Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil / Elementos químicos em sedimentos e em moluscos bivalves de regiões estuarinas do sul do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus and #4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.(AU)

Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus e #4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.(AU)

Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil / Elementos químicos em sedimentos e em moluscos bivalves de regiões estuarinas do sul do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus and #4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.

Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus e #4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.

Provenance of heavy and clay minerals in bottom sediments of Green Lake, an Amazonian fluvial lake in Brazil

Studies on provenance of minerals in Amazonian rivers focus mostly on suspended sediments, while processes that control bottom-sediment production and distribution are still little known. We determined the provenance of the bottom sediments of Green Lake, a micro-basin draining into the Tapajós River, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. We used X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and, cathodoluminescence techniques to analyze clay, light and heavy minerals of 22 samples. The lake is L-shaped, with 5.5 m maximum depth, and predominance of mud over sand in the center. Quartz and feldspar were dominant in the light fraction, while zircon, tourmaline, kyanite, rutile, and staurolite were dominant in the heavy fraction. The clay fraction was dominated by kaolinite, with morphology and degree of crystallinity indicative of a detrital origin related to weathering. The Alter do Chão Formation (ACF) is suggested as the main source of sand sediments and heavy minerals, due to their mineralogical and percentage similarity. The provenance of kaolinite was mainly the ACF, with a minor contribution of the Amazon and Tapajós rivers. The primary origin of the heavy minerals in the ACF indicates the basement of the Amazonas Basin as source rock and this formation as a source of sediments for Green Lake through weathering and erosion processes under current tropical conditions. The presence of Aulacoseira granulata and Aulacoseira ambigua indicates the importance of current erosive processes on sediment production. (AU)

Tracing the origin of reservoir sediments using magnetic properties in Southeastern Brazil / Traçando a origem de sedimentos de reservatórios usando propriedades magnéticas no Sudeste do Brasil

Determining the origin of eroded soil is essential to design effective soil erosion control strategies which preserve the soil resource, enhance agricultural productivity, and reduce the negative impacts of soil erosion, in-field and off-field. Magnetic properties have been widely used in temperate environments to identify sediment sources, pathways and links, but there have been very few applications in tropical and subtropical environments. Therefore, in this paper we investigated reservoir sediment sources in the Upper Grande River Basin, Southeastern Brazil, using sediment tracing techniques based on magnetic parameters (low and high frequency magnetic susceptibility, frequency dependent susceptibility). The different parent materials and subtropical weathering conditions resulted in soils having different Fe oxide minerals and Fe oxide contents, promoting magnetic variability that allowed comparison and identification of possible sources of reservoir sediments in order to reduce water erosion impacts. The results indicate the suitability of magnetic properties as a tracer for soil erosion studies in tropical environments.(AU)

Determinar a origem de solos erodidos é essencial para projetar estratégias efetivas de controle da erosão do solo que preservem os recursos do solo, aumentem a produtividade agrícola e reduzam os impactos negativos da erosão do solo, em campo e fora dele. As propriedades magnéticas têm sido amplamente utilizadas em ambientes temperados para identificar fontes, vias e elos de sedimentos, mas existem pouquíssimas aplicações em ambientes tropicais. Portanto, neste trabalho investigamos fontes de sedimentos de reservatórios na Bacia do Alto Rio Grande, Sudeste do Brasil, utilizando técnicas de rastreamento de sedimentos baseadas em parâmetros magnéticos (suscetibilidade magnética de baixa e alta freqüência, susceptibilidade dependente da freqüência). Os diferentes materiais de origem e condições de intemperismo tropical resultaram em solos com diferentes minerais de óxido de Fe e teores de óxidos de Fe, promovendo variabilidade magnética que permitiu a comparação e identificação de possíveis fontes de sedimentos de reservatórios para reduzir os impactos da erosão hídrica. Os resultados indicam a adequação das propriedades magnéticas como um traçador para estudos de erosão do solo em ambientes tropicais.(AU)

Tracing the origin of reservoir sediments using magnetic properties in Southeastern Brazil / Traçando a origem de sedimentos de reservatórios usando propriedades magnéticas no Sudeste do Brasil

Determining the origin of eroded soil is essential to design effective soil erosion control strategies which preserve the soil resource, enhance agricultural productivity, and reduce the negative impacts of soil erosion, in-field and off-field. Magnetic properties have been widely used in temperate environments to identify sediment sources, pathways and links, but there have been very few applications in tropical and subtropical environments. Therefore, in this paper we investigated reservoir sediment sources in the Upper Grande River Basin, Southeastern Brazil, using sediment tracing techniques based on magnetic parameters (low and high frequency magnetic susceptibility, frequency dependent susceptibility). The different parent materials and subtropical weathering conditions resulted in soils having different Fe oxide minerals and Fe oxide contents, promoting magnetic variability that allowed comparison and identification of possible sources of reservoir sediments in order to reduce water erosion impacts. The results indicate the suitability of magnetic properties as a tracer for soil erosion studies in tropical environments.

