RESUMO
Sarcopenia and disability in older adults are often characterized by body composition measurements; however, the gold standard of body composition measurement, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), is expensive to acquire and maintain, making its use in low and middle income countries (LMIC) it out-of-reach in developing nations. Because these LMIC will bear a disproportionate amount of chronic disease burden due to global aging trends, it is important that reliable, low-cost surrogates need to be developed. Handgrip strength (HGS) is a reliable measure of disability in older adults but has not been used widely in diverse populations. This study compared HGS to multiple measurements of body composition in older adults from the US (Kansas) and a middle-income country (Costa Rica) to test if HGS is a cross-culturally appropriate predictive measure that yields reliable estimates across developed and developing nations. Percent body fat (%BF), lean tissue mass index (LTMI), appendicular lean soft tissue index (ALSTI), body fat mass index (BFMI), bone mineral density (BMD), and HGS were measured in older Costa Ricans (n = 78) and Kansans (n = 100). HGS predicted lean arm mass with equal accuracy for both samples (p ≤ 0.05 for all groups), indicating that it is a reliable, low-cost and widely available estimate of upper body lean muscle mass. Older adults from Costa Rica showed different body composition overall and HGS than controls from Kansas. Handgrip operates equivalently in the US and Mesoamerica and is a valid estimate of lean arm muscle mass as derived by the more expensive DEXA.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Força da Mão , Humanos , Idoso , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Costa Rica , Kansas , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologiaRESUMO
Three Diorhabda spp. tamarisk beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were established in Texas from 2003 to 2010 for biological control of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.): Mediterranean tamarisk beetles, D. elongata (Brullé) from Greece, also established in New Mexico; subtropical tamarisk beetles, D. sublineata (Lucas) from Tunisia; and larger tamarisk beetles, D. carinata (Faldermann) from Uzbekistan. More than one million tamarisk beetles were released at 99 sites. Species establishment success ranged from 52 to 83%. All three species now co-occur in New Mexico with the northern tamarisk beetles, D. carinulata (Desbrochers). A phenotypic hybrid scoring system was developed to assess Diorhabda phenotype distributions and character mixing in hybrid zones. Widespread field populations of bispecific hybrid phenotypes for D. carinata/D. elongata and D. sublineata/D. elongata rapidly appeared following contact of parental species. Initial distributions and dispersal of Diorhabda spp. and hybrids are mapped for Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas, where they produced large-scale tamarisk defoliation and localized dieback for 3-4 yr. However, populations subsequently severely declined, now producing only isolated defoliation and allowing tamarisk to recover. Diorhabda sublineata and D. elongata temporarily produced nontarget spillover defoliation of ornamental athel, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, along the Rio Grande. Hybrid phenotypes were generally bimodally distributed, indicating some degree of reproductive isolation. Additional diagnostic phenotypic characters in males allowed more precise hybrid scoring. Character mixing in some hybrid populations approached or reached that of a hybrid swarm. The significance of hybridization for tamarisk biocontrol is discussed.
Assuntos
Besouros , Tamaricaceae , Animais , Grécia , Kansas , Masculino , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas , TunísiaRESUMO
In June 2016, we continued surveillance for tick-borne viruses in eastern Kansas following upon a larger surveillance program initiated in 2015 in response to a fatal human case of Bourbon virus (BRBV) (Family Orthomyxoviridae: Genus Thogotovirus). In 4 d, we collected 14,193 ticks representing four species from four sites. Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) accounted for nearly all ticks collected (n = 14,116, 99.5%), and the only other species identified were Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae), Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae) and Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). All ticks were tested for both BRBV and Heartland virus (Family Bunyaviridae: Genus Phlebovirus) in 964 pools. Five Heartland virus positive tick pools were detected and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR), while all pools tested negative for BRBV. Each Heartland positive pool was composed of 25 A. americanum nymphs with positive pools collected at three different sites in Bourbon County. A. americanum is believed to be the primary vector of both Heartland and BRBVs to humans based upon multiple detections of virus in field-collected ticks, its abundance, and its aggressive feeding behavior on mammals including humans. However, it is possible that A. americanum encounters viremic vertebrate hosts of BRBV less frequently than viremic hosts of Heartland virus, or that BRBV is less efficiently passed among ticks by co-feeding, or less efficiently passed vertically from infected female ticks to their offspring resulting in lower field infection rates.
