A equipe de saúde diante do paciente não aderente ao tratamento / The health team in face of the patient not adhering to treatment / El equipo de salud ante el paciente que no se adhiere al tratamiento

O objetivo deste estudo foi refletir sobre os efeitos da não adesão ao tratamento para a equipe de saúde e sobre as ações/reações da equipe que podem causar a não adesão ao tratamento. A amostra foi composta por 10 profissionais de saúde. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semiestruturada. O material coletado foi submetido à análise temática, e discussão foi baseada na psicanálise. Como resultado, verificou-se que os profissionais relacionaram a não adesão às carências percebidas nos pacientes. Também foi identificada a presença de um ciclo de encaminhamentos, o qual, por vezes, significava uma tentativa de eliminar um incômodo (a não adesão), mas, em contrapartida, o causava. Verificou-se também a presença de confusão entre cuidado e controle, produzindo relações permeadas por desconfiança, verificação e correção. Percebeu-se, ainda, relação entre não adesão e frustração, seja porque o tratamento é insuficiente para evitar o sofrimento do paciente, seja pelo desconforto advindo da não cooperação do paciente. Ao final, como efeitos para a equipe, evidenciou-se a presença de profissionais envolvidos por um discurso de frustração, desvalorização e impotência. Como efeitos da equipe, verificou-se que profissionais também podem produzir aquilo de que se queixam, pelos lugares subjetivos que delineiam e cristalizam. A partir disso, problematiza-se o sentido que a não adesão pode assumir, e é importante considerá-la como um sinal que pode revelar os percalços (e as possíveis resoluções) do contrato relacional entre paciente e equipe.(AU)

The objective of this study was to reflect about the effects of non-adherence to the treatment for the health team and about the actions/reactions of the team that may can cause the non-adherence to the treatment. The sample consisted of 10 health professionals. The data collection instrument was a semi-structured interview. The material collected was submitted to thematic analysis, and the discussion was based on psychoanalysis. As a result, it was verified that the professionals related non-adherence to needs perceived on patients. The presence of a referral cycle was also identified, which, sometimes, meant an attempt to eliminate a nuisance (the non-adherence) but, instead, caused it. It was also verified the presence of confusion between care and control, producing relations permeated by distrust, verification, and correction. The link between non-adherence and frustration was also observed, either due to the treatment being insufficient to avoid the suffering of the patient; or by the discomfort from the non-cooperation of the patient. At the end, as effects for the team, professionals involved by a discourse of frustration, devaluation, and impotence were evidenced. As effects of the team, it has been found that professionals can also produce what they complain about, by the subjective places that were delineate and crystallize. Thus, we problematize the meaning non-adherence may assume, and considering it a signal that can reveal the mishaps (and possible resolutions) of the relational contract between patient and team is important.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue reflexionar sobre los efectos de la no adherencia al tratamiento para el equipo de salud y sobre las acciones/reacciones del equipo que pueden causar la no adherencia al tratamiento. La muestra estuvo conformada por diez profesionales de la salud. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue una entrevista semiestructurada. El material recolectado fue sometido a análisis temático, y se utilizó el psicoanálisis para discutir el material. El resultado constató que los profesionales entendieron la no adherencia como una carencia/necesidad de los pacientes. También se identificó la presencia de un ciclo de derivación, que a veces significó un intento de eliminar una molestia (falta de adherencia), pero que puede generar el problema. También se verificó la presencia de confusión entre cuidado y control, produciendo relaciones permeadas de desconfianza, verificación y corrección. También se observó el vínculo entre la no adherencia y la frustración, ya sea porque el tratamiento es insuficiente para evitar el sufrimiento del paciente o por la incomodidad que produce la falta de cooperación del paciente. Al final, como efectos para el equipo, se evidenciaron profesionales envueltos por la frustración, la devaluación y la impotencia. Como efectos del equipo, se constató que los profesionales también pueden producir lo que quejan desde los lugares subjetivos que fueron delineados y cristalizados. Así se discute el sentido que puede asumir la no adherencia, y es importante considerarla como señal de los percances (y posibles resoluciones) del contrato relacional entre paciente y equipo.(AU)

Moderating Effect of Physical Exercise between the relation of Psychological Resilience and Negative Emotions of University Students in Iraq / Efecto moderador del ejercicio físico entre la relación de la resiliencia psicológica y las emociones negativas de estudiantes universitarios en Irak

