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INTRODUCTION: Digital textbooks (DTs), in which students read dozens of paragraph clips and systematise their level of knowledge through new questions, can be an alternative for digital natives to consider. Developing DTs is required when teaching digital natives at undergraduate nursing schools. A scoping review is required to understand the current status of DTs in nursing education. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The preliminary search has been conducted to check whether the results produced by PubMed (NCBI) were published in English within 10 years and related to DTs. This study includes research targeting undergraduate nursing students. Literature will be further searched using Embase (Elsevier), Cochrane Library and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) databases. This scoping review will also consider quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research methods, texts and opinion documents; review studies; and pilot tests. The chosen studies will first be extracted based on the scoping review data extraction section of Joanna Briggs Institute to identify their general characteristics. DTs will be analysed based on the e-textbook framework: information goods, technology and stakeholders. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Institutional Review Board of Nambu University, South Korea, approved this study for review exemption (approval number: 1041478-2022-HR-009). The results of this study will be disseminated through research results to nursing education institutions and hospitals. OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/QS6WH.
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Bacharelado em Enfermagem , Livros de Texto como Assunto , Humanos , Bacharelado em Enfermagem/métodos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Literatura de Revisão como AssuntoRESUMO
AIM: Our aim was to conduct a thorough comparison between the hand hygiene information included in international nursing textbooks and the Slovenian nursing textbook's equivalent content as it relates to nursing procedures. BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene practices are crucial in preventing healthcare-associated infections, which affect millions of patients annually. The idea behind "Five Moments for Hand Hygiene" is to encourage assessing success and boosting self-efficacy. DESIGN: Comparison of hand hygiene content in international nursing textbooks with the content in a Slovenian nursing textbook. METHODS: A study was conducted between March 2023 and March 2024 to compare hand hygiene content in international nursing textbooks. The study included textbooks from the USA and UK, as well as Slovenian (SI) textbooks. The final phase involved comparing hand hygiene performance practices against the WHO Five Moments for Hand Hygiene. RESULTS: The study reviewed 470 nursing procedures across three textbooks, identifying four common ones: female indwelling urinary catheterisation, small-bore feeding tube insertion, enema administration and subcutaneous injections. The USA textbook had the highest number of steps, while the UK textbook had the lowest. Clean protective gloves are not recommended for all nursing procedures, only for small-bore feeding tube insertion and enema administration. The US textbook omitted 12 steps for the female indwelling urinary catheter procedure, while the UK textbook included 10 steps. The SI textbook omitted 8 steps. CONCLUSIONS: Hand hygiene is crucial for healthcare infections prevention and control. The study found differences in the frequency of hand hygiene in these nursing procedures. WHO's Five Moments for Hand Hygiene guidelines are not universally accepted, with inadequate hygiene often observed before patient contact. Future research should review foreign textbooks and update existing ones.
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Infecção Hospitalar , Higiene das Mãos , Livros de Texto como Assunto , Humanos , Higiene das Mãos/normas , Reino Unido , Eslovênia , Estados Unidos , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Controle de Infecções/normas , Controle de Infecções/métodosRESUMO
By extracting the acupoint names and their main indications from cases in Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy and Practical Acupuncture and Moxibustion, the acupoints and their main indications are represented in a reduced dimension, establishing an "acupoint-indication" linkage. Using complex network detection results (node degree values), the specificity of acupoints was assessed. The small-world characteristics of the "acupoint-indication" network are utilized to analyze the consistency of acupoint selection in acupuncture prescriptions and strategies to avoid redundant acupoints. The results show that the "acupoint-indication" network formed by both texts exhibited an approximate "long-tail" distribution, with a large number of node degree values concentrated between 0 and 4 000, while a few nodes have degree values exceeding 10 000. There are significant differences in the number and distribution of nodes with degree values> 10 000 between the two texts. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy includes 11 acupoints with multiple edges across the body, whereas Practical Acupuncture and Moxibustion contains only 2 such acupoints, located in the lower limbs. Clinically, some acupoints have a broad therapeutic effect and appear in numerous prescriptions. The division of acupoints based on node degree values can coarsely evaluate the body region specificity of acupoints' regulatory effects. The "acupoint-indication" network of Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy has a higher number of edges than that of Practical Acupuncture and Moxibustion, which might be related to the different historical contexts of the two texts. In the future, diagnostic and therapeutic patterns with historical continuity can be utilized to optimize acupuncture prescriptions.