Assuntos
Ixodidae/virologia , Phlebovirus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Feminino , Kansas , MasculinoRESUMO
Bourbon virus (Family Orthomyxoviridae: Genus Thogotovirus) was first isolated from a human case-patient residing in Bourbon County, Kansas, who subsequently died. Before becoming ill in late spring of 2014, the patient reported several tick bites. In response, we initiated tick surveillance in Bourbon County and adjacent southern Linn County during spring and summer of 2015. We collected 20,639 host-seeking ticks representing four species from 12 sites. Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae) accounted for nearly all ticks collected (99.99%). Three tick pools, all composed of adult A. americanum ticks collected in Bourbon County, were virus positive. Two pools were Heartland virus (Family Bunyaviridae: Genus Phlebovirus) positive, and one was Bourbon virus positive. The Bourbon virus positive tick pool was composed of five adult females collected on a private recreational property on June 5. Detection of Bourbon virus in the abundant and aggressive human-biting tick A. americanum in Bourbon County supports the contention that A. americanum is a vector of Bourbon virus to humans. The current data combined with virus detections in Missouri suggest that Bourbon virus is transmitted to humans by A. americanum ticks, including both the nymphal and adult stages, that ticks of this species become infected as either larvae, nymphs or both, perhaps by feeding on viremic vertebrate hosts, by cofeeding with infected ticks, or both, and that Bourbon virus is transstadially transmitted. Multiple detections of Heartland virus and Bourbon virus in A. americanum ticks suggest that these viruses share important components of their transmission cycles.
Assuntos
Vetores Aracnídeos/virologia , Ixodidae/virologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/transmissão , Animais , Feminino , Ixodidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Kansas , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/virologia , Masculino , Ninfa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ninfa/virologia , Phlebovirus/isolamento & purificação , Thogotovirus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Leaf rust (caused by Erikss. []) is increasingly impacting durum wheat ( L. var. ) production with the recent appearance of races with virulence to widely grown cultivars in many durum producing areas worldwide. A highly virulent race on durum wheat was recently detected in Kansas. This race may spread to the northern Great Plains, where most of the US durum wheat is produced. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to several races from the United States and Mexico at seedling stage in the greenhouse and at adult stage in field experiments. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to identify single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with leaf rust response in a worldwide durum wheat collection of 496 accessions. Thirteen accessions were resistant across all experiments. Association mapping revealed 88 significant SNPs associated with leaf rust response. Of these, 33 SNPs were located on chromosomes 2A and 2B, and 55 SNPs were distributed across all other chromosomes except for 1B and 7B. Twenty markers were associated with leaf rust response at seedling stage, while 68 markers were associated with leaf rust response at adult plant stage. The current study identified a total of 14 previously uncharacterized loci associated with leaf rust response in durum wheat. The discovery of these loci through association mapping (AM) is a significant step in identifying useful sources of resistance that can be used to broaden the relatively narrow leaf rust resistance spectrum in durum wheat germplasm.
Assuntos
Resistência à Doença/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Triticum/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Kansas , México , Sementes/genética , Sementes/microbiologia , Triticum/microbiologiaRESUMO
Insecticide resistance is usually associated with pests, but may also evolve in natural enemies. In this study, adult beetles of three distinct North American populations of Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, and the progeny of reciprocal crosses between the resistant and most susceptible population, were treated topically with varying concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin and dicrotophos. In addition, the LD50s of both insecticides were applied in combination to resistant individuals. The developmental and reproductive performance of each population was assessed in the absence of insecticide exposure to compare baseline fitness. California and Kansas populations were susceptible to both materials, whereas Georgia (GA) beetles exhibited a resistance ratio (RR50) of 158 to lambda-cyhalothrin and 530 to dicrotophos. Inheritance of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance was X-linked, whereas inheritance of dicrotophos resistance was autosomal. Mortality of resistant beetles treated with a mixture of LD50s of both materials was twice that of those treated with lambda-cyhalothrin alone, but not significantly different from those receiving dicrotophos alone. Life history parameters were largely similar among populations, except that Georgia beetles had higher egg fertility relative to susceptible populations. We conclude that the high levels of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and dicrotophos in Georgia beetles reflect heavy loads of these insecticides in local environments, most likely the large acreage under intensive cotton cultivation.