Negative emotions reduce the academic achievement of college students. Students in Iraq experience bad emotions due to the country's social conditions. The purpose of this project is to improve the mental health of Iraqi students through physical activity. This study aims to examine the moderating link between psychological resilience and negative emotions among university students in Iraq. This study collects quantitative data using a Likert scale questionnaire and a random sample technique; the participants were students from several Najaf universities. The findings of this study indicate that physical health plays a substantial moderating influence between psychological resilience and unpleasant emotions. According to the study, students' negative feelings can be lessened with health education and mental health literacy. These findings are unusual since this study's theoretical framework offers a substantial relationship to the existing research. Similar to the theoretical implications, this study has significant practical consequences that are crucial to consider while attempting to reduce the negative emotions component among Iraqi university students. The next directions of this research are important for addressing the literature gap in negative emotions.(AU)

Diminished complexity of heart rate time series in adolescents facing negative events during everyday life / Complejidad reducida de las series temporales de frecuencia cardíaca en adolescentes afrontando eventos negativos diarios

Physiological systems need to be flexible in order to adapt to a changing environment. Negative events, however, induce flexibility reductions thatseem necessary for coping purposes. To date, studies have measured linear variability and entropy in heart output, but none have examined thescaling properties of the cardiac system when individuals deal with stressful everyday events. This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis thatthe complexity of the cardiac dynamics is diminished when individuals face negative events in real life. Cardiac variability (linear) and complexity(nonlinear), as well as discomfort and effectiveness of event-related emotion regulation (EER) were ecologically examined in N = 65 adolescents(Mage = 14.80 years; SDage = 0.86; 55.38% girls). Repeated Measures MANOVAs revealed higher heart rate (HR) and lower cardiac complexity(higher long-term scaling exponent, p = .029; lower Fractal Dimension FD, p = .030; and lower Sample Entropy, p = .001) during EER in comparisonwith non-emotion regulation conditions (NER). Wilcoxon non-parametric tests revealed higher Hurst exponents (p = .006) in EER than in NER. Nosignificant correlations were found between discomfort and cardiac variables although the higher the cardiac entropy in NER conditions, the greaterthe self-rated effectiveness of EER (p < .050). EER processes involved increases in HR as well as scaling and FD changes that might reflect thereal-time scale’s predominance in HR output when adolescents are dealing with negative events.(AU)

Los sistemas fisiológicos necesitan ser flexibles para adaptarse a un entorno cambiante. Sin embargo, los eventos negativos disminuyen dicha flexibilidad que parecenecesaria para lograr un afrontamiento exitoso. Hasta entonces, los estudios han medido la variabilidad lineal y la entropía de la frecuencia cardíaca(FC), pero ninguno ha examinado las propiedades de escala del sistema cardíaco cuando se afrontan acontecimientos estresantes diarios. Esteestudio investigó si la complejidad cardíaca disminuye cuando los individuos se enfrentan a eventos negativos cotidianos. La variabilidad cardíaca(lineal) y la complejidad (no lineal), así como el malestar y la eficacia de los episodios de regulación emocional (EER) se examinaron ecológica-mente en N = 65 adolescentes (Medad = 14,80; DEedad = 0,86; 55,38% chicas). Los MANOVA de medidas repetidas revelaron una mayor FC y unamenor complejidad cardíaca (mayor exponente de escala a largo plazo, p = .029; menor dimensión fractal DF, p = .030; y menor entropía muestral,p = .001) durante los EER en comparación con las condiciones de no regulación emocional (NER). Las pruebas de Wilcoxon revelaron mayoresexponentes de Hurst (p = .006) en EER que en NER. No hubo correlaciones significativas entre el malestar y las variables cardíacas, pero a mayorentropía cardíaca en NER, mayor eficacia autocalificada en EER (p < .050). Los EER implicaron aumentos en la FC, así como cambios en la escalay en la DF que podrían reflejar el predominio de la escala en tiempo real del sistema cardíaco cuando los adolescentes afrontan eventos negativos.(AU)

Dieting and Disinhibited Eating Patterns in Adult Women with Normal Body Weight: Does Rumination Matter?

