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2.
Adv Rheumatol ; 64(1): 70, 2024 Sep 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39272122

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion in chronic inflammatory arthropathies (CIA) patients on TNFα inhibitors (TNFi) and without previous latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment. METHODS: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with negative LTBI were retrospectively evaluated for TST conversion and active tuberculosis (TB) after six months of exposition to TNFi. Two groups were compared: patients who repeated TST (TST-repetition) during the follow-up and patients who did not (non-TST-repetition). RESULTS: A total of 355 CIA patients on TNFi were screened and 138 (38.9%) did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. Of the remaining 217 CIA patients, 81 (37.3%) repeated TST during TNFi treatment. TST conversion rate was observed in 18 (22.2%) patients without significant differences among CIA (p = 0.578). The number of TB cases was low (n = 10; 4.6%) and was similar in TST-repetition and non-TST-repetition groups [2 (2.5%) vs. 8 (5.9%), p = 0.328]. Of note, 30% of active TB occurred early (6-12 months of TNFi exposure) and the median (full range) time to incident TB was 1.3 (0.6-10.6) years, whereas the median (full range) time to TST repetition was later [3.3 (0.5-13.4) years]. The incidence of active TB was lower among RA patients than AS patients [342 (95% CI 41 - 1446) vs. 1.454 (95% CI 594-2993)/100,000 patient-years, p = 0.049]. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that TST repetition is associated with a high conversion rate, suggesting the need for recommended treatment. The delayed repetition of TST and low number of active TB cases hampered the evaluation of this strategy effectiveness to prevent active infection. Larger studies with systematic repetition patterns are necessary. In addition, the study highlights the need for a greater surveillance for TB in AS patients.


Assuntos
Artrite Psoriásica , Artrite Reumatoide , Tuberculose Latente , Espondilite Anquilosante , Teste Tuberculínico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Feminino , Artrite Psoriásica/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espondilite Anquilosante/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Latente/epidemiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Adulto , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Antirreumáticos/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Doenças Endêmicas , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico
3.
Gene ; 928: 148804, 2024 Nov 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39089529

RESUMO

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune inflammatory disease that mainly affects the joints, on reducing functional capacity and impacting quality of life. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are crucial in the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. Some patients using TNF inhibitors (TNFi) do not respond or lose their response to these medications. Clinical, sociodemographic, and genetic data were used to evaluate the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in TNF, TNFRSF1A, and TNFRSF1B genes with the diagnosis of RA, standardized score results, laboratory tests, and response to TNFi. In one subsample, TNF and IL-6 serum levels cytokines were performed. A total of 654 subjects (360 healthy controls and 294 diagnosed with RA) were included in the analysis. Higher levels of TNF have been found in individuals diagnosed with RA. IL-6 levels were higher in individuals who did not respond to TNFi treatment, while responders had levels comparable to those without the disease. No associations were found between the SNPs studied and the diagnosis of RA; however, rs767455-C seems to play a role in the response to golimumab treatment, being related to better therapeutic response and lower mean serum leukocyte levels. In addition, rs1061622-G was associated with poorer functional capacity and rs1800629-A was associated with higher leukocyte values and serum transaminase levels. The rs1061622-G and rs767455-C may play a role in the response to TNFi treatment, especially for patients using golimumab, although they do not seem to be associated with the diagnosis of RA. Polymosphisms in the TNF pathway may impact baseline levels of immune cells and markers of renal and hepatic function in RA patients. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the impact of these polymorphisms on TNFi response and safety, particularly in larger-scale studies.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Interleucina-6 , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Receptores Tipo II do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Humanos , Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/sangue , Receptores Tipo II do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico
4.
Nature ; 633(8029): 417-425, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39198650

RESUMO

Severe defects in human IFNγ immunity predispose individuals to both Bacillus Calmette-Guérin disease and tuberculosis, whereas milder defects predispose only to tuberculosis1. Here we report two adults with recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis who are homozygous for a private loss-of-function TNF variant. Neither has any other clinical phenotype and both mount normal clinical and biological inflammatory responses. Their leukocytes, including monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) do not produce TNF, even after stimulation with IFNγ. Blood leukocyte subset development is normal in these patients. However, an impairment in the respiratory burst was observed in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-matured MDMs and alveolar macrophage-like (AML) cells2 from both patients with TNF deficiency, TNF- or TNFR1-deficient induced pluripotent stem (iPS)-cell-derived GM-CSF-matured macrophages, and healthy control MDMs and AML cells differentiated with TNF blockers in vitro, and in lung macrophages treated with TNF blockers ex vivo. The stimulation of TNF-deficient iPS-cell-derived macrophages with TNF rescued the respiratory burst. These findings contrast with those for patients with inherited complete deficiency of the respiratory burst across all phagocytes, who are prone to multiple infections, including both Bacillus Calmette-Guérin disease and tuberculosis3. Human TNF is required for respiratory-burst-dependent immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages but is surprisingly redundant otherwise, including for inflammation and immunity to weakly virulent mycobacteria and many other infectious agents.