Assuntos
Besouros/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Inseticidas , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Nitrilas/toxicidade , Compostos Organofosforados/toxicidade , Piretrinas/toxicidade , Animais , California , Besouros/fisiologia , Feminino , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Georgia , Kansas , MasculinoRESUMO
Sylvilagus floridanus Papillomavirus (SfPV) causes growth of large horn-like tumors on rabbits. SfPV was described in cottontail rabbits (probably Sylvilagus floridanus) from Kansas and Iowa by Richard Shope in 1933, and detected in S. audubonii in 2011. It is known almost exclusively from the US Midwest. We explored the University of Kansas Natural History Museum for historical museum specimens infected with SfPV, using molecular techniques, to assess if additional wild species host SfPV, and whether SfPV occurs throughout the host range, or just in the Midwest. Secondary aims were to detect distinct strains, and evidence for strain spatio-temporal specificity. We found 20 of 1395 rabbits in the KU collection SfPV symptomatic. Three of 17 lagomorph species (S. nuttallii, and the two known hosts) were symptomatic, while Brachylagus, Lepus and eight additional Sylvilagus species were not. 13 symptomatic individuals were positive by molecular testing, including the first S. nuttallii detection. Prevalence of symptomatic individuals was significantly higher in Sylvilagus (1.8%) than Lepus. Half of these specimens came from Kansas, though new molecular detections were obtained from Jalisco-Mexico's first-and Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas, USA. We document the oldest lab-confirmed case (Kansas, 1915), pre-dating Shope's first case. SfPV amplification was possible from 63.2% of symptomatic museum specimens. Using multiple methodologies, rolling circle amplification and, multiple isothermal displacement amplification in addition to PCR, greatly improved detection rates. Short sequences were obtained from six individuals for two genes. L1 gene sequences were identical to all previously detected sequences; E7 gene sequences, were more variable, yielding five distinct SfPV1 strains that differing by less than 2% from strains circulating in the Midwest and Mexico, between 1915 and 2005. Our results do not clarify whether strains are host species specific, though they are consistent with SfPV specificity to genus Sylvilagus.
Assuntos
Papillomavirus de Coelho Cottontail/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/veterinária , Coelhos/virologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/veterinária , Animais , Antígenos Virais/genética , Sequência de Bases , Colorado/epidemiologia , Papillomavirus de Coelho Cottontail/genética , Papillomavirus de Coelho Cottontail/patogenicidade , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Genes Virais , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Kansas/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologia , Meio-Oeste dos Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Museus , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/história , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Filogenia , Coelhos/classificação , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/história , Neoplasias Cutâneas/virologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/epidemiologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/história , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/veterinária , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/virologia , Proteínas Estruturais Virais/genéticaAssuntos
Abelhas , Pesquisa/história , Migração Animal , Animais , Abelhas/classificação , Abelhas/genética , Abelhas/fisiologia , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Kansas , Masculino , Medicago sativa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Panamá , Polinização , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To measure the progress made by the collaborative actions of multisectorial partners in a community health effort using a systematic method to document and evaluate community/system changes over time. METHODS: This was a community-based participatory research project engaging community partners of the Latino Health for All Coalition, which based on the Health for All model, addresses health inequity in a low-income neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America. Guided by three research questions regarding the extent to which the Coalition catalyzed change, intensity of change, and how to visually display change, data were collected on community/system changes implemented by the community partners from 2009-2012. These changes were characterized and rated according to intensity (event duration, population reach, and strategy) and by other categories, such as social determinant of health mechanism and sector. RESULTS: During the 4-year study period, the Coalition implemented 64 community/system changes. These changes were aligned with the Coalition's primary goals of healthy nutrition, physical activity, and access to health screenings. Community/system efforts improved over time, becoming longer in duration and reaching more of the population. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence of its predictive validity awaits further research, this method for documenting and characterizing community/system changes enables community partners to see progress made by their health initiatives.