Determinar a origem de solos erodidos é essencial para projetar estratégias efetivas de controle da erosão do solo que preservem os recursos do solo, aumentem a produtividade agrícola e reduzam os impactos negativos da erosão do solo, em campo e fora dele. As propriedades magnéticas têm sido amplamente utilizadas em ambientes temperados para identificar fontes, vias e elos de sedimentos, mas existem pouquíssimas aplicações em ambientes tropicais. Portanto, neste trabalho investigamos fontes de sedimentos de reservatórios na Bacia do Alto Rio Grande, Sudeste do Brasil, utilizando técnicas de rastreamento de sedimentos baseadas em parâmetros magnéticos (suscetibilidade magnética de baixa e alta freqüência, susceptibilidade dependente da freqüência). Os diferentes materiais de origem e condições de intemperismo tropical resultaram em solos com diferentes minerais de óxido de Fe e teores de óxidos de Fe, promovendo variabilidade magnética que permitiu a comparação e identificação de possíveis fontes de sedimentos de reservatórios para reduzir os impactos da erosão hídrica. Os resultados indicam a adequação das propriedades magnéticas como um traçador para estudos de erosão do solo em ambientes tropicais.

Efeitos tóxicos dos sedimentos do estuário do rio Capibaribe em embriões de zebrafish (Danio rerio) / Toxic effects of sediments of the Capibaribe estuary on zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio)

O presente estudo utilizou embriões de Danio rerio expostos aos elutriatos dos sedimentos estuarinos do rio Capibaribe, dos períodos chuvoso e seco, e analisou os efeitos letais, teratogênicos, bem como a frequência cardíaca. Os testes de toxicidade com os embriões seguiram as diretrizes da OECD 236. Mediante os resultados obtidos, a frequência cardíaca e a teratogenicidade foram os efeitos mais observados nos animais quando submetidos às amostras. Entre os efeitos teratogênicos, o retardo geral no desenvolvimento dos embriões foi o mais frequente durante as análises. Tais efeitos tóxicos se modificaram entre os pontos e entre os períodos de coleta. Essa variação de toxicidade pode estar relacionada à diversidade de atividades realizadas no entorno desse estuário, a influência do regime de chuvas, marés e correntes, indicando que a análise dos efeitos subletais e da teratogenicidade em embriões de D. rerio constitui bom parâmetro para avaliações de toxicidade de amostras ambientais.(AU)

The present study used Danio rerio embryos exposed to the elutriates of the estuarine sediments of the Rio Capibaribe, from the rainy and dry periods, where the lethal effects, teratogenic and heart rate were analyzed. Embryotoxicity tests followed the guidelines of OECD 236. Based on the results obtained, heart rate and teratogenicity demonstrated higher sensitivity to the samples. Among the teratogenic effects, the general delay in embryo development was the most frequent effect during the analyzes. These toxic effects changed between the points and between the collection periods. This variation of toxicity may be related to the diversity of activities carried out around this estuary, the influence of rainfall, tides, and currents, indicating the analysis of sublethal effects and teratogenicity in the D. rerio embryos are useful parameters for toxic evaluation of environmental samples.(AU)

Efeitos tóxicos dos sedimentos do estuário do rio Capibaribe em embriões de zebrafish (Danio rerio) / Toxic effects of sediments of the Capibaribe estuary on zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio)

O presente estudo utilizou embriões de Danio rerio expostos aos elutriatos dos sedimentos estuarinos do rio Capibaribe, dos períodos chuvoso e seco, e analisou os efeitos letais, teratogênicos, bem como a frequência cardíaca. Os testes de toxicidade com os embriões seguiram as diretrizes da OECD 236. Mediante os resultados obtidos, a frequência cardíaca e a teratogenicidade foram os efeitos mais observados nos animais quando submetidos às amostras. Entre os efeitos teratogênicos, o retardo geral no desenvolvimento dos embriões foi o mais frequente durante as análises. Tais efeitos tóxicos se modificaram entre os pontos e entre os períodos de coleta. Essa variação de toxicidade pode estar relacionada à diversidade de atividades realizadas no entorno desse estuário, a influência do regime de chuvas, marés e correntes, indicando que a análise dos efeitos subletais e da teratogenicidade em embriões de D. rerio constitui bom parâmetro para avaliações de toxicidade de amostras ambientais.(AU)

