[Research progress in molecular pharmacognosy of Andrographis paniculata].

Molecular pharmacognosy as an emerging interdisciplinary subject based on molecular biology and Chinese materia medica aims to study the synthesis and molecular regulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Andrographis Herba, the dried aboveground part of Andrographis paniculata, has liver-protecting, bile secretion-promoting, heat-clearing, toxin-removing, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. The quality instability caused by plant varieties, environment, and technology in the production of A. paniculata is a limiting factor for the sustainable development of this industry. Based on the research methods of molecular pharmacognosy and omics, the regulation of secondary metabolites of A. paniculata has become the key solution to the quality problems of A. paniculata. This paper summarized the recent research achievements in the molecular pharmacognosy of A. paniculata, including molecular identification of the resources, genetic diversity, multi-omics, biosynthesis of active compounds, and germplasm resource innovation, and prospected the future development trend in this field. In-depth research of molecular pharmacognosy of A. paniculata will provide more scientific and effective technical support for the development of its medicinal value, give new insights into the cultivation of new A. paniculata varieties, and promote the high-quality sustainable development of this industry.

Research on the pharmacognostic characteristics, physicochemical properties and in vitro antioxidant potency of Rosa laxa Retz. flos.

Rosa laxa Retz. is an unexplored Rosaceae plant in Xinjiang, China, and its flower is traditionally used in Kazak to treat the common cold, fever, and epileptic seizures and lessen the effects of aging. In the present study, the pharmacognostic profiles, physicochemical properties, phytochemical characteristics, and in vitro antioxidant potency of Rosa laxa Retz. flos (RLF) were presented. In the pharmacognostic evaluation of RLF, organoleptic characteristics, internal structures, and powder information were observed, and physicochemical parameters, including moisture content, ash, pH value, swelling degree, and extractives were examined. The quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of four different polar extracts of RLF showed that the aqueous part had the highest total triterpene acid, flavonoid, and polyphenol content (4.50 ± 0.04 mg/g, 50.56 ± 0.03 mg/g, and 60.20 ± 0.09 mg/g, respectively). A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) method was established and the contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin, and tiliroside in RLF were determined simultaneously. In the set concentration range, the linear relationship among the four components was good (r > 0.999), the average recoveries were 97.36%-100.54%. The contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin, and tiliroside in RLF samples were (9.46 ± 2.31) mg/g, (10.60 ±0.75) mg/g, (1.13 ± 2.50) mg/g, and (1.11 ± 2.65) mg/g, respectively. The types of its secondary metabolites were determined by fluorescence, color reaction by chemical solvent method, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The functional groups of its secondary metabolites were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results showed that RLF contains a variety of secondary metabolic products, including flavonoids, phenolic acid, glycoside, and organic acid. TLC identification showed it contains ursolic acid, ß-sitosterol, tiliroside, astragalin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of different polar parts of RLF was investigated by DPPH, ABTS, and reduction performance experiments. The aqueous extract had the strongest antioxidant capacity, consistent with the high content of triterpene acids, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds. These findings will provide critical information for the study of quality standards and medicinal value of RLF and its extracts, justify its usage in traditional medicinal systems, and encourage the use of this plant in disease prevention and treatment. Its phytochemical composition and pharmacological studies need to be explored in future. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe the morphology, and microstructure of Rosa laxa Retz. flos (RLF). The physicochemical properties, fluorescence and phytochemical composition of four different polar extracts of RLF were analyzed by UV-Vis and FTIR. Determination of total triterpenic acid, total flavonoids, and total polyphenols in four different polar extracts of RLF by UV spectrophotometry. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) method was established and the contents of gallic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin, and tiliroside in RLF were determined simultaneously. TLC confirmed that RLF contains ursolic acid, ß-sitosterol, tiliroside, astragalin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of RLF was studied by DPPH, ABTS, and reducing ability experiments.

Comparative pharmacognosy and secondary metabolite analysis of Balanophorae herbs from different sources.

