How to Respond to Misinformation From the Anti-Vaccine Movement.

Vaccines are doubtlessly one of the most crucial life-saving medical interventions to date. However, perplexingly, they court more public controversy than their objectively excellent safety profile warrants. While doubts about the safety of vaccines, as well as opposition to vaccine policies, can be traced back at least to the mid-19th century, the modern anti-vaccine movement has come in 3 distinct waves, or generations, each precipitating around distinct key events. Here, we describe the first 2 generations and trace the origins of an emerging third generation anti-vaccine movement. Currently, this third generation is an integral part of the larger anti-COVID movement and in this more libertarian environment propagates the idea of individualism superseding the responsibility for community health. We highlight the need for a better science education of the young, as well as the general public to further enhance overall science literacy and suggests strategies to achieve these goals.

Social Media and Vaccine Hesitancy: Help Us Move the Needle.

With more than 75% of parents and pediatric caregivers getting their health-related information online, reaching families on social media is a powerful way to leverage the trust built in the examination room to address vaccine hesitancy. This article first reviews the ways the antivaccine movement has leveraged social media to expand its considerable influence, and why social media companies have failed to reduce antivaccine misinformation and disinformation. Next, it reviews the barriers to adoption of social media-based communication by pediatric health-care providers and concludes with action-oriented items to increase the adoption of this powerful tool.

Propuesta de diagnóstico de enfermería: riesgo de negativa a la vacunación / Nursing diagnosis proposal: risk of vaccination refusal

Introducción: La vacunación es, en la actualidad, la mejor herramienta para la prevención de enfermedades en salud pública, evitándose, gracias a la misma, alrededor de entre 2 y 3 millones de defunciones anualmente. No obstante, los movimientos antivacunas y su crecimiento ponen en riesgo la salud de la comunidad, siendo Enfermería una de las piezas más importantes en la lucha frente a estos movimientos y a la desinformación.Objetivo: Elaborar una propuesta de diagnóstico enfermero que registre la susceptibilidad de aparición del rechazo a la vacunación.Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos (LILACS, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane y Scopus) para sustentar la propuesta de diagnóstico en la evidencia científica más reciente y con el más alto nivel de calidad.Resultados: Se propone la creación del diagnóstico “Riesgo de negativa a la vacunación”, cuya definición es “susceptible de rechazar la inmunización frente a enfermedades transmisibles y/o mortales, poniendo en riesgo la salud del usuario y la salud pública”.Discusión: Dentro de la Taxonomía II, este diagnóstico quedaría enmarcado en el Dominio 11, seguridad/protección, y a la clase 5, procesos defensivos.Conclusiones: Al no existir un diagnóstico de Enfermería relacionado con la vacunación, proceso en el que las enfermeras desempeñan un papel activo, y ante la amenaza que suponen los movimientos antivacunas, el diagnóstico Riesgo de negativa a la vacunación supone un importante avance en el cuerpo de conocimientos enfermero. (AU)

Introduction: Vaccination is, nowadays, the best tool for the prevention of diseases in public health, avoiding, thanks to it, around 2 to 3 million deaths annually. However, anti-vaccine movements and their growth put public health at risk, being Nursing one of the most important pieces in the fight against these groups and misinformation. Objective: To elaborate a diagnosis proposal that registers the susceptibility to the appearance of vaccination refusal. Methodology: A bibliographic search was carried out in different databases (LILACS, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus) to support the creation of the diagnosis on the most recent scientific evidence and with the highest level of quality. Results: We propose the creation of the diagnosis "Risk of refusal of vaccination", whose definition is "susceptible to refuse immunization against communicable and/or fatal diseases, putting the user's health and public health at risk". Discussion: within Taxonomy II, is included in Domain 11, safety/protection, and in class 5, defensive processes. Conclusions: In the absence of a Nursing diagnosis related to vaccination, a process in which nurses play an active role, and in the face of the threat posed by anti-vaccine movements, the diagnosis Risk of refusal of vaccination represents an important advance in the body of nursing knowledge. (AU)

Os efeitos da pandemia de covid-19 no discurso antivacinação infantil no Facebook / The effects of covid-19 pandemic on children's antivaccination discourse in Facebook / Los efectos de la pandemia de covid-19 sobre el discurso antivacunación infantil en Facebook