Assuntos
Macrófagos , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/metabolismo , Homozigoto , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/imunologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Interferon gama/imunologia , Mutação com Perda de Função , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/citologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Alveolares/imunologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/microbiologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/patologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Fenótipo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/deficiência , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Explosão Respiratória , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/genética , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/farmacologia , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/deficiência , Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem
5.
Brasília; CONITEC; jul. 2024.
Não convencional em Português | BRISA/RedTESA | ID: biblio-1571017

RESUMO

INTRODUÇÃO: A espondiloartrite axial é uma doença inflamatória crônica, de origem autoimune, que acomete preferencialmente a coluna vertebral. O tratamento da doença tem por objetivo aliviar os sintomas, melhorar a capacidade funcional, manter a capacidade laboral e/ou escolar, diminuir as complicações e prevenir ao máximo o dano esquelético do indivíduo, e inclui drogas de diferentes classes (anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais ­ AINE, glicocorticoides e medicamentos modificadores do curso da doença) que são utilizadas de acordo com a gravidade da doença. PERGUNTA: Em relação aos medicamentos biológicos disponíveis no SUS, ixequizumabe é eficaz e seguro em pacientes com espondiloartrite axial com resposta prévia inadequada ou intolerância aos inibidores do fator de necrose tumoral? SÍNTESE DAS EVIDÊNCIAS: A evidência encontrada, sendo identificado um ensaio clínico e duas revisões sistemáticas, mostrou que não há diferença estatisticamente significativa entre todos os biológicos na maioria dos desfechos. Para o desfecho ASAS40, na análise entre ixequizumabe e os comparadores de interesse deste documento não foi observado diferenças estatísticas: ixequizumabe versus certolizumabe (risco relativo 1,49 [IC95% 0,88-2,52]), infliximabe (1,51 [IC95% 0,84-2,72]), golimumabe (1,06 [0,67-1,64]), adalimumabe (0,98 [0,67-1,45]), etanercepte (1,07 [IC95% 0,70-1,63]), e secuquinumabe (1,29 [0,78-2,14]). Para esse desfecho, ixequizumabe apresentou maior eficácia na comparação com placebo. Resultados semelhantes aos anteriormente mencionados foram observados para outros desfechos de eficácia avaliados (ASAS20, BASDAI, ASDAS e outros Patient Reported Outcomes). Em relação à segurança, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as intervenções ativas. A certeza da evidência foi baixa na comparação entre ixequizumabe e os demais comparadores ativos, e moderada na comparação com placebo. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA (AE): Ixequizumabe apresentou desempenho semelhante em termos de eficácia e segurança em relação aos demais medicamentos biológicos (adalimumabe, etanercepte, infliximabe, golimumabe, secuquinumabe e certolizumabe), e, portanto, foi desenvolvida uma análise de custo-minimização. O horizonte temporal foi de 2 anos, sendo calculado os custos dos medicamentos para o primeiro e ano subsequente, pelo fato de que alguns dos comparadores possuem dose inicial e de manutenção diferentes. Foi considerado apenas os custos de aquisição dos medicamentos. O resultado da análise principal demonstrou que o custo de ixequizumabe, tanto no primeiro ano, como no ano subsequente, foi superior a todos os demais medicamentos biológicos em comparação, com a diferença de custo anual variando entre 44 mil reais e 54 mil reais (a depender do comparador). ANÁLISE DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO (AIO): O número de pacientes elegíveis para a indicação proposta do tratamento de espondilite ancilosante foi obtido por meio de dados do DATASUS, sendo estimados em torno de 5 e 7 mil novos pacientes a cada ano. O market share utilizado para o ixequizumabe foi de 3% no primeiro ano, chegando a 10% no quinto ano de análise. O impacto orçamentário incremental foi de R$ 7 milhões no primeiro ano, chegando a R$ 100 milhões no quinto ano de análise, totalizando R$ 251 milhões em cinco anos. PERSPECTIVA DO PACIENTE: Foi aberta a chamada pública nº 42/2023 para inscrição de participantes para a perspectiva do paciente, durante o período de 10/11/2023 a 20/11/2023, e 18 pessoas se inscreveram. A seleção dos representantes titular e suplente ocorreu por meio de sorteio realizado em plataforma digital, com transmissão em tempo real e com gravação enviada posteriormente para todos os inscritos. Durante o seu relato, a representante, diagnosticada com espondilite anquilosante há cinco anos, relatou que o uso do ixequizumabe controlou os sintomas e teve impactos positivos na sua qualidade de vida, permitindo-lhe, atualmente, retomar suas atividades diárias, como caminhar e trabalhar. