[Gallnut and its identification as a herb in traditional Chinese medicine].

Gallnut (Mo Shi Zi), as one of the herbs popularly used in traditional Chinese medicine, came into China from Persia in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Gallnut was translated into different names from Persian into Chinese. This study attempted to identify its names, sources and nature by starting with Mo Shi Zi () and comparing with its relevant names Mo Shi Zi(),Ba Lv Zi () and Wu Bei Zi (). It was found that'', meaning black, in Mo Shi Zi () did not make sense because it neither matched the pronunciation in translation nor interpreted the medical meaning of Mo Shi Zi (). Mo Shi Zi () and Ba Lv Zi() were the same herb in traditional Chinese medicine. In Greek and Arabic classic books, Bullut referred to oak groups and their galls, but not Ba Lv Zi (). Ba Lv Zi () in these books referred to Omphacitis. Mo Shi Zi () referred to insect galls in the family of Quercus infectoriain Xi Yao Da Cheng, a book from overseas, and Wu Bei Zi ()appeared in the annotated text of Mo Shi Zi () as a similar herb. It was found that in traditional Chinese medicine, Mo Shi Zi () and Wu Bei Zi( ) were two different herbs, but could be interchanged in their medical nature.

[Miao Zunyi - his life, writings and students].

Miao Zunyi was an influential physician in the mid-Qing Dynasty. He was self-taught as he read a great amount of prescription books of traditional Chinese medicine. He was proficient in medical theories but flexible in treatment. It was recorded in Draft of Qing History that Miao Zunyi, Ye Tianshi and Xue Shengbai were named as "the three schools of Wuzhong". He began to write books in his later years. He wrote prefaces to Pulse Causes, Syndrome and Treatment (Mai Yin Zheng Zhi) and Wu Yi Hui Jiang. His existing works include Treatise on Febrile Disease (Shang Han Ji Zhu), Wen Re Lang Zhao, Song Xin Notes and Song Xin Medical Cases. Miao's Medical Cases and Song Xin Tang Yi An Jing Yan Chao. He had many remarkable students, such like Huang Tang, Guan Ding, Miao Song, and Shen Nianzu.

[An historical study of Hua Tuo Temples in Henan province].

Hua Tuo was a medical figure renowned for his legendary magic medical skills in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He has been honored in history by temples or shrines built in memory of him. Based on the local records and historical books in Henan Province, Hua Tuo temples and shrines in this area were examined. A total of twelve temples or shrines were built in nine counties or cities in Henan province. They were mainly distributed in the counties of Shangqiu, Zhoukou and Xinyang along the Huai River, and were close to the hometown of Hua Tuo. Most of them were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They were named as Huatuo Temple, Medical Ancestor Huatuo Temple, Medical Ancestor Hua Gong Temple, Hua Zu Temple and Divine Doctor Huatuo Ancestral Temple.

[Yin Chan Quan Shu, the Obstetrics and Gynecology Monograph by Wang Kentang].

Yin Chan Quan Shu (Obstetrics and gynecology monograph) is a monograph on obstetrics and gynecology compiled by Wang Kentang in the Ming Dynasty. It had four volumes and was published in the thirtieth year of Wanli (1602) in the Ming Dynasty after it was edited by Zhang Shoukong and others. It was found that Yin Chan Quan Shu has four versions remaining. They were the version printed by Shu Lin Qiao Shan Tang in the Ming Dynasty, held in the National Library of China and the Cabinet Library of Japanese Official Documents Library; the version revised according to the version of Shu Lin Qiao Shan Tang, held in the Library of Capital Medical University, Tianjin Medical College, Shanghai Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, the Library of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and the Cabinet Library of the National Archives of Japan; the version based on the version of Shu Lin Qiao Shan Tang in the Ming Dynasty, transcribed in the fourth year of Wen Hua (1807), collected in the Cabinet Library of the National Archives of Japan; the version transcribed according to the revised version in the Ming Dynasty, collected in the Shanghai Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. It was found that there was no evidence to support the existence of the so-called "version of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty". This means almost all versions remaining came from the versions published in the Ming Dynasty. The references of Yin Chan Quan Shu came from Pulse Classic (Mai Jing), Chan Bao, Fu Ren Da Quan Liang Fang and other works with the supplement and development by Wang Kentang.Yin Chan Quan Shu was the main sources and foundation of the Criteria of Syndrome Identification and Treatment in Gynecology (Nv Ke Zheng Zhi Zhun Sheng) by Wang Kentang.