The present study used Danio rerio embryos exposed to the elutriates of the estuarine sediments of the Rio Capibaribe, from the rainy and dry periods, where the lethal effects, teratogenic and heart rate were analyzed. Embryotoxicity tests followed the guidelines of OECD 236. Based on the results obtained, heart rate and teratogenicity demonstrated higher sensitivity to the samples. Among the teratogenic effects, the general delay in embryo development was the most frequent effect during the analyzes. These toxic effects changed between the points and between the collection periods. This variation of toxicity may be related to the diversity of activities carried out around this estuary, the influence of rainfall, tides, and currents, indicating the analysis of sublethal effects and teratogenicity in the D. rerio embryos are useful parameters for toxic evaluation of environmental samples.(AU)

Avaliação da contaminação por cobre e chumbo do lago Aratimbó - Umuarama - Pr / Evaluation of copper and lead contamination of the Aratimbó lake in Umuarama - Paraná

Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar os metais Cobre e Chumbo presentes na água e no sedimento do lago Aratimbó, localizado na cidade de Umuarama-PR e analisar os indicadores abióticos de temperatura e pH da água. As coletas foram feitas em triplicatas, em três pontos distintos, em dois diferentes dias, sendo o primeiro em tempo seco, anterior a chuva e outro logo após a primeira chuva. As amostras tiveram sua temperatura e pH verificado in loco e a determinação dos metais ocorreu por meio de Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica por chama. Os resultados de pH obtiveram valores satisfatórios em todos os pontos. Em relação à concentração de metais, na água, houve maior concentração de chumbo antes da chuva e uma concentração abaixo do limite apenas para o cobre no ponto 1. No sedimento, a concentração de ambos metais foi maior antes da chuva, exceto no ponto três, onde a concentração foi maior após a chuva. É possível que os maiores valores de concentração para os metais tenham sido superiores no período de seca em virtude do volume aumentado de água após a chuva, com maior diluição. Assim, podendo atribuir a contaminação às atividades antropogênicas, uma vez que o lago se localiza em região urbana central.

The purpose of this paper was to quantify the copper and lead present in the water and sediments of the Aratimbó lake, located in the city of Umuarama, in the state of Paraná, and to analyze the abiotic indicators of temperature and pH of the water. The samples were taken in triplicate at three different points, on two different days - the first during dry weather, before the rain, and the other after the first rain. The temperature and pH of the samples were verified in locu and the metals were determined through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry by flame. The pH results obtained satisfactory values ​​at all points. Regarding the concentration of metals in the water, a higher concentration of lead was observed before the rain and a concentration below the limit was observed only for copper in point 1. In the sediment, the concentration of both metals was higher before the rain, except in point three, where the concentration was also higher after the rain. It is possible that the highest concentration values ​​for the metals were higher in the dry period due to the increased volume of water after rainfall, with higher dilution of the metals, as well as the attribution of contamination to the anthropogenic activities, since the lake is located in a central urban region.

Efecto del microhábitat sobre la abundancia y riqueza específica de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos en dos ríos tropicales de montaña, Guatemala / Effect of microhabitat on the abundance and specific richness of benthic macroinvertebrates in two tropical mountain streams, Guatemala

Los macroinvertebrados bentónicos cumplen funciones ecológicas importantes en los sistemas lóticos, como el traspaso de energía a través de las redes tróficas, la descomposición de la materia orgánica, el reciclaje de nutrientes y la mezcla de sedimentos. Uno de los principales factores que definen la composición del ensamble de macroinvertebrados es la disponibilidad de microhábitats. Debido a ello, se evaluó el efecto de ocho microhábitats (hojarasca, grava, piedras, roca, musgo, vegetación acuática, pozas y cataratas), así como de la velocidad y profundidad, sobre la abundancia y riqueza específica de los macroinvertebrados en los ríos La Labor y Tzununá en la cuenca del lago Atitlán en el altiplano de Guatemala. Se colectaron 19,529 organismos correspondientes a 91 taxa, 49 familias y 65 géneros. El microhábitat que presentó mayor abundancia fue hojarasca (7,723 organismos) y pozas presentó la menor (652 organismos). En cuanto a riqueza, piedras presentó la mayor riqueza (41 taxa) y musgo tuvo la menor (28 taxa). Se evidenció que el microhábitat tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la abundancia y la riqueza (p < .05), ésta última también se vio influenciada por la profundidad (p = .030). Se concluyó que el microhábitat es un factor importante, para determinar la composición de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados; ya que la presencia y dominancia de elementos de heterogeneidad en los ríos, contribuye a incrementar la diversidad del hábitat físico, así como las opciones de alimento y refugio, promoviendo la abundancia y riqueza de macroinvertebrados en los sistemas lóticos.