OBJETIVO:Medir el progreso alcanzado por las actividades de colaboración de los socios multisectoriales en una iniciativa de salud comunitaria mediante el empleo de un método sistemático para verificar y evaluar los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas con el transcurso del tiempo. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un proyecto comunitario de investigación participativa en el que colaboraron los socios comunitarios de la Coalición Salud para Todos los Latinos, que, con base en el modelo de Salud para Todos, aborda las desigualdades en materia de salud en un vecindario de bajos ingresos de Kansas City, en el estado de Kansas (Estados Unidos). Adoptando como guía tres preguntas de investigación referentes a en qué medida la Coalición catalizó los cambios, qué intensidad alcanzaron y cómo mostrarlos gráficamente, se recogieron datos sobre los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas introducidos por los socios comunitarios del 2009 al 2012. Estos cambios se describieron y evaluaron según su intensidad (la duración del acontecimiento, el porcentaje de población expuesta y la estrategia) y según otras categorías, tales como el mecanismo implicado como determinante social de la salud y el sector afectado. RESULTADOS: Durante el período de estudio de cuatro años, la Coalición había introducido 64 cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas. Estos cambios estaban alineados con las principales metas de la Coalición: nutrición sana, ejercicio físico y acceso a los tamizajes de salud. Las iniciativas de la comunidad y los sistemas mejoraron con el transcurso del tiempo, eran más duraderas y llegaban a una parte más importante de la población. CONCLUSIONES:Aunque se requieren investigaciones adicionales para establecer datos probatorios de su validez predictiva, este método para verificar y caracterizar los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas permite a los socios comunitarios observar el progreso alcanzado por sus iniciativas en pro de la de salud.
Assuntos
Humanos , Comportamento Cooperativo , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Hispânico ou Latino , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/métodos , Saúde da População Urbana , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etnologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Planejamento em Saúde Comunitária , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Diabetes Mellitus/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus/prevenção & controle , Política de Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Kansas , Modelos Teóricos , Pobreza , Poder Psicológico , Características de Residência , Mudança SocialAssuntos
Promoção da Saúde , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Estados Unidos , Promoção da Saúde , Equidade em Saúde , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Estados Unidos , Comportamento Cooperativo , Hispânico ou Latino , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Diabetes Mellitus , Kansas , Modelos Teóricos , Pobreza , Poder Psicológico , Mudança Social , Promoção da Saúde , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Saúde da População Urbana , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Planejamento em Saúde Comunitária , Política de Saúde , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , DemografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify clearer, learner-preferred, educational approaches for aspects of cervical cancer education found to be difficult to understand for low-literacy, Mexican, immigrant women. SETTING: Kansas City, Kansas; Garden City, Kansas; San Antonio, Texas. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five Mexican immigrant women in the United States for 5 years or less, ninth grade education or less, and predominantly Spanish speaking. METHODS: Interviews were conducted to evaluate preference and best comprehension among options for specific cervical cancer educational elements, including reproductive system terminology, the purpose of Pap tests and meaning of results, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and illustrations of anatomy and Pap procedure. RESULTS: We identified terminology, translation, content, and illustrations preferred by participants and areas of inadequate existing knowledge needed for comprehension of concepts being taught. Analogies, illustrations, and introduction of medical terms in conjunction with equivalent common Spanish terms were effective ways of building bridges from existing knowledge to new knowledge. Participants desired detailed information and shared new information with others CONCLUSION: We learned the importance of assessing patients' existing body knowledge. The detail desired by participants challenged common simplification approaches to teaching low-literacy learners. Participant willingness to share information challenged ideas of cultural taboo. Results provide evidence for more effective delivery of women's health education and call for further research on best approaches to teaching low-literacy learners.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Idoso , Barreiras de Comunicação , Características Culturais , Escolaridade , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Kansas , Programas de Rastreamento/organização & administração , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/etnologia , Cooperação do Paciente/etnologia , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Medição de Risco , Estudos de Amostragem , Materiais de Ensino , Texas , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/etnologia , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