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO (MHT): Foram detectadas 4 (quatro) tecnologias para compor o esquema terapêutico de pacientes adultos diagnosticados com EpA radiográfica e não radiográfica, previamente tratados com medicamentos biológicos (anti-TNF) e falhos. Um inibidor de IL-17 (bimequizumabe) e três inibidores da janus quinase (tofacitinibe, upadacitinibe e filgotinibe). O tofacitinibe e o upadacitinibe possuem registro na FDA para a população deste relatório. RECOMENDAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS: Foram encontradas recomendações do NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence - Reino Unido) e CADTH (Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health - Canadá) recomendando o ixequizumabe para tratamento da espondiloartrite. Não foram encontradas avaliações da ixequizumabe na SMC (Scottish Medicines Consortium ­ SMC - Escócia) e PBAC (Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee - Austrália) para a indicação em questão. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: De forma geral, não foi identificada diferenças em termos de eficácia e segurança na comparação entre ixequizumabe e outros biológicos disponíveis no SUS. O resultado da análise de custo-minimização demonstrou que o custo de ixequizumabe, tanto no primeiro ano, como no ano subsequente, foi superior a todos os demais medicamentos biológicos em comparação, com a diferença de custo anual variando entre 44 mil reais e 54 mil reais (a depender do comparador). Além disso, na análise de impacto orçamentário, observou-se que a incorporação de ixequizumabe no SUS para indicação proposta tem como resultado um incremento de custos. Apesar disso, é possível que frente à competição com outros biológicos já disponíveis no SUS, o preço de ixequizumabe reduza, em caso de incorporação, o que poderia reduzir os resultados obtidos e a discrepância em relação aos medicamentos atualmente em uso no SUS. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: Os membros do Comitê de Medicamentos presentes na 128ª Reunião Ordinária, realizada no dia 11 de abril de 2024, deliberaram por unanimidade encaminhar o tema para consulta pública com recomendação preliminar desfavorável à incorporação do ixequizumabe para o tratamento de adultos com espondiloartrite axial com resposta prévia inadequada ou intolerância aos inibidores do fator de necrose tumor. Consideraram-se elevados os custos incrementais estimados nas análises de custo-minimização e de impacto orçamentário. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: A consulta pública nº 27/2024 ficou vigente no período entre 24/05/2024 e 12/06/2024, durante o qual foram recebidas 75 contribuições, sendo que 74 (99%) expressaram a opinião de que a tecnologia em questão deve ser incorporada e 1 (1%) que não deve ser incorporada no SUS. Como argumento para discordância, os participantes destacaram que se trata de um medicamento seguro, eficaz e que sua incorporação representaria mais uma opção de tratamento em casos de falha terapêutica. Aqueles com experiência no uso do ixequizumabe pontuaram que ele contribui para o controle da doença após falha terapêutica, possui baixa toxicidade e impacta positivamente na qualidade de vida. Contudo, há dificuldades de acesso e a tecnologia apresenta alguns eventos adversos. Aqueles com experiência com outros medicamentos para o tratamento da condição de saúde em questão apontaram que estes também são eficazes e seguros, porém, podem apresentar falha terapêutica, sendo necessário ter outras opções medicamentosas. Além disso, há risco aumentado para infecções e tuberculose. Foram identificadas 16 (21%) contribuições não vazias para evidências clínicas e 9 (12%) para estudos econômicos. Em relação às contribuições feitas nos campos de "Evidências Científicas" e "Estudos econômicos", diversas destacaram o potencial clínico (por exemplo, alcance de remissão clínica) do uso do ixequizumabe para o tratamento da espondiloartrite, incluindo para pacientes atualmente alegadamente desassistidos (contraindicação ao uso de antiTNF). Após submissão de proposta comercial pela empresa detentora do registro do medicamento, os resultados das avaliações econômicas atualizados foram substancialmente menores comparados àqueles da reunião inicial (ACM: maior custo incremental entre R$ 2 e 12 mil, a depender do comparador; IO acumulados em cinco anos de até 34 milhões de reais). RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: Aos 3 (três) dias do mês de julho de 2024, reuniu-se o Comitê de Medicamentos da Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde ­ Conitec, regulamentado pelo Decreto nº 7.646, de 21 de dezembro de 2011, e os membros deliberaram, por unanimidade, recomendar a não incorporação do ixequizumabe para o tratamento de adultos com espondiloartrite axial com resposta prévia inadequada ou intolerância aos inibidores do fator de tumoral. Os membros do Comitê de Medicamentos entenderam que o tratamento com ixequizumabe não é superior ou mais vantajoso economicamente que os já incorporados ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi assinado o registro de deliberação nº 907/2024. DECISÃO: não incorporar, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, o ixequizumabe para o tratamento de adultos com espondiloartrite axial com resposta prévia inadequada ou intolerância aos inibidores do fator de necrose tumoral, publicada no Diário Oficial da União número 163, seção 1, página 140, em 23 de agosto de 2024.