2000 Years of Clinical Trials: The Evolution of Evidence-Based Practice.

ABSTRACT: Although the first documented clinical trial as described in the biblical book of Daniel dates to 606 BC, the prophet Daniel's nutrition study is contemporary in both approach and topic and could be considered the first comparative effectiveness research (CER) trial. This article summarizes the historical evolution of clinical trials and associated regulatory legislation. Ethical considerations foundational to nursing and evidence-based practice (EBP) in the 21st century are examined. Distinguishing features of CER, various study designs and checklists, and EBP are detailed. Biblical foundations for research and the Bible's relevance to modern research methods are discussed.

The book of Lambda does not tell us that naturally occurring lysogens of Escherichia coli are likely to be resistant as well as immune.

The most significant difference between bacteriophages functionally and ecologically is whether they are purely lytic (virulent) or temperate. Virulent phages can only be transmitted horizontally by infection, most commonly with the death of their hosts. Temperate phages can also be transmitted horizontally, but upon infection of susceptible bacteria, their genomes can be incorporated into that of their host's as a prophage and be transmitted vertically in the course of cell division by their lysogenic hosts. From what we know from studies with the temperate phage Lambda and other temperate phages, in laboratory culture, lysogenic bacteria are protected from killing by the phage coded for by their prophage by immunity; where upon infecting lysogens, the free temperate phage coded by their prophage is lost. Why are lysogens not only resistant but also immune to the phage coded by their prophage since immunity does not confer protection against virulent phages? To address this question, we used a mathematical model and performed experiments with temperate and virulent mutants of the phage Lambda in laboratory culture. Our models predict and experiments confirm that selection would favor the evolution of resistant and immune lysogens, particularly if the environment includes virulent phage that shares the same receptors as the temperate. To explore the validity and generality of this prediction, we examined 10 lysogenic Escherichia coli from natural populations. All 10 were capable of forming immune lysogens, but their original hosts were resistant to the phage coded by their prophage.

Assessing the association between an early and recommended number of focused antenatal care visits and the number of prenatal care content received before delivery in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Early and frequent antenatal care (ANC) has been linked to better pregnancy outcomes. This study assessed whether having at least four ANC contacts was associated with increased prenatal care content if the first visit was started in the first trimester in Ethiopia. METHODS: Data from the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey on 2894 women aged 15-49 who received ANC during their last pregnancy were analyzed. The sum of women's responses to six questions about ANC components (blood pressure taken, urine sample taken, blood sample taken, provided or bought iron tablet, counselling by a health worker on nutrition, and told about pregnancy complications) was used to construct a composite score of routine ANC components. The main predictor was a combination of the timing of the first contact and the number of ANC contacts before birth. RESULTS: We found that 28.7% of women who began ANC early made at least four ANC contacts. More than one-third (36%) received all six components, with blood pressure monitoring being the most common (90.4%). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, women who had at least four contacts and booked early were substantially more likely than their counterparts to get a factor-of-one increase in the number of components received (IRR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.10). CONCLUSION: We found a strong association between increased prenatal care content and early ANC with at least four contacts. However, less than a third of women in the study setting had at least four contacts, with the first occurring in the first trimester. In addition, less than half of women received essential prenatal care interventions before delivery. The findings suggest that the WHO's new guidelines for ANC frequency and timing may be challenging to implement in some countries, such as Ethiopia, that already have low coverage of four or more contacts. If the recommendations are adopted, effective strategies for increasing early starts and increasing contacts are required.

[A review of dialogic reading intervention in children with developmental language disorder]. / Revisión de la intervención mediante lectura dialógica en niños con trastornos del desarrollo del lenguaje.

INTRODUCTION: Dialogic reading is one of the most used and studied techniques within the frame of shared book reading activities between children and adults. The current review aims to analyze its effects in late talkers and children with developmental language disorder, that is, not associated to other condition. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out following PRISMA Statement guidelines. RESULTS: The investigations reviewed show advances in children's lexical, grammatical and pragmatic indicators of language functioning. Likewise, changes are observed in the language of adults who apply the intervention, both in the use of dialogic reading strategies and in the grammatical and suprasegmental features of the language addressed to children. DISCUSSION: The evidence about the effectivity of dialogic reading in late talkers and children with developmental language disorders is promising but has important limitations that are mainly related to the design, social validity and reliability of interventions. Other remarkable issues relate to the books or materials employed and the measures used to assess its effectiveness.