Benthic macroinvertebrates serve important ecological functions in lotic systems, such as the transfer of energy through trophic networks, decomposition of organic matter, nutrient recycling and sediment mixing. One of the main factors that define the composition of the macroinvertebrate assemblage is the availability of microhabitats. The survey evaluated the effect of eight microhabitats (leaf litter, gravel, stones or pebbles, rock, moss, aquatic vegetation, pools and waterfalls), as well as speed and depth, on the abundance and specific richness due to rarefaction of the macroinvertebrates in La Labor and Tzununá rivers, which are part of the Lake Atitlán basin in the Guatemalan highlands. In this area 19,529 organisms corresponding to 91 taxa, 49 families and 65 genera were collected. The highest abundance was in leaf litter microhabitat (7,723 organisms), while stones showed the highest richness (41 taxa). Pools had the lowest abundance (652 organisms) and moss had the lowest richness (28 taxa). The microhabitat has a significant effect on abundance and richness (p < .05), also depth has a significant effect on richness (p = .030). The microhabitat is an important factor, to determine the composition of the macroinvertebrate community, because the presence and dominance of elements of heterogeneity in the rivers contributes to increase the diversity of the physical habitat, which provides refuge and food that satisfy the requirements of organisms promoting the abundance and richness of macroinvertebrates in lotic systems.

Influence of sediment granulometry and salinity on the composition of an estuarine fish assemblage in the Mexican Tropical Pacific / Influencia de la granulometría del sedimento y la salinidad en la composición de una comunidad de peces estuarinos en el Pacífico tropical mexicano