Assuntos
Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/efeitos adversos , Espondiloartrite Axial/tratamento farmacológico , Sistema Único de Saúde , Brasil , Eficácia , Análise Custo-Benefício/economia
6.
J Clin Rheumatol ; 30(5): 208-216, 2024 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38880956

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To assess safety/efficacy of tofacitinib and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) in patients from Latin America (LATAM) in ORAL Surveillance. METHODS: In ORAL Surveillance, 4362 patients with rheumatoid arthritis aged ≥50 years with ≥1 additional cardiovascular risk factor received tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg twice daily or TNFi. This post hoc analysis stratified patients by geographical location (LATAM, n = 1202; non-LATAM, n = 3160). Incidence rates (IRs; patients with first event/100 patient-years) and hazard ratios for adverse events of special interest were reported. Efficacy outcomes included Clinical Disease Activity Index and American College of Rheumatology 20/50/70 responses. RESULTS: Risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and malignancies were less prevalent in the LATAM cohort compared with the non-LATAM cohort. IRs for patients receiving tofacitinib (combined doses) versus TNFi were 0.54 versus 0.28 (LATAM) and 1.14 versus 0.92 (non-LATAM) for major adverse cardiovascular events; 0.58 versus 0.27 (LATAM) and 1.33 versus 0.95 (non-LATAM) for malignancies excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer; and 0.69 versus 0.35 (LATAM) and 0.63 versus 0.33 (non-LATAM) for all-cause death. IRs for nonmelanoma skin cancer and venous thromboembolism were also numerically higher with tofacitinib versus TNFi and in the non-LATAM cohort versus LATAM. Efficacy was similar across treatment groups within each cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse events of special interest were generally less frequent in LATAM versus non-LATAM patients, reflecting differences in baseline characteristics, and higher with tofacitinib versus TNFi in both cohorts, consistent with the overall findings of ORAL Surveillance. Our findings emphasize the importance of assessing individual risk factors to guide benefit/risk assessment and treatment decisions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02092467.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Neoplasias , Piperidinas , Pirimidinas , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antirreumáticos/efeitos adversos , Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Incidência , América Latina/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Piperidinas/administração & dosagem , Piperidinas/efeitos adversos , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirróis/administração & dosagem , Pirróis/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/efeitos adversos , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/administração & dosagem
7.
Arq Gastroenterol ; 61: e23148, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38511796

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Latent tuberculosis (LTB) is a condition where the patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis but does not develop active TB. There's a possibility of tuberculosis (TB) activation following the introduction of anti-TNFs. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of biological therapy inducing LTB during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) treatment over 15 years in a high-risk area in Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective study of an IBD patients' database was carried out in a private reference clinic in Brazil. All patients underwent TST testing and chest X-ray prior to treatment, and once a year after starting it. Patients were classified according to the Montreal stratification and risk factors were considered for developing TB. RESULTS: Among the analyzed factors, age and gender were risk factors for LTB. DC (B2 and P) and UC (E2) patients showed a higher number of LTB cases with statistical significance, what was also observed for adalimumab and infliximab users, compared to other medications, and time of exposure to them favored it significantly. Other factors such as enclosed working environment have been reported as risk. CONCLUSION: The risk of biological therapy causing LTB is real, so patients with IBD should be continually monitored. This study reveals that the longer the exposure to anti-TNFs, the greater the risk. BACKGROUND: •Rate of infection (tuberculosis) in Brazilians IBD private patients: follow-up 15 years. BACKGROUND: •Patients treated with immunosuppressants and/or anti-TNFs have a higher risk of developing opportunistic infections, among them the most common is latent tuberculosis or even active tuberculosis. BACKGROUND: •Similar risks may be noted in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). BACKGROUND: •This study reveals that the longer the exposure to anti-TNFs, the greater the risk for de IBD patients. BACKGROUND: •The study demonstrated the importance of monitoring these patients permanently and continuously.


Assuntos
Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Tuberculose Latente , População da América do Sul , Tuberculose , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Seguimentos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/complicações , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Latente/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Teste Tuberculínico , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral
8.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0300364, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38512915

RESUMO

Paracoccidioides fungi are thermodimorphic microorganisms that cause paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an autochthonous disease from Latin America, with most cases in Brazil. Humans become infected by inhaling conidia or mycelial fragments that transform into yeast at body temperature. These fungi cause chronic-granulomatous inflammation, which may promote fibrosis and parenchyma destruction in the lungs. In response to stress imposed by the host, fungi Paracoccidioides spp. increase the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP), which protect them by sustaining cellular proteostasis. Our group has studied the role of HSP60 in PCM, and previous data show that the recombinant HSP60 (rHSP60) has a deleterious effect when used in a single dose as therapy for experimental PCM. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which rHSP60 could worsen the disease. We found that rHSP60 caused the viability loss of splenic or lymph node cells from both immunized and non-immunized mice, including in splenic T lymphocytes under polyclonal stimulation with concanavalin A, probably by undergoing apoptosis. Among analyzed splenic cells, lymphocytes were indeed the main cells to die. When we investigated the death mechanisms, remarkably, we found that there was no viability loss in rHSP60-stimulated splenic cells from mice deficient in Toll-like receptor 4, TRIF adapter protein, and TNF receptor 1(TNFR1), as well as rHSP60-stimulated WT cells incubated with anti-TNF antibody. Besides, caspase-8 inhibitor IETD-CHO blocked the rHSP60 effect on splenic cells, suggesting that rHSP60 induces the extrinsic apoptosis pathway dependent on signaling via TLR4/TRIF and TNFR1.