The Balanophorae are not only traditional Chinese herbal medicines but also functional foods with diverse sources. This study aimed to distinguish pharmacognostic characteristics and secondary metabolites among different species of Balanophorae. Eight species of Balanophorae herbs were harvested, including 21 batches with 209 samples. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze secondary metabolites of Balanophorae from 21 sources. Targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to compare differences among the groups. Rhopalocnemis phalloide and B. indica can be identified by their pharmacognostic characteristics. Then, 41 secondary metabolites were identified or characterized in the mixed extracts of the 209 samples, mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and their derivatives. The distribution of these secondary metabolites revealed apparent differences among different species. In addition, targeted metabolomic analysis suggested that the secondary metabolite profiles of seven species of Balanophorae showed noticeable differences, and differences were also observed among different growing regions. Finally, five important metabolic markers were screened to successfully distinguish B. laxiflora, B. harlandii, and B. polyandra, including three phenolic acids and two flavonoids. This is the first study to systematically compare both the morphology and secondary metabolites among different sources of Balanophorae, which could provide effective information for identifying diverse species.

A comprehensive review on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of 8 potent species of southeast Asia.

Genus Prunus comprising around 430 species is a vast important genus of family Rosaceae, subfamily amygdalaoidae. Among all 430 species, around 19 important species are commonly found in Indian sub-continent due to their broad nutritional and economic importance. Some most common species of genus Prunus are Prunus amygdalus, Prunus persica, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus domestica, Prunus mahaleb, etc. A newly introduced species of Prunus i.e Prunus sunhangii is recently discovered which is morphologically very similar to Prunus cerasoides. Plants of Prunus species are short to medium-sized deciduous trees mainly found in the northern hemisphere. In India and its subcontinent, it extends from the Himalayas to Sikkim, Meghalaya, Bhutan, Myanmar etc. Different Prunus species have been extensively studied for their morphological, microscopic, pharmacological and phytoconstituents characteristics. Total phenolic content of Prunus species explains the presence of phenols in high quantity and pharmacological activity due to phenols. Phytochemical screening of species of genus Prunus shows the presence of wide phytoconstituents which contributes in their pharmacological significance and reveals the therapeutic potential and traditional medicinal significance of this genus. Genus Prunus showed a potent antioxidant activity analyzed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical assay. Plant species belonging to the genus Prunus is widely used traditionally for the treatment of various disorders. Some specific Prunus species possess potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic etc. activity which makes the genus more interesting for further research and findings. This review is an attempt to summarize the comprehensive study of Prunus.

Verified localization and pharmacognosy of herbal medicinal plants in a combined network framework.

Pharmacognosy from medicinal plants involves the scientific domain of medicinal compounding based on their medicinal properties. Accurate identification of medicinal plants is crucial, especially by examining their leaves. Choosing the wrong plant species for medicinal preparations can have adverse side effects. This study presents a Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence approach for medicinal plant identification, combining a YOLOv7-based Leaf Localizer with a leaf Class Verifier based on DenseNet through a Confidence Score Analyser algorithm. The Confidence Score Analyser ensures reliability by evaluating predicted categories against predefined thresholds, and the ensemble technique through majority voting enhances robustness. An average performance gain of 25.66% sensitivity is observed when comparing the YOLO object detection model with 77.45% precision to the YOLO integrated with the class verifier model with 97.33% precision. Consistent sensitivities are achieved through the ensemble technique, showcasing robustness across diverse scenarios. The final step incorporates automated textual and audio pharmacognosy information about the identified medicinal plant properties and their utility. Real-time applicability as a smart phone application makes this approach invaluable for medicinal plant collectors and experts.

Microscopic investigation and pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of Anemone rupicola Camb.

There is almost no scientific literature available on the phytochemistry and pharmacognosy of this plant so the basic aim of the study is to analyze pharmacognostic features of dried leaves of Anemone rupicola Camb. Morphology was studied by using the features like margins, shape, length, width, surface and so forth. For anatomical examination leaves were preserved in formalin acetic alcohol (FAA) and cutting the thin section of leaves and petiole with razor blade. Macroscopic characters of powdered drug were evaluated through organoleptic method. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Anemone rupicola Camb. was performed by Agar well diffusion method. The powder microscopic study showed epidermal cells, trichomes, various type of tracheids, pitted vessels, and sclerenchymatous fibers. Transverse cutting of leaves and petiole revealed the presence of different cells such as epidermis, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma cells, aerenchyma, collenchyma, trichomes, and vascular bundles. The investigation of phytochemicals in distilled water, methanol and in ethanol solvent indicated the presence of various secondary compounds such as phenols, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, coumarins, and flavonoids. The methanolic extract of Anemone rupicola Camb. has potential as an antimicrobial agent. However, further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety. This study can be used as powerful tool for the identification and authentication of this plant. For the purity and quality control these results will be helpful tool. This will also shed light into new areas where researchers can intervene in developing new drugs for future use. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Morphological Features of the Anemone rupicola Anatomical examination of leaves of Anemeone rupicola Microscopic features of powdered drug of leaves of Anemone rupicola Qualitative Phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Anemone rupicola.