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Pontos de Acupuntura , Terapia por Acupuntura , Moxibustão , Humanos , China , Moxibustão/métodos , Livros de Texto como AssuntoRESUMO
Previous research suggests that underrepresentation in medical curricula perpetuates inequities in healthcare. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence of human phenotypic diversity (e.g., skin tone, sex, body size, and age) across 11 commonly used anatomy atlases and textbooks in pre-clerkship medical education, published from 2015 to 2020. A systematic visual content analysis was conducted on 5001 images in which at least one phenotypic attribute was quantifiable. Anatomy images most prevalently portrayed light skin tones, males, persons with intermediate body sizes, and young to middle-aged adults. Of the 3883 images in which there was a codable skin tone, 81.2% (n = 3154) depicted light, 14.3% (n = 554) depicted intermediate, and 4.5% (n = 175) depicted dark skin tones. Of the 2384 images that could be categorized into a sex binary, 38.4% (n = 915) depicted females and 61.6% (n = 1469) depicted males. A male bias persisted across all whole-body and regional-body images, including those showing sex organs or those showing characteristics commonly associated with a specific sex (e.g. for males, facial hair and/or muscle hypertrophy). Within sex-specific contexts, darker skin was underrepresented, but male depictions displayed greater overall skin tone variation. Although most images could not be assigned to a body size or age category, when codable, these images overwhelmingly depicted adults (85.0%; 482 of 567) with smaller (34.7%; 93 of 268) or intermediate (64.6%; 173 of 268) body sizes. Ultimately, these outcomes provide reference metrics for monitoring ongoing and future efforts to address representation inequalities portrayed in anatomical imagery.
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Anatomia , Livros de Texto como Assunto , Humanos , Masculino , Anatomia/educação , Feminino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Atlas como Assunto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pigmentação da Pele , Currículo , Adolescente , Anatomia ArtísticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) step 1 is one of the two examinations written after completion of the first two years (basic science stage) of medical school to be eligible to apply for residency training in the USA. A huge number and types of study materials are available to prepare for the exam which might confuse students choosing a resource. We investigated learning resources being used by the third and fifth-semester medical students and their association with academic performance. We also compared learning resources and exam scores of high-performing and low-performing students. METHODS: Data collection was done using structured (quantitative study) and semi-structured (qualitative study) questionnaires during a face-to-face interview. This article is about the quantitative part which was designed as a correlational study. Single factor one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation coefficient test, T-test, and Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: About half of all students used three or more commercial resources dealing with the same content. A weak negative correlation was observed between the number of commercial resources and the exam scores, especially when the number of these resources was three or more (r = -0.26). The mean exam score of textbook users was statistically significantly higher than the mean score of textbook non-users (p = 0.01). The usage of textbooks was statistically significantly higher in the cohort of top performers in comparison to the rest of the students (p = 0.006). In addition to less usage of textbooks, the mean number of review books was higher in the group of weakest students (2.84 versus 3.7; p = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: Most students did not use professional textbooks and about half used too many commercial review resources. While the former fact was significantly associated with poor academic performance, the later fact had weak negative correlation with exam score. Pedagogical interventions are urgently needed to make the right type of learning resources available by making professional textbooks more USMLE-oriented and helping the students choose the best and right number of resources for optimum academic performance. By fulfilling the observed needs of the students in this way, they might feel empowered because of self-determination which will motivate studies.
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Desempenho Acadêmico , Estudantes de Medicina , Humanos , Estudantes de Medicina/psicologia , Avaliação Educacional , Educação de Graduação em Medicina , Masculino , Feminino , Estados Unidos , Aprendizagem , Inquéritos e Questionários , Livros de Texto como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) textbook serves as a comprehensive resource for bariatric surgery, covering recent advancements and clinical questions. Testing artificial intelligence (AI) engines using this authoritative source ensures accurate and up-to-date information and provides insight in its potential implications for surgical education and training. OBJECTIVES: To determine the quality and to compare different large language models' (LLMs) ability to respond to textbook questions relating to bariatric surgery. SETTING: Remote. METHODS: Prompts to be entered into the LLMs were multiple-choice questions found in "The ASMBS Textbook of Bariatric Surgery, second Edition. The prompts were queried into 3 LLMs: OpenAI's ChatGPT-4, Microsoft's Bing, and Google's Bard. The generated responses were assessed based on overall accuracy, the number of correct answers according to subject matter, and the number of correct answers based on question type. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the number of responses per LLMs per category that were correct. RESULTS: Two hundred questions were used to query the AI models. There was an overall significant difference in the accuracy of answers, with an accuracy of 83.0% for ChatGPT-4, followed by Bard (76.0%) and Bing (65.0%). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant difference between the models' performance in question categories, with ChatGPT-4's demonstrating the highest proportion of correct answers in questions related to treatment and surgical procedures (83.1%) and complications (91.7%). There was also a significant difference between the performance in different question types, with ChatGPT-4 showing superior performance in inclusionary questions. Bard and Bing were unable to answer certain questions whereas ChatGPT-4 left no questions unanswered. CONCLUSIONS: LLMs, particularly ChatGPT-4, demonstrated promising accuracy when answering clinical questions related to bariatric surgery. Continued AI advancements and research is required to elucidate the potential applications of LLMs in training and education.