The oral health needs of migrant farm laborers are greater and more immediate than those of comparable populations. However, little is known about the conditions of oral health care among German-speaking Mexican Mennonites, a distinctive cultural subgroup of migrant farm laborers. The purpose of this study was to examine the oral health practices, perceived oral health status, and barriers to obtaining dental care among a community of Low German-speaking Mexican Mennonites residing in Southwest Kansas. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 individuals, with questions addressing access/barriers to care, oral health practices, and perceived oral health status. The most frequently identified barriers to dental care were limited finances, lack of adequate health/dental insurance, and limited awareness of available dental services. Although the majority of participants reported experiencing no problems related to language or scheduling dental appointments, the results also indicated low utilization levels of oral care services. Findings suggest that: (1) this population is at-risk for periodontal disease, (2) culturally appropriate programs are needed for preventive oral care education, (3) community and statewide support may help improve access to affordable oral health care.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Americanos Mexicanos , Saúde Bucal , Protestantismo , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Kansas , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Racial, ethnic and language-based disparities occur throughout the US health system. Pediatric prehospital emergency medical services are less likely to be used by Latinos. We identified perceptions of and barriers to prehospital pediatric emergency care (911) access among Spanish-speaking parents. A qualitative study involving six focus groups was conducted. Spanish-speaking parents participated with a bilingual moderator. Topics discussed included experiences, knowledge, beliefs, fears, barriers, and improvement strategies. All groups were audiotaped, transcribed, and reviewed for recurring themes. Forty-nine parents participated. Though parents believed 911 was available to all, many were uncertain how to use it, and what qualified as an emergency. Barriers included language discordance, fear of exposing immigration status, and fear of financial consequences. Parents strongly desired to learn more about 911 through classes, brochures, and media campaigns. Prehospital emergency care should be available to all children. Further quantitative studies may help solidify the identified barriers and uncover areas needing improvement within Emergency Medical Systems. Addressing barriers to 911 use in Spanish-speaking communities could improve the equity of health care delivery, while also decreasing the amount of non-emergency 911 use.
Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Kansas , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Beginning with George Williams's concept of present and residual (future) reproductive value, life-history theory has considered that the optimized level of parental investment (i.e., assumed risk) should increase in proportion to the annual mortality rate of parent individuals. However, when the survival of young from independence to maturity is separated from parental reproductive success, optimized parental investment is proportional, instead, to prereproductive survival when reproductive and nonreproductive components of adult mortality are additive (simultaneous risk) or to the ratio of prereproductive survival to adult nonreproductive survival when the adult mortality components are multiplicative (independent risk). Applied to the lower, and largely nonoverlapping, brood sizes of tropical compared to temperate and boreal birds, estimates of both adult and prereproductive survival do not predict different levels of reproductive investment. Accordingly, the pervasive increase in clutch size with latitude would appear to reflect increasing availability of food resources to provision offspring.
Assuntos
Comportamento de Nidação , Passeriformes/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Animais , Tamanho da Ninhada , Costa Rica , Feminino , Kansas , Masculino , ReproduçãoRESUMO
During the excavations of the XIX century Meadowlark cemetery (Manhattan, Kansas, US), samples of sediments were taken from around five skeletons, and analyzed to detect intestinal parasites. No helminth eggs were found, but immunological ELISA tests for Entamoeba histolytica were positive in three samples. The immunological techniques have been successfully used in paleoparasitology to detect protozoan infections. Amoebiasis could have been a severe disease in the past, especially where poor sanitary conditions prevailed, and there is evidence that this cemetery may have been used in a situation where poor sanitary conditions may have prevailed. The presence of this protozoan in US during the late XIX century gives information on the health of the population and provides additional data on the parasite's evolution since its appearance in the New World.