Assuntos
Paracoccidioides , Paracoccidioidomicose , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Paracoccidioidomicose/microbiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Inflamação , Linfócitos/patologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular
9.
Parasite Immunol ; 46(2): e13024, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38385576

RESUMO

Studies involving the immune response in Chagas disease suggest an imbalance in the immune response of symptomatic patients, with an inflammatory profile dominating in Chagas heart disease, mainly by tumour necrosis factor (TNF). TNF is considered a key cytokine in immunopathology in chronic carriers in several processes during the immune response. Our work aimed to evaluate regulatory (interleukin [IL]-4 and IL-10) and inflammatory (TNF, interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], IL-2 and IL-6) cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells culture supernatants. of affected patients with undetermined clinical forms-IND (n = 13) mild heart form-CARD1 (n = 13) and severe cardiac form-CARD2 (n = 16), treated in vitro with two TNF blockers, Adalimumab (ADA) and Etanercept (ETA) alone or in association with Benznidazole (BZ). The results indicate that ADA was more competent in blocking TNF (compared to ETA) in all groups but with much lower levels in the CARD2 group. ETA statistically decreased TNF levels only in the CARD2 group. IFN-γ increased in the CARD2 group after treatment with ETA relative to ADA. IL-4 had its levels decreased when treated by both drugs. IL-2 was detected in cells from CARD2 carriers compared to the NEG group after treatment with both drugs. The association with BZ decreased levels of IL-2/TNF and increased IL-4. These data reinforce the participation of TNF in severe Chagas heart disease and bring perspectives on using these blockers in the immunological treatment of Chagas disease since the use of BZ is extremely limited in these patients.


Assuntos
Doença de Chagas , Cardiopatias , Nitroimidazóis , Humanos , Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Citocinas , Cardiopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiopatias/parasitologia , Interferon gama , Interleucina-2 , Interleucina-4 , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa
10.
An Bras Dermatol ; 99(2): 167-180, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38238209

RESUMO

Immunobiologicals represent an innovative therapeutic option in dermatology. They are indicated in severe and refractory cases of different diseases when there is contraindication, intolerance, or failure of conventional systemic therapy and in cases with significant impairment of patient quality of life. The main immunobiologicals used in dermatology basically include inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF), inhibitors of interleukin-12 and -23 (anti-IL12/23), inhibitors of interleukin-17 and its receptor (anti-IL17), inhibitors of interleukin-23 (anti-IL23), rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody), dupilumab (anti-IL4/IL13) and intravenous immunoglobulin. Their immunomodulatory action may be associated with an increase in the risk of infections in the short and long term, and each case must be assessed individually, according to the risk inherent to the drug, the patient general condition, and the need for precautions. This article will discuss the main risks of infection associated with the use of immunobiologicals, addressing the risk in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, vaccination, fungal infections, tuberculosis, leprosy, and viral hepatitis, and how to manage the patient in the most diverse scenarios.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Psoríase , Humanos , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Psoríase/tratamento farmacológico , Qualidade de Vida , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Interleucina-12 , Interleucina-23
11.
Medicine (Baltimore) ; 102(49): e36450, 2023 Dec 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38065857

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Immunobiological drugs such as TNF-α inhibitors are valuable in rescue therapy for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but they increase the risk of infectious complications. Histoplasmosis is a significant concern in patients living in endemic regions, however, few studies have assessed the incidence of Histoplasma infection during therapy, and classic estimates may underestimate the risk. This study aimed to produce an updated risk estimate of histoplasmosis in patients on TNF-α blocking therapy. METHODS: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that contain parameters for calculating the risk of histoplasmosis in people who use TNF-α inhibitors, to produce a risk estimate. RESULTS: We identified 11 studies with the necessary parameters for inclusion in the meta-analysis, most of which were from North America. The incidence rate of histoplasmosis found was 33.52 cases per 100,000 patients treated with TNF-ɑ inhibitors (95% CI 12.28-91.46). Considering only studies evaluating monoclonal antibodies, the calculated incidence was 54.88/100,000 patients treated (95%CI 23.45-128.34). In subgroup analysis, the incidence was much higher in patients with IBD compared to rheumatic diseases. There was significant heterogeneity among the studies. CONCLUSION: The risk of histoplasmosis during TNF-α inhibitory therapy may be considerably higher than that found in classical estimates, especially in patients with IBD. There is a lack of studies evaluating histoplasmosis in large endemic areas, such as Central and South America.