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Inteligência Artificial , Cirurgia Bariátrica , Cirurgia Bariátrica/educação , Humanos , Livros de Texto como Assunto , Estados Unidos , Sociedades Médicas , Competência ClínicaRESUMO
For several decades, reserpine was used to treat hypertension and, to a limited extent, psychoses. Over time, however, the indication became more and more restricted to the point of obsolescence. This study examines the extent to which textbooks are up to date in their content and oriented towards therapeutic guidelines, using the obsolete drug reserpine as a paradigm. Three German pharmacology textbook series were examined for the coverage of reserpine from 1964-2023: Allgemeine und Spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Aktories), Allgemeine und Spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Karow) and Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Lüllmann). We compared the textbook content with data on reserpine prescriptions and hypertension guidelines and analysed the relevance of reserpine in examinations using German federal exam questions by the Institute for medical and pharmaceutical exam questions (IMPP). The textbooks differ conceptually from each other. The indication of reserpine for hypertension has become more restricted over time in all three textbooks, yet they partially show discrepancies with hypertension guidelines. The reserpine prescription figures show a strong decline , and reserpine has not been queried by the IMPP, which underlines the obsolescence of the drug. Overall, our study shows that the presentation of a representative obsolete drug in pharmacology textbooks lags current medical practice. We also unmasked more differences in the presentation of an obsolete drug in standard textbooks than anticipated. In conclusion, the analysis of obsolete drugs in pharmacology textbooks is an informative way of assessing how up-to-date they are.
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Reserpina , Livros de Texto como Assunto , Reserpina/farmacologia , Humanos , Alemanha , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacologia/educação , IdiomaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze and quantify the representation of dark skin tones (DST) images/graphics across fifteen foundational and clinical nursing textbooks to understand the degree of portrayed diversity in current nursing texts. BACKGROUND: The United States (U.S.) population is becoming more ethnically and racially diverse. There is a scarcity of nursing literature, studies, and educational materials on the assessment and early recognition of common skin assessment in patients with dark skin tones (DST). The underrepresentation of people with DST images in didactic material suggests that omissions of these images in educational resources may introduce bias in health care provider education and practice. METHODS: Fifteen popular foundational and clinical nursing textbooks were selected and analyzed. All the photo images and drawn graphics in these textbooks were coded according to Fitzpatrick's skin phototype (FSP) scale, which categorizes skin tone as (a) "Light" or Fitzpatrick scale I or II, (b) "Medium" or Fitzpatrick scale III or IV, and (c) "Dark" or Fitzpatrick scale V or VI. The training was provided for data collectors before analysis to ascertain good inter-rater reliability (Cohen's kappa = 0.960 for light skin tone, Cohen's kappa = 0.899 for medium skin tone, and Cohen's kappa = 0.913 for dark skin tone). RESULTS: Analysis of 14,192 photo images and drawn graphics depicting skin tone was completed across 15 foundational and clinical nursing textbooks. 12.3 % of photo images and 2.4 % of drawn graphics depicted dark skin tones, compared to 60.9 % of photo images and 82.8 % of drawn graphics that displayed light skin tones in these textbooks. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing textbooks overrepresent light skin tones and underrepresent dark skin tones. While the approximate racial distribution of the U.S. population is 59.3 % non-Hispanic-White, 13.6 % Black/African American, and 26.6 % Person of Color, the images and graphics of skin tones represented 68 % light, 15 % medium, and 9.4 % dark. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: All healthcare providers are expected and required to deliver competent clinical care to an increasingly diverse population. For teaching-learning, more visual representations of DST and comparative images between what to expect in dark, medium, and light skin tones can help improve knowledge deficits and increase health equity.
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Diversidade Cultural , Educação em Enfermagem , Dermatopatias , Pigmentação da Pele , Livros de Texto como Assunto , Humanos , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estados Unidos , Livros de Texto como Assunto/normas , Dermatopatias/diagnóstico , Dermatopatias/etnologia , Dermatopatias/enfermagem , Educação em Enfermagem/normas , BrancosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antaki, known as the Avicenna of his time, was an Ottoman physician and scholar who wrote medical texts in Arabic in the 16th century. He was taught by an Iranian medical scholar, Muhammad Sharif, in the fields of logic, physical sciences, Greek, and medicine. After leaving Antioch, he traveled to Lebanon and then to Damascus, where he began writing his work, Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab. Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antaki settled in Egypt, where he taught at the Zahiriyya Madrasa and practiced medicine before dying in Mecca in 1599. Here, we examined al-Antaki's writings on kidney and bladder diseases in his work Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We translated sections on kidney and bladder diseases into English and compared Ilter Uzel's copy of Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan with a printed copy. We compared the relevant sections of Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan with the relevant sections of other important works of al-Antaki, al-Nuzhat al-mubhija fi tashhidh al-adhhan wa ta'dil al-amzija, and Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab. The similarities and differences between these works were revealed. RESULTS: Kidney and bladder diseases are briefly discussed in Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan under the headings "amrad al-kula wa l-mathana," "al-hisa," and "harqan al-bawl wa taqtiruhu." CONCLUSIONS: Issues concerning kidney and bladder diseases are addressed more briefly in Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan than in al-Nuzhat al-mubhija fi tashhidh al-adhhan wa ta'dil al-amzija. Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab consists solely of kidney and bladder stones. When these works are combined, the information in them complements each other.