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1.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 21260, 2024 09 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39261551

RESUMO

In the present study, we developed and validated an experimental life support system (ELSS) designed to investigate coral reef associated bacterial communities. The microcosms in the ELSS consisted of coral reef sediment, synthetic seawater, and specimens of five benthic reef species. These included two hard corals Montipora digitata and Montipora capricornis, a soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum, a zoanthid Zoanthus sp., and a sponge Chondrilla sp.. Physicochemical parameters and bacterial communities in the ELSS were similar to those observed at shallow coral reef sites. Sediment bacterial evenness and higher taxonomic composition were more similar to natural-type communities at days 29 and 34 than at day 8 after transfer to the microcosms, suggesting microbial stabilization after an initial recovery period. Biotopes were compositionally distinct but shared a number of ASVs. At day 34, sediment specific ASVs were found in hosts and visa versa. Transplantation significantly altered the bacterial community composition of M. digitata and Chondrilla sp., suggesting microbial adaptation to altered environmental conditions. Altogether, our results support the suitability of the ELSS developed in this study as a model system to investigate coral reef associated bacterial communities using multi-factorial experiments.


Assuntos
Antozoários , Bactérias , Recifes de Corais , Microbiota , Animais , Antozoários/microbiologia , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiologia , Água do Mar/microbiologia
2.
Anaesthesiologie ; 73(9): 591-598, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39177687

RESUMO

Extracorporeal life support systems (ECLS) are life-sustaining measures for severe cardiovascular diseases, serving as bridging treatment either until cardiovascular function is restored or alternative treatment, such as heart transplantation or the implantation of permanent ventricular assist devices is performed. Given the insufficient evidence and frequent urgency of implantation without initial patient consent, the ethical challenges and psychological burden for patients, relatives and the interprofessional intensive care team are significant. As with any treatment, an appropriate therapeutic goal for ECLS treatment based on the indications and patient informed consent is mandatory. In order to integrate the necessary ethical considerations into everyday clinical practice, a structured algorithm for handling ECLS is proposed here, which takes ethical aspects into due account.


Assuntos
Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea , Humanos , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/ética , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/métodos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/ética , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida/ética , Consenso , Algoritmos
3.
Trends Biotechnol ; 42(7): 810-814, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38182440

RESUMO

Sustainably producing nutrients beyond Earth is one of the biggest technical challenges for future extended human space missions. Microorganisms such as microalgae and cyanobacteria can provide astronauts with nutrients, pharmaceuticals, pure oxygen, and bio-based polymers, making them an interesting resource for constructing a circular bioregenerative life support system in space.


Assuntos
Cianobactérias , Microalgas , Voo Espacial , Microalgas/metabolismo , Cianobactérias/metabolismo , Humanos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Astronautas
4.
Life Sci Space Res (Amst) ; 40: 176-185, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38245343

RESUMO

Space agencies are developing Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) in view of upcoming long-term crewed space missions. Most of these BLSS plan to include various crops to produce different types of foods, clean water, and O2 while capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. However, growing these plants will require the appropriate addition of nutrients in forms that are available. As shipping fertilizers from Earth would be too costly, it will be necessary to use waste-derived nutrients. Using the example of the MELiSSA (Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative) loop of the European Space Agency, this paper reviews what should be considered so that nutrients recycled from waste streams could be used by plants grown in a hydroponic system. Whereas substantial research has been conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from human urine, much work remains to be done on recovering nutrients from other liquid and solid organic waste. It is essential to continue to study ways to efficiently remove sodium and chloride from urine and other organic waste to prevent the spread of these elements to the rest of the MELiSSA loop. A full nitrogen balance at habitat level will have to be achieved; on one hand, sufficient N2 will be needed to maintain atmospheric pressure at a proper level and on the other, enough mineral nitrogen will have to be provided to the plants to ensure biomass production. From a plant nutrition point of view, we will need to evaluate whether the flux of nutrients reaching the hydroponic system will enable the production of nutrient solutions able to sustain a wide variety of crops. We will also have to assess the nutrient use efficiency of these crops and how that efficiency might be increased. Techniques and sensors will have to be developed to grow the plants, considering low levels or the total absence of gravity, the limited volume available to plant growth systems, variations in plant needs, the recycling of nutrient solutions, and eventually the ultimate disposal of waste that can no longer be used.