Assuntos
Histoplasmose , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Humanos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/uso terapêutico , Histoplasmose/induzido quimicamente , Histoplasmose/epidemiologia , Histoplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Incidência , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico
12.
Arq Gastroenterol ; 60(4): 490-524, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38018554

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Fistulizing perianal Crohn's disease poses a treatment challenge, and researchers postulate that this phenotype in young male patients could have a worst outcome. OBJECTIVE: Thus, the aim of this study was to assess whether sex influences the response to treatment for these patients. METHODS: This systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42022319629) was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. We selected articles published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian between 2010 and 2020 in the PubMed and Science Direct databases. According to the PICO acronym, prospective studies in patients older than 18 years with the objective of treating fistulizing perianal Crohn's disease were selected. Studies in pediatric populations, retrospective, without treatment objectives, and that included only rectovaginal fistulas or a single sex were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: Of the 1887 articles found, 33 were included. Most studies used anti-TNF drugs as treatment (n=11). Ten studies had subgroup analyses; of them, the two studies reporting sex differences used infliximab and adalimumab as treatment and showed that women had a longer fistula closure time than men. CONCLUSION: This systematic review showed that few data corroborate the difference between sexes in the treatment of fistulizing perianal Crohn's disease, possibly having a greater relationship with the phenotype. However, considering the lack of results, further studies with this objective and with standardization of fistulas and response assessment methods are needed.


Assuntos
Doença de Crohn , Fístula Retal , Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doença de Crohn/complicações , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Prospectivos , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Fístula Retal/etiologia , Fístula Retal/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Infliximab/uso terapêutico
13.
Am J Case Rep ; 24: e940644, 2023 Sep 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37661602

RESUMO

BACKGROUND Fistulas involving the stomach and duodenum in Crohn's disease are rare (occurring in less than 1% of patients). Here, we reviewed registers from 855 patients with Crohn's disease treated in our service from January 2007 to December 2020 and found 4 cases of duodenal fistula and 1 case of gastric fistula. CASE REPORT The fistula origin was in the ileocolic segment in all cases, and all of the patients underwent preoperative optimization with improvement of nutritional status and infection control. They then underwent surgical treatment with resection of the affected segment and duodenal or gastric closure with covering by an omental patch. One case of a duodenal fistula was complicated by duodenal dehiscence. This was treated surgically with duodenojejunostomy. Each of the other patients had an uneventful postoperative course. All patients were successfully cured of their gastroduodenal fistulas, and at the time of this publication, none of them died or had fistula recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Fistulas with the involvement of the stomach and duodenum in patients with Crohn's disease are almost always due to inflammation in the ileum, colon, or previous ileocolic anastomosis. Management of this situation is complex and often requires clinical and surgical assistance; preoperative optimization of the patient's general condition can improve the surgical results. The surgical approach is based on resection of the affected segment and gastric or duodenal closure with covering by an omental patch. Gastrojejunostomy or duodenojejunostomy can be performed in selected patients with larger defects and minor jejunal disease. To prevent recurrence, prophylactic therapy with anti-TNF agents and early endoscopic surveillance are also essential for successful treatment.


Assuntos
Doença de Crohn , Fístula Intestinal , Humanos , Doença de Crohn/complicações , Doença de Crohn/cirurgia , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Estômago , Fístula Intestinal/etiologia , Fístula Intestinal/cirurgia , Duodeno/cirurgia
14.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 13699, 2023 08 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37607959

RESUMO

What is the impact of switching between biologics and biosimilars of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab on efficacy and safety for rheumatoid arthritis? A systematic review and network meta-analysis were performed to compare switching and non-switching groups of treatments. Pooled Risk Relative (RR) or standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% credible intervals (95% CrIs) were obtained. Seventeen randomized trials with a switching phase involving 6,562 patients were included. Results showed that a single switch from biologics to biosimilars compared to continuing biologics had comparable effects for primary and co-primary outcomes, the American College of Rheumatology criteria with 20% response (ACR20) (7 trials, 1,926 patients, RR 0.98, 95% CrIs 0.93 to 1.03) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) (5 trials, 1,609 patients, SMD - 0.07, 95% CrIs - 0.23 to 0.1), and within the equivalence margins: ACR20 [RR 0.94, 1.06] and HAQ-DI [SMD - 0.22, 0.22]. The risk of treatment-emergent adverse events, discontinuation, and positive anti-drug antibodies were comparable after switching. Safety results were imprecise, and the follow-up period might not be sufficient to evaluate long-term effects, especially malignancies. Overall, the practice of single switching between approved biologics and biosimilars of Tumour Necrosis Factor inhibitors is efficacious and safe for rheumatoid arthritis.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Medicamentos Biossimilares , Humanos , Medicamentos Biossimilares/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Metanálise em Rede , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Infliximab/uso terapêutico
15.
J Clin Rheumatol ; 29(7): 316-325, 2023 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37553869