Dieting and disinhibited eating patterns are presented in both clinical and nonclinical samples. Repetitive negative thinking (i.e., rumination) may lead to maladaptive eating behaviors. While numerous studies have focused on dieting and disinhibited eating behaviors in clinical samples, less is known about these behaviors in nonclinical samples with normal body weight. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore how dieting, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating are related to rumination in adult women with normal body weight. One hundred eighty-eight women (Mage = 29.46 ± 8.94; MBMI = 23.16 ± 4.04) were involved in the current study. The Eating Attitudes Test, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire were administered to the participants. The results showed that repetitive negative thinking was a partial mediator in the relationship between dieting and uncontrolled eating, as well as in the relationship between dieting and emotional eating. Targeting repetitive negative thinking may be important for reducing disinhibited eating patterns in women with normal body weight.

Error-related negativity predicts increases in anxiety in a sample of clinically anxious female children and adolescents over 2 years.

BACKGROUND: An increased neural response to making errors has emerged as a biomarker of anxiety. Error negativity (Ne) or errorrelated negativity (ERN) is an event-related potential generated when people commit errors; the Ne/ERN is greater among people with anxiety and predicts increases in anxiety. However, no previous study has examined whether the Ne/ERN can be used as a prognostic indicator among people with current anxiety. The present study addressed this gap by examining whether the Ne/ERN prospectively predicts increases in anxiety symptoms in clinically anxious children and adolescents. METHODS: The sample included 34 female participants between the ages of 8 and 14 years who met the criteria for a clinical anxiety disorder based on clinical interview. The Ne/ERN was measured using a flanker task. RESULTS: Increased Ne/ERN at baseline predicted increases in total anxiety symptoms 2 years later, even when accounting for baseline symptoms. The Ne/ERN predicted increases in the symptom domains of generalized anxiety, social anxiety and harm avoidance/perfectionism, but not panic, separation anxiety, school avoidance or physical symptoms. LIMITATIONS: The sample size was small, which may have inflated the false discovery rate. To mitigate this possibility, we used multiple self-report measures, and the results for the 2 measures (as well as their symptom domains) converged. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the Ne/ERN can delineate specific risk trajectories, even among those who already meet the criteria for a clinical anxiety disorder. Considering the need for prognostic markers among people with clinical anxiety, the current findings are an important and novel extension of previous work.

Associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness with mental health during pregnancy: The GESTAFIT project.

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to analyze the associations of objectively measured physical activity (PA), sedentary time, and physical fitness with mental health in the early second trimester (16 ± 2 gestational weeks) of pregnancy. METHODS: From 229 women initially contacted, 124 pregnant women participated in the present cross-sectional study. Data were collected between November 2015 and March 2017. The participants wore Actigraph GT3X+ Triaxial accelerometers for 9 consecutive days to objectively measure their PA levels and sedentary time. A performance-based test battery was used to measure physical fitness. Self-report questionnaires assessed psychological ill-being (i.e., negative affect, anxiety, and depression), and psychological well-being (i.e., emotional intelligence, resilience, and positive affect). Linear regression analyses were adjusted for age, educational level, accelerometer wear time, miscarriages, and low back pain. RESULTS: Moderate-to-vigorous PA was negatively associated with depression (ß = -0.222, adjusted R2 = 0.050, p = 0.041). Higher levels of sedentary time were negatively associated with positive affect (ß = -0.260, adjusted R2 = 0.085, p = 0.017). Greater upper-body flexibility was positively associated with better emotional regulation (ß = 0.195, adjusted R2= 0.030, p = 0.047). The remaining associations were not significant (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: An active lifestyle characterized by higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA and lower levels of sedentary time during pregnancy might modestly improve the mental health of pregnant women. Although previous research has focused on the benefits of cardiorespiratory exercise, the present study shows that only upper-body flexibility is related to emotional regulation in early pregnant women. If the present findings are corroborated in further experimental research, physical exercise programs should focus on enhancing flexibility to promote improvements in emotional regulation during early second-trimester of pregnancy.

Social connectedness and negative affect uniquely explain individual differences in response to emotional ambiguity.