Pharmacognostic characterization of Dicleptera chinensis by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and analytical techniques.

Dicleptera chinensis J. (Acanthaceae) has been employed in traditional medicinal systems for treating various ailments. It has been used as an anti-inflammatory, wound healing, diuretic, and detoxifying agent in different regions of the world. This study determines several pharmacognostic standards, which are useful to ensure safety, efficacy, and purity of D. chinensis. Different parts of the plant were examined through a scanning electron microscope and light microscope, and cross-section images revealed several useful botanical features of the plant. The color, size, odor, shape, and surface characteristics of plant parts were also examined macroscopically. Pharmacognostic standardization parameters including ash values, loss on drying, swelling index, hemolytic index, and foaming index were determined in accordance with WHO guidelines. Heavy metal analysis was executed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer which depicted the presence of heavy metals and trace elements within the acceptable range. Qualitative phytochemical tests for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and so forth of plant extract were also performed, which showed the valuable amount of these phytochemicals useful for medicinal purposes. Preliminary phytochemical tests provide an indication for major phytoconstituents classes present in the plant. These quantitative and qualitative microscopic features are helpful in establishing the pharmacopeia standards of plant. Assessment of various pharmacognostic features such as morphology of various plant parts explained along with physicochemical and phytochemical analysis could be very helpful for future research. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Pharmacognostic standardization is employed as reported evidence for correct identification of D. chinensis. Structures identified by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy serve as diagnostic features of plant. Important secondary metabolites present in the plant suggest the need for further exploration through advanced metabolomics and other analytical techniques.

Cicatrização de feridas agudas tratadas com produto em pó à base de própolis verde / Acute wound healing by green propolis-based powder product / Cicatrización de heridas agudas tratadas con producto en polvo a base de propóleo verde

Objetivo: avaliar o potencial cicatrizante de um produto em pó à base de própolis verde em lesão aguda induzida em ratos. Método: trata-se de um estudo experimental realizado com 27 ratos da linhagem wistar divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos. As lesões foram induzidas cirurgicamente e tratadas a cada 48 horas com os produtos em teste (pó à base de própolis verde, Brava Ostomy Powder® e soro fisiológico). As lesões foram analisadas macroscópica e microscopicamente no 7º, 9º e 11º dia de pós-operatório. Resultados: a maioria das lesões tratadas com pó à base de própolis verde cicatrizou em 11 dias. O produto formulado para este estudo e o comercial mostraram resultados satisfatórios na retração das feridas, atividade anti-inflamatória, angiogênese, proliferação de fibroblastos e síntese de colágeno. Conclusão: o tratamento com o produto formulado à base de própolis verde mostrou grande potencial de cicatrização das lesões cutâneas

Objective: To evaluate the healing potential of a green propolis-based powder product on acute lesions induced in rats. Method: This is an experimental study conducted with 27 Wistar lineage rats randomly divided into three groups. The lesions were surgically induced and treated every 48 hours with the test products (green propolis-based powder, Brava Ostomy Powder™, and saline solution). The lesions were analyzed macroscopically and microscopically on the 7th, 9th, and 11th postoperative days. Results: Most of the lesions treated with green propolis-based powder healed in 11 days. The product formulated for this study and the commercial one showed satisfactory results in wound retraction, anti-inflammatory activity, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen synthesis. Conclusion: Treatment with the green propolis-based product showed great potential for healing skin lesions