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To develop the first evidence-based Pan American League of Associations for Rheumatology (PANLAR) guidelines for the treatment of Takayasu arteritis (TAK). METHODS: A panel of vasculitis experts developed a series of clinically meaningful questions addressing the treatment of TAK patients in the PICO (population/intervention/comparator/outcome) format. A systematic literature review was performed by a team of methodologists. The evidence quality was assessed according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations/Assessment/Development/Evaluation) methodology. The panel of vasculitis experts voted each PICO question and made recommendations, which required ≥70% agreement among the voting members. RESULTS: Eleven recommendations were developed. Oral glucocorticoids are conditionally recommended for newly diagnosed and relapsing TAK patients. The addition of nontargeted synthetic immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate, leflunomide, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil) is recommended for patients with newly diagnosed or relapsing disease that is not organ- or life-threatening. For organ- or life-threatening disease, we conditionally recommend tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (e.g., infliximab or adalimumab) or tocilizumab with consideration for short courses of cyclophosphamide as an alternative in case of restricted access to biologics. For patients relapsing despite nontargeted synthetic immunosuppressants, we conditionally recommend to switch from one nontargeted synthetic immunosuppressant to another or to add tumor necrosis factor inhibitors or tocilizumab. We conditionally recommend low-dose aspirin for patients with involvement of cranial or coronary arteries to prevent ischemic complications. We strongly recommend performing surgical vascular interventions during periods of remission whenever possible. CONCLUSION: The first PANLAR treatment guidelines for TAK provide evidence-based guidance for the treatment of TAK patients in Latin American countries.


Assuntos
Reumatologia , Arterite de Takayasu , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Arterite de Takayasu/diagnóstico , Arterite de Takayasu/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico
16.
Adv Rheumatol ; 63(1): 30, 2023 07 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37415193

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to compare the efficacy of rituximab, tocilizumab, and abatacept in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) refractory to treatments with MTX or TNFi agents. METHODS: We searched 6 databases until January 2023 for phase 2-4 RCTs evaluating patients with RA refractory to MTX or TNFi therapy treated with rituximab, abatacept, and tocilizumab (intervention arm) compared to controls. Study data were independently assessed by two investigators. The primary outcome was considered as achieving ACR70 response. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 19 RCTs, with 7,835 patients and a mean study duration of 1.2 years. Hazard ratios for achieving an ACR70 response at six months were not different among the bDMARDs, however, we found high heterogeneity. Three factors showing a critical imbalance among the bDMARD classes were identified: baseline HAQ score, study duration, and frequency of TNFi treatment in control arm. Multivariate meta-regression adjusted to these three factors were conducted for the relative risk (RR) for ACR70. Thus, heterogeneity was attenuated (I2 = 24%) and the explanatory power of the model increased (R2 = 85%). In this model, rituximab did not modify the chance of achieving an ACR70 response compared to abatacept (RR = 1.773, 95%CI 0.113-10.21, p = 0.765). In contrast, abatacept was associated with RR = 2.217 (95%CI 1.554-3.161, p < 0.001) for ACR70 compared to tocilizumab. CONCLUSION: We found high heterogeneity among studies comparing rituximab, abatacept, and tocilizumab. On multivariate metaregressions, if the conditions of the RCTs were similar, we estimate that abatacept could increase the chance of reaching an ACR70 response by 2.2-fold compared to tocilizumab.


Assuntos
Antirreumáticos , Artrite Reumatoide , Humanos , Abatacepte/uso terapêutico , Rituximab/uso terapêutico , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Metanálise em Rede , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico
17.
J. coloproctol. (Rio J., Impr.) ; 43(3): 227-234, July-sept. 2023. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521140

RESUMO

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that affects the digestive tract and can lead to inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining. IBD patients with cancer encounter difficulties since cancer treatment weakens their immune systems. A multidisciplinary strategy that strikes a balance between the requirement to manage IBD symptoms and the potential effects of treatment on cancer is necessary for effective care of IBD in cancer patients. To reduce inflammation and avoid problems, IBD in cancer patients is often managed by closely monitoring IBD symptoms in conjunction with the necessary medication and surgical intervention. Anti-inflammatory medications, immunomodulators, and biologic therapies may be used for medical care, and surgical options may include resection of the diseased intestine or removal of the entire colon. The current study provides a paradigm for shared decision-making involving the patient, gastroenterologist, and oncologist while considering recent findings on the safety of IBD medicines, cancer, and recurrent cancer risk in individuals with IBD. We hope to summarize the pertinent research in this review and offer useful advice. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/complicações , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/terapia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Neoplasias Urológicas , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais , Metotrexato , Fatores de Risco , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Mercaptopurina
18.
World J Gastroenterol ; 29(18): 2733-2746, 2023 May 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37274062