Introducción: La lectura dialógica es una de las técnicas más empleadas y estudiadas en el marco de las actividades de lectura compartida de libros entre niños y adultos. La presente revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo principal analizar sus efectos en el lenguaje de niños hablantes tardíos o con trastorno del desarrollo del lenguaje, no asociados a otra condición. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo las orientaciones del PRISMA Statement, mediante la consulta con diferentes bases de datos. Resultados: Las investigaciones revisadas muestran progresos en el lenguaje de los niños en indicadores léxicos, gramaticales y pragmáticos. También se observan cambios en el lenguaje de los adultos que aplican la intervención, tanto en el uso de las estrategias propias de la técnica como en las características gramaticales y suprasegmentales de su lenguaje. Discusión: La evidencia sobre la efectividad de la lectura dialógica en niños con trastornos del desarrollo lenguaje es prometedora pero presenta limitaciones importantes relativas, fundamentalmente, al diseño, la validez social y la fiabilidad de las intervenciones. Otras cuestiones destacables hacen referencia a los libros o materiales con los que se interactúa y a las medidas empleadas para valorar su efectividad.

A autora e os bichos: a vida íntima de Ulisses / La autora y los animales: la vida íntima de Ulisses / The author and the animals: the intimate life of Ulisses

RESUMO. O objetivo deste estudo teórico é problematizar a presença do cachorro Ulisses como alter ego de Clarice Lispector no livro infantil Quase de verdade (1978). Ulisses era também o cachorro da autora, mencionado por ela em diversas entrevistas e no livro Um sopro de vida (1999) em termos de sua humanidade, que o habilitaria a compreender Clarice de um modo particular e mais próximo, quase cúmplice. Essa humanidade se concretiza quando ele assume a narração em Quase de verdade, posicionando Clarice como sua intérprete. A relação com o bicho revela-se de modo simbiótico, recuperando tanto uma experiência mais instintiva da autora como permitindo a fruição das emoções presentes no animal, em um processo de complementaridade. Como vértices de um mesmo eu, discute-se em que medida Ulisses também funciona como um intérprete de Clarice, propondo a ela uma experiência concreta de viver que ultrapassaria a construção de uma inteligibilidade racional. A dimensão do viver, sensorial e corpóreo, desse modo, apresenta-se como superior à atividade compreensiva, aproximando Clarice do universo íntimo, básico e igualmente selvagem tão bem vivido e corporificado por Ulisses, capitaneado à posição de um alter ego puro capaz de ensiná-la a viver com a sua própria animalidade.

RESUMEN. El objetivo de este estudio teórico es problematizar la presencia del perro Ulisses como el alter ego de Clarice Lispector en el libro para niños Quase de verdade (1978). Ulisses también era el perro del autor, mencionado por ella en varias entrevistas y en el libro Um sopro de vida (1999) en términos de su humanidad, lo que le permitiría comprender a Clarice de una manera particular y más cercana, casi cómplice. Esta humanidad se materializa cuando asume la narración en Quase de verdade, posicionando a Clarice como su intérprete. La relación con el animal es simbiótica, recuperando una experiencia más instintiva del autor y permitiendo el disfrute de las emociones presentes en el animal, en un proceso de complementariedad. Como vértices del mismo yo, se discute en qué medida Ulisses también funciona como intérprete de Clarice, proponiéndole una experiencia concreta de vida que iría más allá de la construcción de la inteligibilidad racional. La dimensión de la vida sensorial y corpórea se presenta así como superior a la actividad integral, acercando a Clarice al universo íntimo, básico e igualmente salvaje tan bien vivido y encarnado por Ulisses, capitaneado por la posición de un alter ego puro capaz de enseñar ella para vivir con su propia animalidad.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study is to problematize the presence of the dog Ulisses as alter ego of Clarice Lispector in the children's book Quase de verdade (1978). Ulisses was also the author's dog, mentioned by her in several interviews and in the book Um sopro de vida (1999) in terms of his humanity, that would enable him to understand Clarice in a particular and closer, almost accomplice way. This humanity materializes when he assumes the narration in Quase de verdade, positioning Clarice as his interpreter. The relationship with the animal is symbiotic, recovering a more instinctive experience of the author and allowing the enjoyment of emotions present in the animal, in a process of complementarity. As vertices of the same self, we discuss to what extent Ulisses also functions as an interpreter of Clarice, proposing to her a concrete experience of living that would go beyond the construction of rational intelligibility. The dimension of sensory and corporeal living thus presents itself as superior to comprehensive activity, bringing Clarice closer to the intimate, basic, and equally savage universe so well lived and embodied by Ulisses, captained by the position of a pure alter ego capable of teaching. her to live with her own animality.

Learning that cannot come from a book: An evaluation of an undergraduate alcohol and other drugs subject co-produced with experts by experience.