Assuntos
Sistemas Ecológicos Fechados , Humanos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Nutrientes , Produtos Agrícolas , Nitrogênio
5.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 410, 2024 01 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38172193

RESUMO

Understanding the response of plants to varied gravitational conditions is vital for developing effective food production in space bioregenerative life support systems. This study examines the impact of altered gravity conditions on the growth and morphological responses of Wolffia globosa (commonly known as "water lentils" or "duckweed"), assessing its potential as a space crop. Although an experiment testing the effect of simulated microgravity on Wolffia globosa has been previously conducted, for the first time, we investigated the effect of multiple gravity levels on the growth and morphological traits of Wolffia globosa plants. The plant responses to simulated microgravity, simulated partial gravity (Moon), and hypergravity environments were evaluated using random positioning machines and the large-diameter centrifuge. As hypothesized, we observed a slight reaction to different gravitational levels in the growth and morphological traits of Wolffia globosa. The relative growth rates (RGR) of plants subjected to simulated microgravity and partial gravity were reduced when compared to those in other gravity levels. The morphological analysis revealed differences in plant dimensions and frond length-to-width ratios under diverse gravity conditions. Our findings showed that Wolffia globosa is responsive to gravitational changes, with its growth and morphological adaptations being slightly influenced by varying gravitational environments. As for other crop species, growth was reduced by the microgravity conditions; however, RGR remained substantial at 0.33 a day. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of Wolffia globosa as a space crop and its adaptability to diverse gravitational conditions, contributing to the development of sustainable food production and bioregenerative life support systems for future space exploration missions.


Assuntos
Gravidade Alterada , Voo Espacial , Ausência de Peso , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Plantas , Agricultura
6.
PLoS One ; 18(12): e0290659, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38127930

RESUMO

A liquid-based perinatal life support system (PLS) for extremely premature infants (born before 28 week of gestational age) envisions a connection between the infant's native umbilical cord and an artificial placenta system through cannulation. This system mimics a natural mothers' womb to achieve better organ maturations. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the clinical focus points of umbilical cord cannulation and how cannulation should be addressed in extremely premature infants during the transfer from the uterus to an in-utero simulating liquid-based PLS system. We performed an explorative qualitative study. Twelve medical specialists with knowledge of vessel cannulation participated. We collected data through twelve interviews and two focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using inductive content and constant comparison analysis via open and axial coding. Results were derived on the following topics: (1) cannulation technique, (2) cannula fixation, (3) local and systemic anticoagulation, and (4) vasospasm. A side-entry technique is preferred as this may decrease wall damage, stabilizes the vessel better and ensures continuous blood flow. Sutures, especially via an automatic microsurgery instrument, are favored above glue, stents, or balloons as these may be firmer and faster. Medication possibilities for both vasospasm and anticoagulation should function locally since there were uncertainties regarding the systemic effects. According to the findings of this research, the needed umbilical cord cannulation method should include minimal wall damage, improved vascular stability, blood flow maintenance, a strong fixation connection, and local anticoagulation effect.


Assuntos
Lactente Extremamente Prematuro , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Cordão Umbilical , Cateterismo , Útero , Anticoagulantes
7.
Bioresour Technol ; 386: 129517, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37468015

RESUMO

The treatment and reuse of hygiene wastewater is crucial to "close the loop" in the controlled ecological life support system (CELSS), and to guarantee longer space missions or planetary habitation. In this work, anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) was applied for hygiene wastewater treatment, focused on surfactant degradation and microbial community succession. The removal efficiency of COD and surfactants was 90%∼97% and 80% with a urine source-separation strategy. The microbial community gradually shifted from methanogens to sulfur-metabolizing and surfactant-degradation bacteria, such as Aeromonas. Sulfate was a surfactant degradation product, which triggered sulfate reduction and methane inhibition. The activated carbohydrate and sulfur metabolism were the key mechanism of the microbial process for the excellent performance of AnMBR. This study analyzed the degradation mechanism from the perspective of microbial mechanism, offers a solution for CELSS hygiene wastewater treatment, and supports the future improvement and refinement of AnMBR technology.