Objetivo: evaluar el potencial cicatrizante de un producto en polvo a base de propóleo verde en heridas agudas inducidas en ratas. Método: se trata de un estudio experimental realizado con 27 ratas wistar, que se separaron de forma aleatoria en tres grupos. Las heridas quirúrgicas fueron tratadas cada 48 horas con los productos en prueba (polvo a base de propóleo verde, Brava Ostomy Powder® y solución fisiológica). Las heridas se evaluaron macro y microscópicamente a los 7, 9 y 11 días postoperatorios. Resultados: la mayoría de las heridas tratadas con el polvo a base de propóleo verde cicatrizaron en 11 días. El producto formulado para este estudio y el producto comercial mostraron resultados satisfactorios en la retracción de heridas, actividad antiinflamatoria, angiogénesis, proliferación de fibroblastos y síntesis de colágeno. Conclusión: el tratamiento con el producto a base de propóleo verde mostró un gran potencial curativo de las lesiones cutáneas

Aspectos farmacognósticos e a importância do óleo essencial da laranja como substância terapêutica na diminuição dos efeitos do estresse / Pharmacognostic aspects and importance of orange essential oil therapeutic substance in decreasing the effects of stress

Pertencente à família Rutaceae, o gênero Citrus tem os mais importantes frutos da colheita de árvores frutíferas mundial, sendo representado por inúmeras espécies de grande importância para a terapêutica moderna. A Citrus sinensis, alvo de estudos recentes perante seu potencial terapêutico sob o estresse, apresenta o isômero destrorotativo do Limoneno como substância ativa para a diminuição da sintomatologia do indivíduo a partir da redução de marcadores endoteliais inflamatórios envolvidos durante todo o ciclo vicioso causado pelo agente estressor. O estresse, capaz de atingir níveis cognitivos, comportamentais e fisiológicos, é também responsável pelo comportamento básico do indivíduo frente ao estímulo estressante. O presente artigo avalia os benefícios da laranja perante seu uso como ansiolítico, além de suas características farmacognósticas mais relevantes comparadas à utilização de produtos nacionais. A metodologia utilizada remete-se à análise bibliográfica de artigos acadêmicos na base de dados da SciELO, PubMed e Google Acadêmico, além da determinação do perfil cromatográfico dos óleos essenciais de limão, tangerina, laranja azeda e a substância ativa contida em cápsulas vendidas comercialmente, para subsequente análise e comparação dos compostos encontrados na prática e na literatura. Os resultados obtidos revelam a semelhança entre as amostras analisadas e o conteúdo das cápsulas, demonstrando qualidade em concentrações significativas para o desenvolvimento e melhoramento dos produtos do mercado nacional. Não obstante, a suma importância do barateamento de custos desses produtos a partir do aprofundamento clínico-científico no óleo das laranjas nacionais utilizadas, garante aumento na qualidade de vida da população-alvo do estudo além da diminuição da incidência da doença.

[De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum : On the Epistemological Status of Taste Perception in Galen's Specific Pharmacology]. / Über Geschmack lässt sich nicht streiten? : Zum epistemologischen Status der Geschmackswahrnehmung in der speziellen Pharmakologie Galens.

This article examines the role of taste perception in Galen's research on simple drugs in relation to the acquisition of knowledge. To this end, 1.) I make it plausible through an examination of sources that the sometimes increased, more detailed and divergent indications of taste compared to his predecessors, especially Dioscorides and Sextius Niger, are based on Galen's own research, 2.) reconstruct Galen's research practice and 3.) examine the presentation of his results in linguistic and logical terms and explain the differences to traditional pharmacology. I argue that a) gustatory perception has a special significance in Galen's work that goes far beyond its traditional descriptive function and b) that, starting from the realisation that taste and drug action are interrelated, he assigns to taste qualities an indicator function for a much more fundamental principle that causes drug action and thus c) has prepared the ground for a pharmacognosy that also classifies according to taste principles, which was to reach its climax much later. With a view to a practice of gustatory testing of herbal drugs that is still practised today in pharmacy, which, like any other natural science discipline, has otherwise largely lost the sensory reference to its subject matter, the article would therefore like to provide an encouragement to study the "history of pharmaceutical-medical tasting".