Este trabalho pretende analisar como o discurso antivacina sobre a covid-19 impactou o discurso sobre vacinação infantil no contexto da mídia social, a partir das estratégias e narrativas de legitimação construídas. Para isso, realizamos uma análise de mais de 260 mil publicações sobre vacinação infantil no Facebook (Meta) entre os anos de 2019 e 2022, com o objetivo de compreender: quais foram as estratégias discursivas utilizadas para legitimar o discurso antivacina e pró-vacina nesses anos; quais as principais narrativas construídas; e como a pandemia de covid-19 impactou nessa discussão. Os resultados indicam um crescimento e uma polarização do debate sobre vacinação infantil na mídia social, com a circulação de discursos desinformativos e conspiratórios. No contexto da pandemia, observamos que o discurso antivacina saiu da vacinação infantil contra a covid-19 e se espalhou para o debate sobre a vacinação infantil para outras doenças. Essas mudanças têm um impacto no discurso pró-vacina que se modifica para tentar responder ao movimento antivacinação.

This work intends to analyze how the anti-vaccination discourse on covid-19 impacted the discourse on childhood vaccination in the context of social media, based on the strategies and narratives of legitimation constructed. In order to do this, we carried out an analysis of more than 260 thousand publications about childhood vaccination on Facebook (Meta) between 2019 and 2022, focusing on understanding: what dis-cursive strategies were used to legitimize the anti-vaccine and pro-vaccine discourse during this period; what are the main narratives constructed; and how the covid-19 pandemic impacted this discussion. The results indicate a growth and polarization of the debate about childhood vaccination on social media, with the circulation of misinformative and conspiratorial discourses. In the context of the pandemic, we noted that the anti-vaccine discourse spread from childhood vaccination against covid-19 and started a debate on childhood vaccination for other diseases. These changes have an impact on the pro-vaccine discourse, that changes itself to try to respond to the anti-vaccination movement.

Este trabajo pretende analizar cómo el discurso antivacunas sobre la covid-19 impactó en el discurso sobre la vacunación infantil en el contexto de las redes sociales, a partir de las estrategias y narrativas de legiti-mación construidas. Para ello, realizamos un análisis de más de 260 mil publicaciones sobre vacunación infantil en Facebook (Meta) entre 2019 y 2022, con los objetivos de comprender qué estrategias discursivas se utilizaron para legitimar el discurso antivacunas y provacunas sobre los años; cuáles fueron las prin-cipales narrativas construidas; y cómo la pandemia de covid-19 impactó esta discusión. Los resultados indican un crecimiento y una polarización del debate sobre la vacunación infantil en las redes sociales, con la circulación de discursos desinformativos y conspirativos. En el contexto de la pandemia, observamos que el discurso antivacunas dejó la vacunación infantil contra el covid-19 y se extendió al debate sobre la vacunación infantil para otras enfermedades. Estos cambios tienen un impacto en el discurso provacunas, que cambia para responder al movimiento antivacunación.

Influence of online opinions and interactions on the Covid-19 vaccination in Chile.

We analyze 6 months of Twitter conversations related to the Chilean Covid-19 vaccination process, in order to understand the online forces that argue for or against it and suggest effective digital communication strategies. Using AI, we classify accounts into four categories that emerge from the data as a result of the type of language used. This classification naturally distinguishes pro- and anti-vaccine activists from moderates that promote or inhibit vaccination in discussions, which also play a key role that should be addressed by public policies. We find that all categories display relatively constant opinions, but that the number of tweeting accounts grows in each category during controversial periods. We also find that accounts disfavoring vaccination tend to appear in the periphery of the interaction network, which is consistent with Chile's high immunization levels. However, these are more active in addressing those favoring vaccination than vice-versa, revealing a potential communication problem even in a society where the antivaccine movement has no central role. Our results highlight the importance of social network analysis to understand public discussions and suggest online interventions that can help achieve successful immunization campaigns.