Negativity bias is not only central to mood and anxiety disorders, but can powerfully impact our decision-making across domains (e.g., financial, medical, social). This project builds on previous work examining negativity bias using dual-valence ambiguity. Specifically, although some facial expressions have a relatively clear negative (angry) or positive valence (happy), surprised expressions are interpreted negatively by some and positively by others, providing insight into one's valence bias. Here, we examine putative sources of variability that distinguish individuals with a more negative versus positive valence bias using structural equation modeling. Our model reveals that one's propensity toward negativity (operationalized as temperamental negative affect and internalizing symptomology) predicts valence bias particularly in older adulthood when a more positive bias is generally expected. Further, variability in social connectedness (a propensity to seek out social connections, use those connections to regulate one's own emotions, and be empathic) emerges as a notable and unique predictor of valence bias, likely because these traits help to override an initial, default negativity. We argue that this task represents an important approach to examining variability in affective bias, and can be specifically useful across the lifespan and in populations with internalizing disorders or even subclinical symptomology.

Autopercepção da saúde e fatores associados em usuários da Atenção Básica à Saúde, de Vitória de Santo Antão, PE / Self-perceived health and associated factors in basic healthcare users in Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil

Introdução: A autopercepção da saúde analisa as condições de saúde considerando aspectos biológicos, psicológicos e sociais, sendo um instrumento norteador das necessidades em saúde de uma população. Objetivo: Este artigo avaliou a autopercepção da saúde e seus fatores associados em usuários frequentadores de grupos de emagrecimento da atenção básica à saúde do município de Vitória de Santo Antão-PE. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico com 24 usuários. A autopercepção da saúde foi analisada através da pergunta "Como você considera o seu estado de saúde?", sendo as respostas agrupadas em positiva e negativa e associadas com as condições demográficas e socioeconômicas, de saúde e estilo de vida, perfil alimentar e estado nutricional. Resultados: A prevalência da autopercepção negativa foi de 83,3%, sendo associada a uma maior ingestão diária de medicamentos (p=0,017) e o não seguimento aos Dez Passos Para Uma Alimentação Saudável (p=0,010). Conclusão: A elevada prevalência da autopercepção negativa da saúde indica a necessidade de maior entendimento sobre como os fatores associados ao processo saúde-doença influenciam a forma como o sujeito percebe sua própria saúde, de modo a promover intervenções específicas e efetivas em saúde nessa população.

Introduction: Self-perceived health analyzes health conditions considering biological, psychological and social aspects, and constitutes an instrument to guide the health needs of a population. Objective: This article evaluated the self-perception of health and its associated factors in users of weight loss groups in primary healthcare in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with 24 users. Self-perceived health was analyzed through the question "How do you consider your health status?", with positive and negative responses being grouped and associated with demographic and socioeconomic conditions, health and lifestyle, diet profile and nutritional status. Results: The prevalence of negative self-perceived health was 83.3%, being associated with a higher daily intake of medication (p = 0.017) and failure to follow the Ten Steps to Healthy Eating (p = 0.010). Conclusion: The high prevalence of negative self-perceived health indicates a need for greater understanding of how the factors associated with the health-disease process influence the way a subject perceives their own health in order to promote specific and effective health interventions in this population.

Thought Suppression in Primary Psychotic Disorders and Substance/Medication Induced Psychotic Disorder.

INTRODUCTION: First episode-psychosis (FEP) represents a stressful/traumatic event for patients. To our knowledge, no study to date has investigated thought suppression involved in FEP in a Romanian population. Our objective was to investigate thought suppression occurring during FEP within primary psychotic disorders (PPD) and substance/medication induced psychotic disorders (SMIPD). Further, we examined the relationship between thought suppression and negative automatic thoughts within PPD and SMIPD. METHODS: The study included 30 participants (17 females) with PPD and 25 participants (10 females) with SMIPD. Psychological scales were administered to assess psychotic symptoms and negative automatic thoughts, along a psychiatric clinical interview and a biochemical drug test. RESULTS: Participants in the PPD group reported higher thought suppression compared to SMIPD group. For the PPD group, results showed a positive correlation between thought suppression and automatic thoughts. For the SMIPD group, results also showed a positive correlation between thought suppression and automatic thoughts. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PPD rely more on thought suppression, as opposed to SMIPD patients. Thought suppression may be viewed as an unhealthy reaction to FEP, which is associated with the experience of negative automatic thoughts and might be especially problematic in patients with PPD. Cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended to decrease thought suppression and improve patients' functioning.

How do adolescents deal with intrusive parenting? The role of coping with psychologically controlling parenting in internalizing and externalizing problems.