Farmacia y Plantas medicinales en la literatura: caso de García Márquez / Pharmacy and Medicinal plants in the literature: case of García Márquez

Se trata de un trabajo bibliográfico que pretende obtener una “Mirada Farmacéutica” de la obra de García Márquez. En el mismo se relacionan plantas medicinales o derivados, algunos medicamentos y aspectos farmacéuticos, con las referencias literarias que aparecen en una muestra representativa de las novelas del autor, entre las que se incluyen Cien años de soledad y Amor en los Tiempos del cólera.Estas novelas trascurren en lugares imaginarios o reales de Colombia en los siglos XIX y primera mitad del XX. De forma mayoritaria se han encontrado remedios vegetales y en menor medida de origen químico y animal. Para cada uno de ellos se han realizado observaciones e interpretaciones medicamentosas, sociales e históricas, que ponen en valor la farmacia y las plantas medicinales, que el autor ha usado como recursos para construir las novelas, con independencia de que tengan una base científica o no. Para ello se acompañan con las literarias textuales. Como conclusión, destacamos la forma magistral con la que García usa estos recursos y recomendamos sus lecturas o relecturas, teniendo en cuenta también al mismo tiempo se puede hacer desde un punto de vista farmacéutico. (AU)

It is a bibliographic work that aims to obtain a “Pharmaceutical Look” at the work of García Márquez. It relates medicinal or associated plants, some medicinal and pharmaceutical aspects, with literary works that appear in a representative sample of the author’s novels, including One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Times of Cholera.These novels take place in imaginary or real places in Colombia in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. Plant remedies and to a lesser extent chemical and animal remedies have been found. For each of them, observations and interpretations medical, social and histórical, have been made that value the pharmacy and medicinal plants, which the author has used as resources to build the novels, regardless of whether they have a scientific basis or not. For this they are accompanied by textual literary texts. In conclusion, we highlight the masterful way in which García uses these resources and we recommend their reading or re-reading, also taking into account that at the same time it can be done from a pharmaceutical point of view. (AU)

Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino: A review of the pharmacognosy, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, quality control, and applications.

BACKGROUND: Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (PAF) (Chinese name Jin-Deng-Long) from the Solanaceae family is a traditional Chinese medicine with various pharmacological effects, such as removing heat, detoxification, improving throat conditions, removing phlegm, and ameliorating diuresis. PURPOSE: This paper reviews the existing literature and patents and puts forward some suggestions for future PAF research. METHODS: Using the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, we performed comprehensive search of literature and patents published before April 2022 on PAF and its active ingredients. RESULTS: We comprehensively reviewed the research progress of PAF from aspects of the traditional application, botany, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and toxicology, and first discussed quality control and modern applications, which have not been explored in previous reviews. Thereafter, we reviewed the limitations of pharmacological mechanism and quality control studies and proposed appropriate solutions, which is of great practical significance to subsequent studies. CONCLUSION: In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on PAF, and put forward new insights on studies regarding quality control, material basis, and mechanisms in classical prescription, providing theoretical guidance for the clinical application and development of Chinese medicine.

Pharmacognostic standardization of Rhododendron afghanicum through scanning electron microscopy and analytical techniques.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the pharmacognostic and microscopic features of the selected parts of Rhododendron afghanicum Aitch. & Hemsl. It is a perennial and shrub. Anatomy of stem and leaves depicted dicot structure. It will provide knowledge about standardization, authentication, and adulteration with its co-species. The macroscopic examination reveals that fresh leaves are green, pleasant odor with a bitter taste. The leaf is oblong-elliptic in shape and sub-acute at apex; rounded at the base with entire margin. Stem is irregular and the outer surface is light brown, rough with fissures and ridges. Microscopic examination indicated the presence of xylem, phloem, peltate trichome, epidermal cells, collenchymas cells, paracytic stomata, and reticulate vessels. Stem microscopy reveals epidermis, hypodermis, cortex, sclerenchymatous sheath, phloem, xylem, and pith. It will be helpful in identification and quality control. Micro-morphological features were observed through SEM. EDX spectroscopy were carried out and revealed the presence of calcium, silicon, and potassium. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, phenols, protein, flavonoids, glycosides, and alkaloids. Ethyl acetate for leaf and stem demonstrate the highest extractive values (18% and 13%), respectively. XRD peaks appeared at 30.21, 28.73, 205.73, 200.73, 380.07, 390.24, 490.11, and 450.33ο . This will be helpful to identify the ownership of herbal drugs by the diffraction peaks through crystal structures and atomic spacing. These parameters are crucial for drug identification, standardization, authentication, and drug designing. These studies also provided knowledge regarding therapeutic and nutraceutical importance of this plant. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The current pharmacognostic studies carried out on Rhododendron afghanicum can serve as a basis for compiling keys for finding the taxonomic identification and authentication of the said species by morphological, anatomical, and physicochemical features.

