidades. Método: revisión de alcance basada en la forma estándar de JBI, con datos recolectados de bases científicas sobre temas de salud relacionados con inmigrantes venezolanos en Brasil. Las bases de recolección de datos fueron PubMed / Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web ofScience, Science Direct, SciELO, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, CAPES y Lilacs. Los datos fueron analizados a partir del Análisis de Contenido, con soporte del software MAXQDA. Resultados: la síntesis incluyó 23 estudios realizados en su mayoría por investigadores brasileños y que trataron sobre derecho a la salud, las cuestiones socioculturales, los impactos de la migración en los procesos laborales y el perfil epidemiológico de la población. Conclusión: los artículos se centraron en el tema sin tener en cuenta la génesis social de los fenómenos investigados. Se hacen necesarias investigaciones sobre el impacto de la migración respecto al trabajo en salud, particularmente de la enfermería.

ABSTRACT Objective: to map the existing production in the health area about Venezuelan immigration into the Brazilian territory from 2016 to 2021 and identify possible gaps. Method: scoping review based on JBI standards, carried out with data collected from scientific bases on health issues related to Venezuelan immigrants in Brazil. The databases were PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Science Direct, SciELO, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, CAPES and Lilacs. Data were analyzed using Content Analysis, supported by the MAXQDA software. Results: the synthesis included 23 studies mostly conducted by Brazilian researchers and which dealt with the right to health, sociocultural issues, impacts of migration on work processes, and the epidemiological profile of the population. Conclusion: the articles focused on the theme without taking into account the social genesis of the researched phenomena. There is a need for research on the impact of migration on thework inhealth care, particularly in nursing care.

De una crisis alimentaria anunciada a la emergencia humanitaria en Venezuela / From a food crisis to a humanitarian emergency in Venezuela

La crisis alimentaria anunciada por científicos en el año 2007 se ha convertido en una emergencia humanitaria en el 2021. Se fueron gestando una economía desequilibrada, elevados precios de alimentos, falta de servicios básicos como el agua, servicios sanitarios, trayendo como consecuencia una hiperinflación de 3713%, un salario mínimo que cubre 0,88% de la canasta alimentaria, 97% de inseguridad alimentaria, 15% de desnutrición aguda y 30% de baja talla en menores de 5 años y la movilización de 4,6 millones venezolanos. Este trabajo analiza las percepciones sobre una crisis alimentaria en Venezuela, factores asociados y estrategias para mejorarla desde la mirada de profesionales de la alimentación y nutrición en el año 2007. Se seleccionó intencionalmente 51 profesionales, de los cuales 10 sujetos respondieron una entrevista confidencial y electrónica. La categorización y análisis de las entrevistas se complementó con referencias de otros autores, para la construcción de la teoría. La mayoría de los entrevistados admitió una crisis alimentaria en el 2007, con factores asociados de índole político, económico, de servicios y hasta moral. Como recomendaciones surge: "reorientar las políticas agrícolas, pecuarias, de educación, trabajo y remuneración entre otras, relacionadas directa e indirectamente con el sector de los alimentos, para lograr abastecer los mercados y permitir que los alimentos puedan llegar a la población". Esta aproximación de la crisis alimentaria permitió comprender cómo la crisis se exacerbó hasta convertirse en una emergencia humanitaria agravada por la pandemia. Se ha perdido toda una generación de venezolanos por enfermedad, muerte, oportunidades y migraciones(AU)

The food crisis announced by scientists in 2007 has become a humanitarian emergency in 2021. An unbalanced economy, high food prices, lack of basic services such as water, sanitation, were brewing, resulting in a hyperinflation of 3713%, a minimum wage that covers 0.88% of the food basket, 97% of the population with food insecurity, 15% of acute malnutrition and 30% of stunting in children under 5 y. and the migration of 4.6 million Venezuelans. This manuscript analyzes the perceptions of a food crisis in Venezuela, associated factors and strategies to improve it from the perspective of food and nutrition professionals in 2007. Fifty-one professionals were intentionally selected, of which 10 subjects answered a confidential and electronic interview. The categorization and analysis of the interviews was complemented with references from other authors, for the construction of the theory. Most of those interviewed admitted a food crisis in 2007, with associated factors of a political, economic, essential utilities and even moral nature. As recommendations arise: "reorient agricultural, livestock, education, work and remuneration policies, among others, directly and indirectly related to the food sector, in order to supply markets and allow food to reach the population." This approach to the food crisis made it possible to understand how the crisis exacerbated into a humanitarian emergency aggravated by the pandemic. A whole generation of Venezuelans has been lost to illness, death, opportunities, and migration(AU)