Assuntos
Microbiota , Purificação da Água , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Anaerobiose , Tensoativos , Higiene , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Metano , Sulfatos , Membranas Artificiais , Esgotos
8.
J Obstet Gynaecol Res ; 49(9): 2252-2266, 2023 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37381694

RESUMO

Here, we aimed to provide an overview of Japan Council for the Implementation of the Maternal Emergency Life-Saving System (J-CIMELS) and its simulation program, which has reduced maternal mortality due to direct causes in Japan. The Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (JAOG), Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and Maternal Death Exploratory Committee (JMDEC) launched the Maternal Death Reporting Project in 2010. The project analyzed obstetricians' tendency to delay their initial response to sudden maternal deterioration. Obstetricians can predict small changes before deterioration by monitoring vital signs. In 2015, the J-CIMELS was established to provide practical education. J-CIMELS developed a simulation program (J-MELS; Japan Maternal Emergency Life Support) to ensure that the obstetricians acquire the latest knowledge of emergency physicians, anesthesiologists, and other general practitioners and apply it in clinical situations. In the last 7 years, the J-MELS basic course has been conducted 1000 times with a total attendance of 19 890 people. As a result, the incidence of obstetric hemorrhage progressively decreased from 29% in 2010 to 7% in 2020. We believe that the activities of J-CIMELS are improving obstetric care providers' medical practices in Japan.


Assuntos
Morte Materna , Complicações na Gravidez , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Morte Materna/prevenção & controle , Japão/epidemiologia , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Mortalidade Materna
10.
JAMA Pediatr ; 177(6): 557-558, 2023 06 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37067812

RESUMO

This Viewpoint discusses ethical issues surrounding the use of artificial womb technology for extremely premature infants.


Assuntos
Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Humanos , Recém-Nascido
11.
Life Sci Space Res (Amst) ; 36: 8-17, 2023 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36682833

RESUMO

Space exploration beyond the Low Earth Orbit requires the establishment of Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs), which, through bioprocesses for primary resource recycling, ensure crew survival. However, the introduction of new organisms in confined space habitats must be carefully evaluated in advance to avoid unforeseen events that could compromise the mission. In this work, we have designed and built an experimental chamber, named Growing/Rearing Module (GRM), completely isolated and equipped with micro-environmental monitoring and control systems. This unit is specially intended for the study of single bioprocesses, which can be composed to design functional BLSSs. GRM can be implemented with specific devices for the biological system under study and the control of environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, lighting and if required, pressure of gaseous components. GRM was validated in experiments of both microgreen cultivation, as a source of fresh food for astronauts, and rearing of the decomposer insect Hermetia illucens for bioconversion of organic waste. During the study of each bioprocess, the environmental and biological data were recorded, allowing to make preliminary assessments of the system efficiency. The GRM, as a completely confined environment, represents the first self-consistent unit that allows to fine-tune the optimal parameters for the operability of different bioprocesses. Furthermore, the upgradability according to the mission needs and the functional integrability of modules differently equipped are the keys to GRM versatility, representing a valuable tool for BLSSs' design.


Assuntos
Sistemas Ecológicos Fechados , Voo Espacial , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Planeta Terra , Iluminação
12.
Life Sci Space Res (Amst) ; 36: 86-89, 2023 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36682834

RESUMO

The Moon and Mars Base Analog (MaMBA) is a concept for an extraterrestrial habitat developed at the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) in Bremen, Germany. The long-term goal of the associated project is to create a technologically functioning prototype for a base on the Moon and on Mars. One key aspect of developing such a prototype base is the integration of a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) and its testing under realistic conditions. A long-duration mission to Mars, in particular, will require BLSS with a reliability that can hardly be reached without extensive testing, starting well in advance of the mission. Standards exist for comparing the capabilities of various BLSS, which strongly focus on technological aspects. These, we argue, should be complemented with the use of facilities that enable investigations and optimization of BLSS prototypes with regard to their requirements on logistics, training, recovery from failure and contamination, and other constraints imposed when humans are in the loop. Such facilities, however, are lacking. The purpose of this paper is to present the MaMBA facility and its potential usages that may help close this gap. We describe how a BLSS (or parts of a BLSS) can be integrated into the current existing mock-up at the ZARM for relatively low-cost investigations of human factors affecting the BLSS. The MaMBA facility is available through collaborations as a test platform for characterizing, benchmarking, and testing BLSS under nominal and off-nominal conditions.