Uso tópico da própolis verde para a cicatrização de feridas: revisão sistemática da literatura / Topical use of green propolis for wound healing: a systematic review of the literature / Uso tópico del propóleo verde para la cicatrización de heridas: revisión sistemática de la literatura

Objetivo:identificar sistematicamente a efetividade do uso tópico da própolis verde no processo de cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas. Método: revisão sistemática da literatura que considerou as publicações disponíveis nas bases de dados National Library of Medicine (PubMed/Medline), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature(LILACS), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Web of Science. O risco de viés dos estudos foi analisado por meio da ferramenta Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation(SYRCLE). Resultados: os quatro estudos analisados utilizaram a própolis verde para a cicatrização de lesões confeccionadas cirurgicamente. Todos os estudos selecionados foram de metodologia experimental, realizados com animais. Dois estudos (50%) utilizaram o extrato etanólico de própolis verde (nas concentrações de 2,4% e 20%) e os outros dois estudos (50%) usaram o extrato hidroalcóolico de própolis verde a 5%. Conclusão: os resultados evidenciaram que o uso tópico dos produtos formulados à base de própolis verde promoveu a cicatrização de lesões de pele, uma vez que favoreceu a angiogênese, a proliferação de fibroblastos e, consequentemente, a síntese e deposição de colágeno, bem como demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana e não apresentou toxicidade tissular, fatores esses que são considerados importantes para o processo de reparação tecidual.

Objective:To systematically identify the effectiveness of the topical use of green propolis in the healing process of surgical wounds. Methods: Systematic review of the literature that considered the publications available in the databases: National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the studies was analyzed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool. Results: The four studies analyzed used green propolis for the healing of surgically made lesions. All the selected studies were of experimental methodology, performed with animals. Two studies (50%) used the ethanolic extract of green propolis (at concentrations of 2.4% and 20%) and the other two studies (50%) used the hydroalcoholic extract of green propolis at 5.0%. Conclusion: The results showed that the topical use of formulated products based on green propolis promoted the healing of skin lesions, since it favored angiogenesis, the proliferation of fibroblasts and, consequently, the synthesis and deposition of collagen, as well as showed antimicrobial activity and showed.

Objetivo:identificar sistemáticamente la efectividad del uso tópico del propóleo verde en el proceso de cicatrización de heridas quirúrgicas. Método: Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura que consideró las publicaciones disponibles en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, LILACS (BVS), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) y Web of Science. El riesgo del sesgo de los estudios fue analizado por medio de la herramienta Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). Resultados: los cuatro estudios analizados utilizaron el propóleo verde para la cicatrización de lesiones confeccionadas quirúrgicamente. Todos los estudios seleccionados fueron de metodología experimental, realizados con animales. Dos estudios (50 %) utilizaron el extracto etanólico de propóleo verde (en concentraciones de 2,4 % y 20 %) y los otros dos estudios (50 %) usaron el extracto hidroalcohólico de propóleo verde al 5 %. Conclusión: Los resultados evidenciaron que el uso tópico de los productos formulados a base de propóleo verde promovió la cicatrización de lesiones de piel, debido a que favoreció la angiogénesis, la proliferación de fibroblastos y, en consecuencia la síntesis y deposición de colágeno, así como también demostró actividad antimicrobiana y no presentó toxicidad tisular, factores estos que son considerados importantes para el proceso de reparación de tejidos.

A scientific pharmacognosy on Gaucher's disease: an in silico analysis.