INTRODUCTION: While research has shown convincingly that psychologically controlling parenting increases the risk for internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents, little is known about how adolescents cope with such parenting. This study examined the role of two non-autonomous ways of coping (i.e., compulsive compliance and oppositional defiance) and one more autonomous way of coping (i.e., negotiation) in the associations between psychologically controlling parenting and internalizing and externalizing problems. METHOD: Two-wave data from a larger longitudinal study with Belgian adolescents (N = 198; 51% female; mean age = 14.89 years, range = 13-17 years) were analyzed using multilevel modeling. RESULTS: The results showed that oppositional defiance exacerbated associations between psychologically controlling parenting and externalizing problems at the between-person level of analysis. Both compulsive compliance and negotiation exacerbated the association with internalizing problems at the within-person level. In addition to these moderating effects, both oppositional defiance and negotiation played a partly mediating role in associations between psychologically controlling parenting and externalizing problems and oppositional defiance partly mediated associations between psychologically controlling parenting and internalizing problems at the between-person level. CONLUSION: Overall, results suggest that oppositional defiance and compulsive compliance are rather dysfunctional coping responses and that negotiation is a mixed blessing. Directions for future research are discussed.

Negative centralisation of HIV/AIDS trauma and health-related quality of life: do post-traumatic stress symptoms explain the link?

Over-integration of HIV-related trauma into the client's memory in a negative emotional valence could be a serious health debilitating process which may result in negative post-traumatic health outcomes, affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of people living with HIV (PLWH). We hypothesized that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are the mediating link between negative event centrality (NEC) and HRQoL among PLWH. Nine hundred and sixty-nine PLWH in Nigeria completed measures of NEC, PTSD symptoms and HRQoL. Model 4 of Hayes' regression-based PROCESS macro version 3.0 for SPSS was employed to investigate relationships between variables of interest. NEC was positively associated with all domains of HRQoL. PLWH who had high negatively centralized identity on HIV also had high scores on PTSD symptoms. PTSD symptoms were also positively associated with all domains of HRQoL. PTSD symptoms also mediated the relationship between NEC and all domains of HRQoL. Assessing and treating PTSD symptoms among PLWH by clinicians could be helpful in enhancing HRQoL.

The association between parenting and the error-related negativity across childhood and adolescence.

Anxiety is the most common form of psychopathology, and it is often characterized by chronic impairment across the lifespan. Researchers have identified core neural markers that confer risk for anxious outcomes. An increased error-related negativity (ERN) in anxious individuals has been shown to prospectively predict onset of anxiety disorders across development. Hence, it is critical to examine environmental factors that may shape the ERN. In the current study, we use a large sample of 170 female adolescents aged 10-17 to investigate whether the ERN mediates the relationship between parenting style and anxiety diagnostic status. This study replicates previous findings, and it extends previous work by suggesting that this relationship is more robust in young children as compared to adolescents. Interventions targeting the ERN via parenting may be most effective during childhood.

Child Effects on Parental Negativity: The Role of Heritable and Prenatal Factors.

This study examined two possible mechanisms, evocative gene-environment correlation and prenatal factors, in accounting for child effects on parental negativity. Participants included 561 children adopted at birth, and their adoptive parents and birth parents within a prospective longitudinal adoption study. Findings indicated child effects on parental negativity, such that toddlers' negative reactivity at 18 months was positively associated with adoptive parents' over-reactive and hostile parenting at 27 months. Furthermore, we found that child effects on parental negativity were partially due to heritable (e.g., birth mother [BM] internalizing problems and substance use) and prenatal factors (e.g., BM illicit drug use during pregnancy) that influence children's negative reactivity at 18 months. This study provides critical evidence for "child on parent" effects.