Guidelines for Dialogue: Denialist theories about COVID-19 and vaccines

The series Guidelines for Dialogue on COVID-19 Vaccination includes nine booklets in question-and-answer format for health personnel and vaccination teams fighting the disease on the front line, as well as for journalists and communicators in charge of the second essential front, that of information. The objective is to provide them with a simple, didactic and effective argument that facilitates the work of raising awareness of the importance of vaccines and simplifies the work of accompanying citizens in the process of making responsible decisions about health. To this end, these materials cover different topics, doubts and controversies about COVID-19, providing answers based on the most recent scientific evidence, in clear and accessible language, for use in health centers and in community vaccination campaigns. PAHO thus wishes to contribute to the effort that the Region of the Americas has undertaken against misinformation and the minority but counterproductive denialist theories that have become established in our societies and that, especially through the different forms of vaccine refusal, hinder the eradication of this pandemic. This guide presents scientific evidence on COVID-19 that dismantles the main rumors and conspiracy theories that hinder the work of health personnel in extending vaccination among the population. It also provides links to official sites where the above-mentioned data can be consulted.

Hesitant and anti-vaccination groups: A qualitative study on their perceptions and attitudes regarding vaccinations and their reluctance to participate in academic research- an example during a measles outbreak among a group of Jewish parents in Israel.

Background: Vaccination is widespread in Western countries and, overall, there is a high vaccination rate. However, immunization is still an enduring challenge. In recent years, the number of parents who choose to delay or refuse vaccines has risen. Objectives: (1) to identify the perceptions and attitudes of hesitant and anti-vaccination parents regarding vaccination in general, and vaccinating their children in particular and; (2) to describe the responses of potential participants to the request to participate in academic research regarding their perceptions and attitudes on the subject of vaccines. Methods: The research employs the qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological method using two research tools: (1) in-depth interviews with 7 hesitant and 11 anti-vaccination Jewish parents in Israel; and (2) the researchers' field notes from this study process, which describe the responses of 32 potential participants to the request to participate in this academic research. Results: The main findings indicate that while most of the interviewees admit to the efficacy of vaccines in preventing diseases, they oppose the way in which vaccines are promoted-based on providing partial information and disregarding parents' concerns and questions. Therefore, they demand transparency about the efficacy and safety of vaccines. The findings also point to a paradoxical finding. On the one hand, these groups claim that health organizations do not understand their position, referring to them as "science-deniers", even though they are not. On the other hand, these parents choose to refrain from participating in scientific studies and voicing their opinions, thereby perpetuating the situation of being misunderstood. Conclusion: Hesitant and anti-vaccination groups express mistrust in academic institutions and health organizations. Therefore, an effective dialogue that would include hesitant and anti-vaccination groups, the academy, and health organizations may contribute to a better understanding of the barriers that prevent these groups from getting vaccinated or vaccinating their children and promote public health.

Teorías negacionistas sobre la COVID-19 y las vacunas

La serie Guías para el diálogo sobre la vacunación contra la COVID-19 comprende nueve folletos en formato pregunta-respuesta destinados tanto al personal de salud y a los equipos de vacunación que combaten la enfermedad en primera línea como a los periodistas y comunicadores a cargo de ese segundo frente esencial que es el de la información. El objetivo es proporcionarles un argumentario sencillo, didáctico y eficaz que facilite la labor de sensibilización sobre la importancia de las vacunas y simplifique el trabajo de acompañamiento a la ciudadanía en el proceso de toma de decisiones responsables sobre la salud. Para ello, estos materiales recorren diferentes temáticas, dudas y controversias sobre la COVID-19, aportando respuestas basadas en la evidencia científica más reciente, en un lenguaje claro y accesible, para su utilización en los centros de salud y en las campañas de vacunación en las comunidades. La OPS quiere contribuir así al esfuerzo que la Región de las Américas ha emprendido contra la desinformación y las teorías negacionistas, minoritarias pero contraproducentes, que se han instalado en nuestras sociedades y que, sobre todo a través de las diferentes formas de rechazo a las vacunas, dificultan la erradicación de esta pandemia. Esta guía presenta evidencia científica sobre la COVID-19 que desmonta los principales rumores y teorías conspirativas que entorpecen la labor del personal de salud a la hora de extender la vacunación entre la población. Además, aporta enlaces a sitios oficiales en los que se pueden consultar los datos mencionados.