Assuntos
Dendroaspis , Sistemas Ecológicos Fechados , Marte , Voo Espacial , Animais , Humanos , Lua , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
13.
Life Sci Space Res (Amst) ; 33: 1-6, 2022 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35491024

RESUMO

To calculate the equivalent system mass of mushrooms, a conceptual configuration of a mushroom farm as part of a bioregenerative life support system on an inhabited lunar base was designed. The mushroom farm consists of two connected modules. Each module is a double-shell rigid pipe-in-pipe aluminum structure. The first module is used to prepare and sterilize the substrate, while the mushrooms are sown and grown in the second module. Planned productivity of the mushroom farm is 28 kg of fresh mushrooms per one process cycle lasting 66 days for 14 consumers. Mushroom production can be increased using additional modules. The calculated equivalent system masses of the mushroom farm and the mushrooms produced therein is 88,432 kg and 31,550 kg per 1 kg of dry mushrooms in one process cycle, respectively. At that, the biggest contributor to the equivalent system mass of mushrooms is the total pressurized volume of the farm - 68%. The results obtained may be a prerequisite for performing trade-off studies between different configurations of mushroom farm and calculating a space diet using the equivalent system mass of mushrooms.


Assuntos
Agaricales , Agaricales/química , Dieta , Fazendas , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Lua
14.
Microbiol Spectr ; 10(2): e0025422, 2022 04 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35254118

RESUMO

The long-term exposure to enclosed environments may lead to chronic stress in crewmembers and affect their physical and mental state. Salivary microbiome and biomarkers of immune function are increasingly used in human health research. The "Lunar Palace 365" project, which was a 370-day, multicrew, enclosed experiment carried out in a ground-based bioregenerative life support system platform named Lunar Palace 1 (LP1). We investigated the temporal dynamics of the salivary microbiota and cytokines in the third phase of the "Lunar Palace 365" experiment, including 1 month before entering LP1 and 1 month after leaving Lp1. Results reveal no regular temporal change pattern in these parameters (highly abundant phyla and genera) during the experiment. Although the crewmembers' oral microbiota temporally changed, it recovered quickly after the study subjects left the enclosed environment. The levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in crewmembers' saliva decreased after leaving the normal environment for the enclosed environment, indicating that their oral inflammatory response level was reduced. There were significant individual differences in crewmembers' salivary microbiota, however, the shared living space reduced these differences. Moreover, air microbiota might have also played a significant role in reducing the individual differences. In summary, the enclosed environment did not result in persistent changes in human salivary microbiota and oral immunity. This study provides some insights for studying the effect of enclosed controlled environments on human immunity and microbiome. IMPORTANCE Long-term exposure to space environments may influence the human microbiome, the human immune system, and the intricate balance between the two, causing impaired immunity and increased disease susceptibility. It was previously believed that the main potential factors of long-term spaceflight on human health were microgravity and radiation. However, the effects of long-term enclosed environments on human health were unclear. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) is a good experimental model for studying the effects of enclosed environments on human systemic microbiota and immune disorders. We monitored the microbiota and cytokines in the saliva of crewmembers before they entered BLSS, during their stay in BLSS, and after leaving BLSS. The results indicated long-term closed environment will not cause persistent changes in human salivary microbiota and immunity.


Assuntos
Microbiota , Voo Espacial , Citocinas , Humanos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Saliva
16.
Perfusion ; 37(3): 242-248, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33567967

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) patients are at risk for complications caused by gaseous microemboli (GME). GMEs can cause hypoxia, inflammation, coagulation, and end-organ damage. The objective of this in vitro study was to assess dynamics of GME formation during circulation of whole blood or a glycerol blood surrogate. We hypothesized that there is no difference in GME counts and sizes between whole blood and the glycerol blood surrogate and that the membrane lung reduces GME counts over time. METHODS: A circulation platform was developed using the Cardiohelp ECLS system to run either donor blood or glycerol solution. We conducted 10 repetitions consisting of three phases of ultrasound GME detection using the EDAC™ Quantifier (Luna Innovations, Charlottesville, VA, USA) for each group. Phases were 3-minute recordings at the initiation of 2 L/min flow (Phase 1), post-injection of a GME suspension (Phase 2), and 10 minutes after injection (Phase 3). The number and size of GME pre- and post-ML were recorded separately and binned based on diameter ranges. RESULTS: In Phase 1, GME count in blood was higher than in glycerol. In Phase 2, there was a large increase in GME counts; however, most GME were reduced post-membrane in both groups. In Phase 3, there was a significant decrease in GME counts compared to Phase 2. GME > 100 µm in glycerol decreased post membrane. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated GME formation and decay dynamics during in vitro circulation in an ECLS system with blood and glycerol. GME counts were higher in blood, likely due to varying rheological properties. There were decreases in GME levels post membrane in both groups after GME injection, with the membrane lung effectively trapping the GME, and additional reduction 10 minutes after GME injection.