Impact of personality on adherence to and beliefs about ADHD medication, and perceptions of ADHD in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication can prevent serious consequences, possibly with lifelong effects. Numerous factors have been observed that influence adherent behaviour, but the impact of personality traits has been inadequately explored. The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between personality traits and adherence to ADHD medication, beliefs about the medication, and perceptions of ADHD. METHOD: Adolescents (n = 99) on ADHD medication were administered: Health-Relevant Personality Traits Five-Factor Inventory, Medication Adherence Report Scale, Beliefs about Medicines Specific and Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaires. RESULTS: The personality trait Antagonism correlated with adherence behaviour (r = - 0.198, p = 0.005) and perceived personal control of ADHD (r = - 0.269, p = 0.007). Negative Affectivity correlated with beliefs regarding necessity (r = 0.319, p = 0.001), concerns (r = 0.344, p = 0.001), and experienced side effects of medication (r = 0.495, p = 0.001), alongside perceptions regarding duration (r = 0.272, p = 0.007), identity (r = 0.388, p < 0.001), being emotionally affected (r = 0.374, p < 0.01), personal control (r = - 0.287, p = 0.004) and concerns about ADHD (r = 0.465, p < 0.001). Impulsivity correlated with perceived consequences (r = - 0.226, p = 0.0255) and personal control of ADHD (r = - 0.379, p < 0.001). Hedonic Capacity correlated with concerns about medication (r = - 0.218, p = 0.0316) and perceived identification with ADHD (r = - 0.203, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Personality traits are related to adherence, beliefs about ADHD medicines and perceptions of ADHD. Antagonism is associated with adherence, especially intentional non-adherence, while Negative Affectivity correlates with numerous perceptions of ADHD and beliefs about medications. Personality assessments could be useful in the care and treatment of adolescents with ADHD.

Maternal Use of Media to Regulate Child Distress: A Double-Edged Sword? Longitudinal Links to Toddlers' Negative Emotionality.

Although the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends not to heavily rely on screen media devices to regulate children's distress, many parents often resort to this regulatory strategy. However, little is known about the long-term implications of using this strategy for children's emotional functioning. To address this issue, this study examined the longitudinal links between the use of media to regulate distress and children's negative emotionality (NE) during toddlerhood, a period in which children strongly rely on external regulation. We also examined whether children with initially high NE were more sensitive to the effects of this regulatory strategy on subsequent NE. Participants were 207 mothers who completed questionnaires assessing child NE, use of media to regulate distress, child screen time, and demographic covariates at 2 time points: 18 months (T1) and 26 months (T2) of children's age. Use of media to regulate child distress at T1 did not directly predict child NE at T2, and vice versa. However, there was a significant interaction between child NE and use of media to regulate distress at T1 in predicting NE at T2. Simple slopes analysis indicated that maternal use of media to regulate distress was positively related to increases in children's NE, but only for children with initially low NE, and not for children with initially high NE. Our findings can inform family-based prevention initiatives that may be delivered in community pediatric settings, aiming at promoting thoughtful use of media in young children's everyday lives.

The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment Negative Emotionality Domain Among Treatment-Seekers with Alcohol Use Disorder: Construct Validity and Measurement Invariance.

BACKGROUND: The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA), a framework for measuring heterogeneity in alcohol use disorder (AUD), focuses on 3 domains that reflect neurobiological dysfunction in addiction and correspond to the cycles of addiction: executive function, incentive salience, and negative emotionality. Kwako and colleagues (Am J Psychiatry 176:744, 2019) validated a 3-factor model of the ANA with neuropsychological and self-report indicators among treatment-seekers and non-treatment-seekers with and without AUD. The present analysis replicated and extended these findings in a treatment-seeking sample, focusing on the negative emotionality domain. METHODS: Participants (n = 563; 58.8% male; mean age = 34.3) were part of a multisite prospective study of individuals entering AUD treatment. We examined the factor structure of the negative emotionality domain at the baseline, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up assessments. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Trait Anger Subscale, and 3 Drinker Inventory of Consequences items assessing negative affective consequences were indicators in the model. RESULTS: Results indicated that a 1-factor model was an excellent fit at all assessments and that the negative emotionality domain was time and gender invariant. Furthermore, negative emotionality was associated with drinking patterns and reasons for alcohol use (i.e., drinking because of negative emotions and urges/withdrawal) at all assessments. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis provides evidence for the construct validity and measurement invariance of the ANA negative emotionality domain among AUD treatment-seekers. Future studies are needed to evaluate prospective associations between negative emotionality and specific treatment modalities, and whether individuals with greater negative emotionality are more likely to respond to treatment that targets drinking to relieve negative affective states.

The moderating effect of FKBP5 and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms on the day-level association between drinking to cope motivation and negative affect.