Resistencia de la población hacia la vacunación en época de epidemias: a propósito de la COVID-19

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. El presente artículo busca exponer los hallazgos de una revisión de la literatura sobre la resistencia de la población frente a las vacunas y las principales razones que han influido en sus decisiones hacia a la inmunoprevención, con foco en la pandemia de la COVID-19. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura utilizando los términos DeCs/MeSH, Anti-Vaccination Movement, Vaccination refusal, Epidemics, COVID-19, Impacts on health, relacionados entre ellos por los operadores booleanos OR y AND en Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs e Ibecs; también se tuvieron en cuenta documentos de fuentes oficiales. Resultados. A lo largo de la historia, desde el inicio de la vacunación, la percepción de las personas hacia este procedimiento ha sido controversial, hay quienes aceptan lo que las autoridades sanitarias recomiendan y quienes alegan intenciones ocultas detrás de la inmunización; la vacuna contra el SARS-CoV-2 causante de la COVID-19 no ha sido la excepción. Conclusiones. La vacunación ha sido uno de los mayores logros científicos en términos de salud pública, un avance que, a pesar de sus beneficios, ha causado miedo, incertidumbre y suspicacias en la población. Por esta razón, resulta importante incrementar las acciones de educación para la salud en la población, con infor- mación clara, concisa y comprensible, y sustentada en fuentes confiables y verídicas, con el fin de disminuir la resistencia a la vacunación y evitar las enfermedades prevenibles.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. This article presents the findings of a review of the literature on public resistance to vaccines and the main factors that have influenced their decisions about immunoprevention, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We searched the literature using the terms DeCs/MeSH, anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19, and impacts on health, using the Boolean operators OR and AND in Google Scholar, Medline, Lilacs, and Ibecs. Documents from official sources were also considered. Results. Throughout history, since vaccination began, people have had controversial perceptions of the pro- cedure: some accept what the health authorities recommend, and others allege hidden intentions behind immunization. The COVID-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 has been no exception. Conclusions. Vaccination has been one of the greatest scientific achievements in public health. However, despite its benefits, it has raised fear, uncertainty, and suspicion in the population. For this reason, it is import- ant to increase health education actions in the population—with clear, concise, understandable information that is based on reliable and truthful sources—in order to reduce resistance to vaccination and address pre- ventable diseases.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Este artigo busca apresentar os achados de uma revisão da literatura sobre a resistência da popu- lação às vacinas e os principais motivos que influenciaram suas decisões em relação à imunoprevenção, com foco na pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Foi realizada uma busca na literatura utilizando os termos DeCs/MeSH anti-vaccination movement, vaccination refusal, epidemics, COVID-19 e impacts on health, relacionados entre si pelos operadores bool- eanos OR e AND, no Google Scholar, MEDLINE, LILACS e IBECS. Documentos de fontes oficiais também foram levados em consideração. Resultados. Ao longo da história, desde o início da vacinação, a percepção das pessoas em relação a esse procedimento foi controversa. Há quem aceite o que as autoridades de saúde recomendam e quem alegue intenções ocultas por trás da imunização. A vacina contra o SARS-CoV-2, que causa a COVID-19, não foi exceção. Conclusões. A vacinação tem sido uma das maiores conquistas científicas em termos de saúde pública um avanço que, apesar de seus benefícios, tem causado medo, incerteza e desconfiança na população. Por isso, é importante aumentar as ações de educação em saúde para a população, com informações claras, concisas e compreensíveis, baseadas em fontes confiáveis e verídicas, a fim de diminuir a resistência à vacinação e evitar doenças preveníveis.

An Epidemic Model with Pro and Anti-vaccine Groups.

Here, an epidemiological model considering pro and anti-vaccination groups is proposed and analyzed. In this model, susceptible individuals can migrate between these two groups due to the influence of false and true news about safety and efficacy of vaccines. From this model, written as a set of three ordinary differential equations, analytical expressions for the disease-free steady state, the endemic steady state, and the basic reproduction number are derived. It is analytically shown that low vaccination rate and no influx to the pro-vaccination group have similar impacts on the long-term amount of infected individuals. Numerical simulations are performed with parameter values of the COVID-19 pandemic to illustrate the analytical results. The possible relevance of this work is discussed from a public health perspective.