From ancient times, studies on herbal medicine and pharmacognosy have increased gradually worldwide, due to the increased side effects, adverse drug reactions, and charge lines of modern medicines. Plants are well known for their medicinal effects and nutritional values. They contain bioactive compounds which display a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. Gaucher's disease (GD) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited metabolic disorder caused due to the defect in Glucosylceramidase beta gene coding for the enzyme acid-ß-glucosidase in humans. We revealed the profound binding efficiency of five selected bioactive compounds from different plants against the main enzyme acid-ß-glucosidase responsible for GD through molecular docking. An in silico approach along with the ADMET profiles of phytocompounds was done using the Schrodinger software. The preventive measure of GD leads to side effects, inaccessible and unaffordable which put forth the emergence of phytocompounds which have fewer toxic effects, and one such compound is ß-D-Glucopyranose with the best docking score (-10.28 kcal/mol) and an excellent binding affinity than other ligands, which could be further analyzed for stability using molecular dynamics study and in vitro. Being a dietary supplement, these compounds could be prepared in any form of formulation as a drug.

Phytochemical and pharmacognostic studies of Buddleja asiatica leaves.

Buddleja asiatica commonly known as "Booi" is a large deciduous shrub belongs to family Scrophulariaceae, traditionally used as antipyretic, analgesic, hypotensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal agent recorded from essential oil obtained from leaves. The literature revealed that the plant has been widely used for many other purposes. The said plant has been analyzed through pharmacognostic techniques such as morphological, microscopic, and physio-chemical evaluations to keep the originality of the plant and to avoid adulteration. Morphologically, the plant is evergreen shrub, while organoleptic studies showed that the leaf has glabrous upper surface and tomentose lower surface, with slightly bitter taste and aromatic odor. Anatomically, the leaf showed typical dicot histological differentiation with hypostomatic nature having highest frequency (90%) of actinocytic stomata. The average stomatal number and stomatal index were 336 ± 39.5 and 30.01 ± 2.34, respectively. The palisade cell ratio, vein termination, and vein islet number were 9.2 ± 0.72, 10.2 ± 3.1, and 10.3 ± 3.3, respectively. Various tissue fragments have been observed during powdered drug analysis of the leaf. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of proteins, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. Fluorescence analysis in ordinary day light and under UV light along with extractive values was also analyzed. The above-mentioned studies that have been reported, for the first time, for the said plant may be significant to establish the pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards of the said species.

Farmacia y Plantas medicinales en la literatura: caso de García Márquez / Pharmacy and Medicinal plants in the literature: case of García Márquez

Se trata de un trabajo bibliográfico que pretende obtener una “Mirada Farmacéutica” de la obra de García Márquez. En el mismo se relacionan plantas medicinales o derivados, algunos medicamentos y aspectos farmacéuticos, con las referencias literarias que aparecen en una muestra representativa de las novelas del autor, entre las que se incluyen Cien años de soledad y Amor en los Tiempos del cólera. Estas novelas trascurren en lugares imaginarios o reales de Colombia en los siglos XIX y primera mitad del XX. De forma mayoritaria se han encontrado remedios vegetales y en menor medida de origen químico y animal. Para cada uno de ellos se han realizado observaciones e interpretaciones medicamentosas, sociales e históricas, que ponen en valor la farmacia y las plantas medicinales, que el autor ha usado como recursos para construir las novelas, con independencia de que tengan una base científica o no. Para ello se acompañan con las literarias textuales. Como conclusión, destacamos la forma magistral con la que García usa estos recursos y recomendamos sus lecturas o relecturas, teniendo en cuenta también al mismo tiempo se puede hacer desde un punto de vista farmacéutico.(AU)

It is a bibliographic work that aims to obtain a “Pharmaceutical Look” at the work of García Márquez. It relates medicinal or associated plants, some medicinal and pharmaceutical aspects, with literary works that appear in a representative sample of the author’s novels, including One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Times of Cholera.These novels take place in imaginary or real places in Colombia in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. Plant remedies and to a lesser extent chemical and animal remedies have been found. For each of them, observations and interpretations medical, social and histórical, have been made that value the pharmacy and medicinal plants, which the author has used as resources to build the novels, regardless of whether they have a scientific basis or not. For this they are accompanied by textual literary texts. In conclusion, we highlight the masterful way in which García uses these resources and we recommend their reading or re-reading, also taking into account that at the same time it can be done from a pharmaceutical point of view.(AU)