RESUMO

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are part of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and have pathophysiological processes such as bowel necrosis and enteric neurons and enteric glial cells. In addition, the main inflammatory mediator is related to the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α is a me-diator of the intestinal inflammatory processes, thus being one of the main cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, however, its levels, when measured, are present in the serum of patients with IBD. In addition, TNF-α plays an important role in promoting inflammation, such as the production of interleukins (IL), for instance IL-1ß and IL-6. There are two receptors for TNF as following: The tumor necrosis factor 1 receptor (TNFR1); and the tumor necrosis factor 2 receptor (TNFR2). They are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their receptors have been detected in IBD and their expression is correlated with disease activity. The soluble TNF form binds to the TNFR1 receptor with, and its activation results in a signaling cascade effects such as apoptosis, cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. In contrast, the transmembrane TNF form can bind both to TNFR1 and TNFR2. Recent studies have suggested that TNF-α is one of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, since TNF levels are present in the serum of both patients with UC and CD. Intravenous and subcutaneous biologics targeting TNF-α have revolutionized the treatment of IBD, thus becoming the best available agents to induce and maintain IBD remission. The application of antibodies aimed at neutralizing TNF-α in patients with IBD that induce a satisfactory clinical response in up to 60% of patients, and also induced long-term maintenance of disease remission in most patients. It has been suggested that anti-TNF-α agents inactivate the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α by direct neutralization, i.e., resulting in suppression of inflammation. However, anti-TNF-α antibodies perform more complex functions than a simple blockade.


Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Doença de Crohn , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Humanos , Receptores Tipo II do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Inflamação , Citocinas/metabolismo , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico
19.
Adv Rheumatol ; 63(1): 23, 2023 05 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37217999

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The deficiency of ADA2 (DADA2) is a rare autoinflammatory disease provoked by mutations in the ADA2 gene inherited in a recessive fashion. Up to this moment there is no consensus for the treatment of DADA2 and anti-TNF is the therapy of choice for chronic management whereas bone marrow transplantation is considered for refractory or severe phenotypes. Data from Brazil is scarce and this multicentric study reports 18 patients with DADA2 from Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a multicentric study proposed by the Center for Rare and Immunological Disorders of the Hospital 9 de Julho - DASA, São Paulo - Brazil. Patients of any age with a confirmed diagnosis of DADA2 were eligible for this project and data on clinical, laboratory, genetics and treatment were collected. RESULTS: Eighteen patients from 10 different centers are reported here. All patients had disease onset at the pediatric age (median of 5 years) and most of them from the state of São Paulo. Vasculopathy with recurrent stroke was the most common phenotype but atypical phenotypes compatible with ALPS-like and Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) was also found. All patients carried pathogenic mutations in the ADA2 gene. Acute management of vasculitis was not satisfactory with steroids in many patients and all those who used anti-TNF had favorable responses. CONCLUSION: The low number of patients diagnosed with DADA2 in Brazil reinforces the need for disease awareness for this condition. Moreover, the absence of guidelines for diagnosis and management is also necessary (t).


Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase , Vasculite , Humanos , Adenosina Desaminase/genética , Brasil , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/genética
20.
Rev Gastroenterol Peru ; 43(1): 13-19, 2023.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37226065

RESUMO

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in elderly patients is characterized by its clinical variability, different differential diagnoses and therapeutic management. The objective of our investigation is to evaluate the clinical characteristics and management of elderly patients with IBD. We developed an observational, descriptive, retrospective study from January 2011 to December 2019 in patients with IBD at the Gastroenterology Service of Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital, Lima-Peru. 55 patients with CD and 107 with UC were evaluated; 45.6% of patients with IBD are older adults. Of these, 28 had CD and 46 UC. Older adults with CD presented predominantly an inflammatory phenotype and colonic location, while extensive and left-sided colitis were the most frequent in UC. Elderly patients had a lower CDAI score (279.8 vs 323.2) and a lower Mayo index (7.1 vs 9.2) in relation to the younger, without significant differences. Regarding treatment, a lower use of azathioprine (2 vs 8, p <0.03) and Anti-TNF (9 vs 18, p <0.01) was observed in the elderly with CD. The need for surgery and the frequency of post-surgical complications were similar between both groups. In conclusion, nearly half of IBD patients are older adults. The colonic location was the most frequent in CD, and in UC extensive and left colitis. We observed a lower use of azathioprine and biological therapy in elderly patients, without significant differences in the use of corticosteroids and aminosalicylates compared to younger people.


Assuntos
Colite , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Humanos , Idoso , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Azatioprina , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/diagnóstico , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/terapia
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