Narrativas antivacinas e a crise de confiança em algumas instituições / Anti-vaccine narratives and the crisis of trust in some institutions / Narrativas antivacunas y crisis de confianza en algunas instituciones

As narrativas antivacinas vêm ganhando força ao redor do mundo e têm sido foco de preocupação de autoridades de saúde nacionais e internacionais. Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar as narrativas postadas em dois grupos antivacinas no Facebook publicadas em 2020, quando o mundo iniciava o enfrentamento da pandemia de covid-19. A estratégia metodológica utilizada para alcançar o objetivo e ancorar as análises é o Mapa das Mediações, de Martín-Barbero. Os resultados revelam, entre outros pontos, que as narrativas antivacinas estão, em grande parte, relacionadas com uma desconfiança em duas instituições: a ciência e o Estado. Isso permite o desdobramento de novos estudos focados no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o combate à desinformação sobre a saúde nos meios de comunicação.

Anti-vaccine narratives have been gaining strength around the world and have been a focus of concern of national and international health authorities. This article has as main objective to analyze the narratives posted in two anti-vaccine groups on Facebook, published in 2020, when the world was starting the fighting against the covid-19 pandemic. The methodological strategy to achieve the objective and anchor the analyzes is the Map of Mediations, produced by Martín-Barbero. The results reveal, among other points, that the antivaccine narratives are connected with a distrust in two institutions: the science and the State, allowing the development of new studies focused on public policies to combat misinformation about health in the media.

Las narrativas contra las vacunas están ganando fuerza en todo el mundo y están siendo un foco de preocupación para las autoridades sanitarias nacionales e internacionales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal analizar las narrativas publicadas en dos grupos antivacunas en Facebook, en 2020, cuando el mundo empezó a luchar contra la pandemia de covid-19. La estrategia metodológica utilizada para lograr el objetivo y realizar los análisis es el Mapa de las mediaciones, evidenciado por Martín-Barbero. Los resultados revelan, entre otros puntos, que las narrativas antivacuna están conectadas con la desconfianza en dos instituciones: la ciencia y el Estado, lo que permite el desarrollo de nuevos estudios enfocados en políticas públicas para combatir la desinformación sobre salud en los medios de comunicación.

El pensamiento antivacuna de Alfredo Helsby Hazell: controversias y debates a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX en Chile / Alfredo Helsby Hazell's antivaccine view: controversies and debates at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century in Chile

Resumen El objetivo central de este artículo, es reconstruir los principales argumentos contrarios a la vacunación que circularon en Chile durante fines del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX. Para ello, estudiaremos la figura de Alfredo Helsby Hazell, quien fue el principal opositor que tuvo la vacuna en Chile y publicó diversos escritos en los que desarrolló y difundió sus ideas. A través de éstos, observamos que Helsby argumentó su rechazo a la vacunación a partir de la defensa del higienismo y de la desconfianza respecto de las explicaciones de carácter científico que se comenzaron a difundir a partir de la teoría de los gérmenes. Ello se articuló con la defensa de la salud como un ámbito privado de acción, criticando la intervención del Estado en dichas materias.

Abstract This article reconstructs the main arguments against vaccination that circulated in Chile during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For this purpose, we will study the figure of Alfredo Helsby Hazell, who was the primary opponent of vaccination in Chile and published several writings in which he developed and disseminated his ideas. We observe that Helsby argued his rejection of vaccination from the defence of hygienism and distrust of the scientific explanations that began to spread from the germ theory. This was articulated with the defence of health as a private sphere of action, criticizing the intervention of the State in such matters.

Anti-vaccination movements in the world and in Brazil.

Over the years, vaccinations have provided significant advances in public health, because they substantially reduce the morbimortality of vaccine-preventable diseases. Nevertheless, many people are still hesitant to be vaccinated. Brazil is a region of many anti-vaccine movements, and several outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as yellow fever and measles, have occurred in the country during the last few years. To avoid new outbreaks, immunization coverage must be high; however, this is a great challenge to achieve due to the countless anti-vaccine movements. The World Health Organization has suggested new actions for the next decade via the Immunization Agenda 2030 to control, reduce, or eradicate vaccine-preventable diseases. Nonetheless, the vaccination coverage has decreased recently. To resolve the anti-vaccine issue, it is necessary to propose a long-term approach that involves innovative education programs on immunization and critical thinking, using different communication channels, including social media. Cooperation among biology and health scientists, ethicists, human scientists, policymakers, journalists, and civil society is essential for an in-depth understanding of the social action of vaccine refusal and planning effective education measures to increase the vaccine coverage.