Assuntos
Animais , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Entamoeba histolytica/isolamento & purificação , Entamebíase/história , Práticas Mortuárias , Sepultamento , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Entamebíase/parasitologia , Kansas , PaleopatologiaRESUMO
The Kansas Statewide Farmworker Health Program (KSFHP) has developed a unique set of culturally competent health interventions in response to the pressing public health needs of the state's underserved farmworker population. Key among these are its health education and translation efforts on behalf of the fast-growing Low German-speaking Mexican Mennonite farmworker population. Linguistic, religious, and cultural values have created unique and complex health disparities and barriers to care that can be broken down only through innovative approaches. KSFHP first conducted a health needs assessment survey of the farmworker population in 2003, which indicated prenatal care practices as a significant health disparity, especially among the Low German-speaking Mexican Mennonite population. In response, KSFHP successfully lobbied the state health department to implement a new standard of health behavior data collection that includes primary language data as a method of delineating population subgroups, making Kansas one of the first two states in the country to collect this information. KSFHP also developed culturally competent Low German-language recordings on health topics such as prenatal care in accordance with the information delivery needs of the Low German-speaking Mexican Mennonite farmworker population. Currently, a pilot program is in progress that offers additional outreach, health education, and interpretation, among other services. The work of the KSFHP has significant implications for further research into health disparities, specialized minority populations, and culturally competent data collection methods.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde/etnologia , Educação em Saúde , Americanos Mexicanos/educação , Cuidado Pré-Natal/organização & administração , Administração em Saúde Pública , Serviços de Saúde Rural/organização & administração , Migrantes/classificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Kansas , Idioma , Masculino , Avaliação das Necessidades , Saúde Ocupacional , Estudos de Casos Organizacionais , Gravidez , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Protestantismo , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Materiais de Ensino , Migrantes/educação , Estados UnidosRESUMO
During the excavations of the XIX century Meadowlark cemetery (Manhattan, Kansas, US), samples of sediments were taken from around five skeletons, and analyzed to detect intestinal parasites. No helminth eggs were found, but immunological ELISA tests for Entamoeba histolytica were positive in three samples. The immunological techniques have been successfully used in paleoparasitology to detect protozoan infections. Amoebiasis could have been a severe disease in the past, especially where poor sanitary conditions prevailed, and there is evidence that this cemetery may have been used in a situation where poor sanitary conditions may have prevailed. The presence of this protozoan in US during the late XIX century gives information on the health of the population and provides additional data on the parasite's evolution since its appearance in the New World.
Assuntos
Entamoeba histolytica/isolamento & purificação , Entamebíase/história , Práticas Mortuárias , Animais , Sepultamento , Entamebíase/parasitologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Kansas , PaleopatologiaRESUMO
Apoproteins (also known as apolipoproteins) have been studied extensively because of their role in lipid transport, association between specific genotypes and elevated serum lipid levels, and increased risk of heart disease. There is considerable genetic variation in the geographic distributions of these markers, with a north-south cline of the APOE*4 allele observed in Europe by Lucotte et al. ([1997] Hum Biol 69:253-262). This study compares the frequencies of seven APO (APOA1 -75 bp, APOA1 +83 bp, APOB Ins/Del, APOB XbaI, APOC3 SstI, and APOE) and LPL loci in Mennonite populations from Kansas and Nebraska. In total, 277 individuals were sampled from Goessel, Meridian, Garden View, and Lone Tree in 2002-2004. In addition, DNA samples that were collected in 1981 from Henderson, Nebraska, were genotyped for the seven APO and LPL loci. Of the seven APO and LPL loci tested, only one locus, APOB XbaI, departed significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with an unexpected excess of observed heterozygotes. The frequencies of the several APO loci are unique among the Mennonites, separating them from other European populations. A bidimensional scaling representation of Reynold's co-ancestry distances based on allelic frequencies of the seven APO and LPL markers in five Mennonite congregations fails to represent schematically the known patterns of fission. It is unclear whether the observed patterns are due to selection operating on these loci or whether genetic drift, small populations sizes, or a lack of statistical power of these biallelic loci distort the observed genetic relationship among congregations.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteínas/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Frequência do Gene , Lipase Lipoproteica/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Protestantismo , Apolipoproteínas B/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Variação Genética , Humanos , Kansas , Mutação , NebraskaRESUMO
Current initiatives to reduce the high prevalence of nutritional iron deficiency have highlighted the need for reliable epidemiologic methods to assess iron status. The present report describes a method for estimating body iron based on the ratio of the serum transferrin receptor to serum ferritin. Analysis showed a single normal distribution of body iron stores in US men aged 20 to 65 years (mean +/- 1 SD, 9.82 +/- 2.82 mg/kg). A single normal distribution was also observed in pregnant Jamaican women (mean +/- 1 SD, 0.09 +/- 4.48 mg/kg). Distribution analysis in US women aged 20 to 45 years indicated 2 populations; 93% of women had body iron stores averaging 5.5 +/- 3.35 mg/kg (mean +/- 1 SD), whereas the remaining 7% of women had a mean tissue iron deficit of 3.87 +/- 3.23 mg/kg. Calculations of body iron in trials of iron supplementation in Jamaica and iron fortification in Vietnam demonstrated that the method can be used to calculate absorption of the added iron. Quantitative estimates of body iron greatly enhance the evaluation of iron status and the sensitivity of iron intervention trials in populations in which inflammation is uncommon or has been excluded by laboratory screening. The method is useful clinically for monitoring iron status in those who are highly susceptible to iron deficiency.