Alcohol and other drugs (AOD) use is a significant public health issue and is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Despite this, people who use drugs are often reluctant to seek care due to the lack of trauma-informed treatment and harm reduction treatment options, as well as experiences of stigma and discrimination in health services. Arguably, AOD education that is co-produced with people who use alcohol and drugs can enhance future health professionals' ability to practice in ways that support the needs of this population. This paper reports on a qualitative co-evaluation of a co-produced undergraduate nursing AOD subject. The AOD subject was co-planned, co-designed, co-delivered, and co-evaluated with experts by experience, who have a lived experience of substance dependence and work as advocates and peer workers. Following the delivery of the subject in 2021 and 2022, focus groups were undertaken with 12 nursing students. Focus group data indicate that the co-produced subject supported participants to understand and appreciate how stigma impacts on nursing care and how to recognize and undertake 'good' nursing care that was oriented to the needs of service users. Student participants noted that being co-taught by people who use drugs was particularly powerful for shifting their nursing perspectives on AOD use and nursing care and took learning beyond what could be understood from a book. Findings indicate that co-produced AOD education can shift nursing students' perceptions of AOD use by providing access to tacit knowledge and embodied equitable and collaborative relationships with people who use drugs.

Book Forum: An Introduction to the JAACAP Editorial Team.

Children's books are often our first window into the magic of the written word. As child and adolescent psychiatrists, these books not only lay a foundation for our own introduction into reading, but also are a tool used to connect with the youth and families we serve. We felt there was no better way to continue to introduce some of the new members of JAACAP's Editorial Board than through reading reviews of their favorite children's books. Featured are book reviews from the JAACAP Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editor, and new Deputy Editors. Next month we will highlight children's book reviews from members of JAACAPOpen's inaugural Editorial Board.

Rhazes' (865-925 CE) contribution to surgery in Liber Almansoris.

BACKGROUND: Surgery has deep historical roots. Rhazes (865-925 CE), a Persian physician, made a significant contribution to the development of medical sciences in the medieval era. Liber Almansoris is one of his significant works on medicine. This book is a medical textbook for medical students. It covers every aspect of the medical sciences. This article discusses Rhazes' contribution to surgery, based on Liber Almansoris. METHOD: This study examines Rhazes' contribution to surgery, based on his book, Liber Almansoris. RESULTS: Rhazes's Liber Almansoris contains a chapter (seventh chapter) on orthopedics, which includes surgical approaches. This chapter also describes surgical procedures for traumas and skull fractures. In other chapters, he also recommends surgical options for treating certain complications when discussing different treatment methods. DISCUSSION: Although Rhazes mentioned surgical procedures as a medical treatment method, he did not include a separate chapter on surgery. This strategy can be found in his other medical works, such as Liber Continens or Al-Hawi. It appears that Rhazes adheres to the Galenic (Greek) perspective on surgery. In this context, surgery is not an independent major but a method that a physician can employ as needed. It differs from an alternative approach in that era that adheres to ancient Persian perspectives, which identified surgery as a major like other medical sciences disciplines.

[The review of the book "The Clinic of Internal Diseases in the USSR. History in Persons" by V. I. Borodulin (with participation of E. N. Banzelyuk, M. V. Poddubny and A. V. Topolyansky)].

The review analyzes the fundamental work of V. I. Borodulin about the history of Internal Disease Clinic in the USSR, based on the biographies of more than fifty prominent Soviet therapeutists; the research is devoted to development of main Soviet therapeutic scientific schools and formation of new scientific and educational clinical disciplines in this field in 1920s-1970s, as well as difficulties and dynamic life of therapeutic elite in the USSR in that period.

Robert Fludd's Visual and Artisanal Episteme: A Case Study of Fludd's Interaction with His Engraver, His Printer-Publisher, and His Amanuenses.

Robert Fludd was a thinker full of contradictions. He is famous for his theosophical system and for his experimental chymical constructions as well as for his Galenic medical practices. Furthermore, Fludd had his works published in luxurious folio formats by the publisher Johann Theodor de Bry, and the spectacular etchings and many of the engravings in his books were executed by Matthäus Merian the Elder. Fludd's elaborate explanations of these images reveal him to be a natural philosopher who expressed his thoughts graphically. To what extent, however, were the ideas for the images, and the images in Fludd's books themselves, his own? A discussion of preserved textual and image sources suggests that Fludd can indeed be understood as a chymical thinker and practitioner who contributed to the visual and artisanal episteme of his time. This article demonstrates this interpretation by using both well-known sources and the recently rediscovered, lavishly illustrated, master copy, Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg Frankfurt am Main, MS lat. qu. 15, which served as a template for the section De technica microcosmi historia of Fludd's main work Utriusque cosmi historia.

Migraine, Words and Fiction. Book Review.

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