Vaccine hesitation and the 'pandemic' of the unvaccined: What to do to face the new "Vaccine Revolt"? / Hesitação vacinal e a 'pandemia' dos não vacinados: o que fazer para enfrentar a nova "Revolta da Vacina"?

The frequency of people hesitating to get vaccinated is increasing worldwide and regarding the covid-19 pandemic, this phenomenon has been increasingly noticed at a national level. This article exposes a brief presentation of the historical factors of this phenomenon, approaches its main determinants and conceptual model, in addition to presenting a set of communication strategies in vaccine health that can be implemented to face this problem to raise the credibility and adherence to immunizations (AU)

A frequência da hesitação vacinal está aumentando em todo o mundo e, no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19, esse fenômeno vem sendo cada vez mais percebido no âmbito nacional. No presente trabalho, realizamos uma breve apresentação de fatores históricos desse fenômeno, abordamos seus principais determinantes e modelo conceitual, além de apresentar um conjunto de estratégias de (edu)comunicação em saúde vacinal que podem ser implementadas para enfrentamento dessa problemática com vista a elevar a credibilidade e a adesão às imunizações (AU)

Evaluation of antivaccination movement in Turkey: qualitative reports of family physicians.

Background: In Turkey, childhood vaccination rates are decreasing in the context of increasingly visible antivaccination movements. Aims: To evaluate the antivaccination movement based on communication experiences between family physicians and antivaccine parents in Turkey. Methods: We conducted 39 face-to-face in-depth interviews with family physicians in Sakarya Province who had experiences of communicating with antivaccine parents during October-December 2019. With the permission of the participants, audio recording was obtained in all interviews except one; these were transcribed verbatim and checked. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data. Results: The most common concern about vaccination was the possible side-effects, followed by the origin of the vaccines, religious concerns and distrust of vaccines. The physicians said they assumed an inquisitive, informative and anxiety-relieving attitude towards antivaccine parents.They said they were able to persuade most parents to vaccinate their children and that highly educated parents or those whose attitudes and behaviours were strongly influenced by their religious leaders were the hardest to convince. Physicians emphasized the importance of trust in increasing vaccine acceptance and noted the need to educate religious leaders and families to introduce mandatory vaccination policies. Conclusion: Parents had various reasons for refusing childhood vaccinations, however, the family physicians used persuasive methods to convince them to accept the vaccinations. Strengthening the communication and persuasive skills of health care professionals regarding vaccination may help increase acceptance of childhood vaccinations.

Hashtag as a new weapon to resist the COVID-19 vaccination policy: a qualitative study of the anti-vaccine movement in Brazil, USA, and Indonesia.

In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) named the anti-vaccine movement one of the top 10 global health threats. This trend has shown that it can diminish public faith in government and increase public distrust of scientific results in the health sector, including the use of the COVID-19 vaccine. The purpose of this study is to examine the anti-vaccine movement on Twitter social media platform, which uses Hashtag to protest vaccination regulations in the COVID-19 pandemic. The content analysis, relationship analysis, and word cloud analysis models were used in this study, which used a descriptive qualitative approach. The primary data source for this study is Hashtag, which are used to focus on three aspects. First, establish which information in Brazil, the United States, and Indonesia leads the anti-vaccine COVID-19 narrative. Second, how does the Hashtag link between each country work? Third, which narrative dominates the use of Hashtag in each of the three countries? According to the findings of this study, in Brazil, 69.2% of Twitter Hashtag associated to the COVID-19 vaccination were negative, compared to 59.4% in the USA and 62.8% in Indonesia. In general, the Hashtag used in the three countries to oppose COVID-19 vaccination policies have a clear and significant relationship. In Brazil, the Hashtag #covidiots was the most popular, while in the United States, #covivaccine was the most popular, and in Indonesia, #antivaccine was the most popular.

Japan reboots HPV vaccination drive after 9-year gap.

Modeling suggests 2013 move that undercut immunization will lead to thousands of preventable deaths.