Assuntos
Embolia Aérea , Circulação Extracorpórea , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea , Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Embolia Aérea/etiologia , Desenho de Equipamento , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/efeitos adversos , Gases , Glicerol , Humanos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida
17.
Anaesthesist ; 70(11): 942-950, 2021 11.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34665266

RESUMO

In Germany, a remarkable increase regarding the usage of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and extracorporeal life support (ECLS) systems has been observed in recent years with approximately 3000 ECLS/ECMO implantations annually since 2015. Despite the widespread use of ECLS/ECMO, evidence-based recommendations or guidelines are still lacking regarding indications, contraindications, limitations and management of ECMO/ECLS patients. Therefore in 2015, the German Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (GSTCVS) registered the multidisciplinary S3 guideline "Use of extracorporeal circulation (ECLS/ECMO) for cardiac and circulatory failure" to develop evidence-based recommendations for ECMO/ECLS systems according to the requirements of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF). Although the clinical application of ECMO/ECLS represents the main focus, the presented guideline also addresses structural and economic issues. Experts from 17 German, Austrian and Swiss scientific societies and a patients' organization, guided by the GSTCVS, completed the project in February 2021. In this report, we present a summary of the methodological concept and tables displaying the recommendations for each chapter of the guideline.


Assuntos
Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea , Choque , Circulação Extracorpórea , Alemanha , Humanos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida
18.
Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed ; 116(8): 678-686, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34665281

RESUMO

In Germany, a remarkable increase regarding the usage of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and extracorporeal life support (ECLS) systems has been observed in recent years with approximately 3000 ECLS/ECMO implantations annually since 2015. Despite the widespread use of ECLS/ECMO, evidence-based recommendations or guidelines are still lacking regarding indications, contraindications, limitations and management of ECMO/ECLS patients. Therefore in 2015, the German Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (GSTCVS) registered the multidisciplinary S3 guideline "Use of extracorporeal circulation (ECLS/ECMO) for cardiac and circulatory failure" to develop evidence-based recommendations for ECMO/ECLS systems according to the requirements of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF). Although the clinical application of ECMO/ECLS represents the main focus, the presented guideline also addresses structural and economic issues. Experts from 17 German, Austrian and Swiss scientific societies and a patients' organization, guided by the GSTCVS, completed the project in February 2021. In this report, we present a summary of the methodological concept and tables displaying the recommendations for each chapter of the guideline.


Assuntos
Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea , Choque , Circulação Extracorpórea , Alemanha , Humanos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida
19.
Life Sci Space Res (Amst) ; 31: 113-120, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34689943

RESUMO

To travel beyond the Earth and realize long-term survival in deep space, humans need to construct Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS), which reduces the requirement for supplies from the Earth by in situ regenerating oxygen, water and food needed by astronauts, and prevents pollution to extraterrestrial bodies by recycling waste. Since the 1960s, the USSR/Russia, the United States, Europe, Japan, and China carried out a number of studies with abundant achievements in BLSS systematic theories, plants/animals/microorganisms unit technologies, design/construction, and long-term operation/regulation. China's "Lunar Palace 365″ experiment realized Earth-based closed human survival for a year, with a material closure of >98%. However, a lot of research work is still needed to ultimately realize BLSS application in space, especially given the space experiment of BLSS never carried out, and the overall impact of space environment on BLSS unknown. Lunar exploration projects such as lunar village and lunar research station are successively proceeding. Therefore, future BLSS research will focus on lunar probe payload carrying experiments to study mechanisms of small uncrewed closed ecosystem in space and clarify the impact of space environmental conditions on the ecosystem, so as to correct the design and operation parameters of Earth-based BLSS. Such research will provide theoretical and technological support for BLSS application in crewed deep space exploration.


Assuntos
Sistemas Ecológicos Fechados , Voo Espacial , Animais , Astronautas , Ecossistema , Humanos , Sistemas de Manutenção da Vida , Estados Unidos
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