Daily levels of drinking to cope (DTC) have been found to be related to negative outcomes such as increased negative affect, and these effects vary across person. We examined whether daily-level effects of DTC motivation were related to two genetic polymorphisms (rs1360780 in the FKBP5 gene and 5-HTTLPR in SLC6A4) thought to be associated with maladaptive drinking and stress-reactivity. We also examined whether these associations changed during the transition from college to post-college life. Participants (N = 839, 55% women) completed an Internet-based 30-day daily diary during college and again five years later in which they reported their previous night's drinking and drinking motivation, and their current day's negative affect. Saliva was collected at wave 1 to provide DNA for genotyping. The within-person association between nighttime DTC motivation and next-day anxiety and depression was stronger (more positive) for FKBP5 rs1360780 T-allele carriers, compared C/C-allele individuals. We also found that 5-HTTLPR L'/S' subjects (but not S'/S' homozygotes), compared to L'/L' homozygotes, showed stronger positive associations between DTC and anxiety. Results for FKBP5 T-allele carriers are discussed in terms of past findings indicating that such individuals tend to demonstrate increased attention toward stressors, thus possibly intensifying the deleterious effects of DTC-motivated drinking.

Online writing about positive life experiences reduces depression and perceived stress reactivity in socially inhibited individuals.

Therapeutic writing can enhance psychological and physical health. Recent studies have suggested that these kinds of interventions can be effective when delivered online. The present study investigated whether positive emotional writing online can influence psychological and physical health in individuals reporting high levels of negative affectivity, who are most likely to benefit from psychological intervention (N = 72, Mage = 28.5, SDage = 8.7), and further, to investigate the potential moderating role of social inhibition. Participants completed self-report measures of physical symptoms, perceived stress, perceived stress reactivity, depression and generalised anxiety, before completing either i) positive emotional writing, or ii) a non-emotive control writing task on an online portal, for 20 min per day over three consecutive days. State anxiety was measured immediately after each writing session, and self-report questionnaires were again administered four weeks post-writing. Socially inhibited individuals exhibited significant reductions in depression and perceived stress reactivity four weeks following positive emotional writing, relative to writing about a neutral topic. The present study supports the efficacy of online therapeutic writing in individuals who, due to their socially inhibited nature, are most likely to benefit from online interventions which avoid interaction with a therapist or other clients.

A negativity bias in detail generation during event simulation.

Novel negative events are simulated in more event-specific detail than novel positive events. In the present study, we set out to assess whether this negative event detail bias is specific to simulations of personal events or whether evoking negative valence, in the context of simulations of personal and nonpersonal events, is sufficient for boosting simulated event detail. Participants simulated novel negative and positive events that might take place in their future, the future of an acquaintance, or the future of a familiar individual with whom they have not had prior contact. Across 2 experiments, we found that novel negative events were simulated in more event-specific detail than novel positive events irrespective of whether the events under consideration were personal or nonpersonal. This pattern of results also emerged when negative and positive events did not differ on a subjective measure of arousal, indicating that negative valence may play a key role in encouraging detailed elaboration of novel negative events. Implications of our findings for the role of event simulation in adaptive behavior are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The effect of maternal depression on mental representations and child negative affect.

BACKGROUND: Maternal depression is a widely recognized public health concern with significant implications for child functioning, including the development of negative child affect and risk for later depression. Negative mental representations may partially account for the association between maternal depression and child negative affect. METHODS: The effect of depression on low-income mothers' representations of their child, self, and mother was assessed via Expressed Emotion (EE) during Five-Minute Speech Samples. Direct and indirect pathways between maternal depression, EE, and child negative affect were examined. Mothers (M = 24 years old) who had experienced a major depressive episode (n = 144) since child's birth, non-depressed comparison mothers (n = 62), and their children participated. RESULTS: Examination of between-group differences revealed that depressed mothers had higher levels of overall self EE. Trend results also suggest depressed mothers may have higher overall EE toward their children and their own mothers. Novel coding systems for EE toward self (Identity and Depressotypic Cognitions) and EE toward mother (Source of Concrete Support and Resolution of Past Adversity) were also developed and tested. A significant indirect relation was found between maternal baseline depression and child negative affect at 26 months via the mother's level of EE-Criticism of her mother. LIMITATIONS: Certain EE subcodes may need to be adapted for young children and high-risk, low-income participants. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlights the importance of relational interventions that focus on maternal representations for women with depression and their children.