Abstract Barra de Navidad lagoon (BNL) is one of the main coastal wetlands in the coast of the State of Jalisco, Mexico. It is a Ramsar site (wetland of international importance) and has been included among the 81 mangrove sites with biological relevance and ecological rehabilitation needs in Mexico. Although fish fauna composition is well known in BNL, little evidence exists that support seasonal and spatial changes of fish assemblages' structure. The hypothesis tested in this study was that there are significant seasonal and spatial changes in BNL fish assemblages' composition which can be explained, at least partially, by changes in salinity, water temperature and sediment's granulometry. Fish assemblages were sampled monthly from October 2012 to September 2013 at four zones of BNL, using gill nets (7.62 mm stretched mesh). A sample was taken every month in a randomly selected area of each zone. Prior to each sampling operation, water salinity and temperature were measured using an YSI-30 probe. Samples of sediment were collected with a Van Veen grab sampler in three randomly selected points of each zone for granulometry and organic matter analyses. A total of 2 026 individuals belonging to 48 species were collected. Slightly more than 90 % of all caught fish belonged to nine species: Peruvian mojarra (Diapterus brevirostris), Pacific crevalle-jack (Caranx caninus), White mullet (Mugil curema), Blue sea-catfish (Ariopsis guatemalensis), Oval flounder (Syacium ovale), Pacific lined sole (Achirus mazatlanus), Yellowfin mojarra (Gerres simillimus), Pacific bumper (Chloroscombrus orqueta) and Freckled porcupinefish (Diodon holocanthus). Generalized linear models yielded significant differences among zones for the mean abundance of each of these nine species, but only in two cases seasonal differences were significant (D. brevisrostris and C. caninus). Permutational multivariate analysis of variance yielded also significant differences among zones and between seasons for the composition of the fish assemblage. Redundancy analysis using salinity, temperature, and percentage mud in sediment as environmental variables showed that fish assemblage's composition varies along two main gradients defined by mud fraction of sediments in a small spatial scale (~ 3 km) and salinity in a seasonal scale. Percentage of variation explained by canonical axes was less than 25 %, indicating that other factors could be influencing changes in assemblage composition. As most species appear as juveniles in the lagoon, fluctuations in their abundances could be linked, at least partially, with recruitment events. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1065-1077. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen La laguna Barra de Navidad (LBN) es uno de los principales humedales costeros en la costa del Estado de Jalisco, México. Es un sitio Ramsar (humedal de importancia internacional) y ha sido incluida entre los 81 sitios de manglar con relevancia biológica y necesidades de rehabilitación en México. Aunque la composición de la ictiofauna es bien conocida en LBN, hay poca evidencia sobre la existencia de cambios estacionales y espaciales en la estructura de la misma. La hipótesis que guió este trabajo fue que en la composición de la ictiofauna de la laguna Barra de Navidad hay cambios espaciales y estacionales que pueden ser explicados, al menos parcialmente, por cambios en la salinidad, temperatura del agua y granulometría del sedimento. Los peces fueron muestreados mensualmente de octubre 2012 a septiembre 2013 en cuatro zonas de la laguna, usando redes agalleras (7.62 mm de malla estirada). Se tomó una muestra cada mes en un área seleccionada aleatoriamente en cada zona. Previo a cada operación de muestreo, se midieron la salinidad y la temperatura del agua con una sonda YSI-30. Muestras de sedimento para análisis granulométrico y del contenido de materia orgánica, se recolectaron con una draga tipo Van Veen en tres puntos seleccionados aleatoriamente en cada zona. Se recolectaron 2 026 individuos de 48 especies de peces. Poco más de 90 % de todos los peces contados pertenecieron a nueve especies: Diapterus brevirostris, Caranx caninus, Mugil curema, Ariopsis guatemalensis, Syacium ovale, Achirus mazatlanus, Gerres simillimus, Chloroscombrus orqueta y Diodon holocanthus. Modelos lineales generalizados arrojaron diferencias significativas entre zonas para la abundancia media de estas nueve especies, pero solo en dos casos se encontraron diferencias significativas entre estaciones (D. brevirostris y C. caninus). El análisis multidimensional de varianza basado en permutaciones, arrojó también diferencias significativas entre zonas y entre estaciones para la composición de la ictiofauna. El análisis de redundancia usando la salinidad, la temperatura y el porcentaje de lodo en el sedimento como variables ambientales, mostró que la composición de la ictiofauna varía a lo largo de dos gradientes definidos por la fracción de lodo de los sedimentos en una escala espacial pequeña (~ 3 km) y la salinidad en una escala estacional. El porcentaje de variación explicado por los ejes canónicos fue menor de 25 %, indicando que otros factores pudieran influir en los cambios de la composición de la ictiofauna. Como la mayoría de las especies aparecen en su estadio juvenil en la laguna, las fluctuaciones en sus abundancias pudieran estar relacionadas, al menos parcialmente, con eventos de reclutamiento.

Evaluación toxicológica y de metales (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn y Cd) en el sedimento del reservorio Paiva Castro en Mairiporã-SP, Brasil / Toxicological and metal evaluation (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and Cd) in the sediment of Paiva Castro reservoir, in Mairiporã-SP, Brasil

El hombre ha cambiado el ambiente para sostener la demanda global de recursos naturales como el agua. La gestión de los cuerpos hídricos tiene que ser constante, con el propósito preventivo y correctivo, dependiendo del estado de antropización de cada sistema. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar la toxicidad del sedimento y los metales Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd y Cu, en el reservorio Paiva Castro, que abastece la Region Metropolitana de São Paulo. Se realizaron 2 muestreos (Mayo 2011, estación seca y Enero de 2012, estación húmeda) y se analizaron 5 puntos próximos a la captación de agua por la Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo. Se realizaron ensayos de toxicidad aguda y crónica en sedimento, a través de ensayos biológicos con el cladócero Daphnia similis y el insecto Chironomus xanthus. El tratamiento de datos se realizó con el test de Fisher (mortalidad). El nivel de asociación entre las variables en sedimento y en los test ecotoxicológicos fueron evaluados por test no-paramétricos, a través del coeficiente de correlación de Spearman's. Los resultados del presente trabajo señalaron bajas concentracones de metales en el sedimento del área de estudio y ausencia de toxicidad en los organismos ensayados. Se puede concluir que área estudiada del reservorio Paiva Castro se encuentra poco impactada por los metales, sin efectos directos sobre la calidad de vida los organismos bentónicos: D. similis y C. xanthus.

Man had changed the natural environment in an attempt trying to supply the global demand for resources. The management of the hydric bodies has to be constant, with preventive and corrective purpose, depending on the eutrophization state of each one. The objective of this article was to analyze the sediment toxicity and the metals Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cu, in the Paiva Castro reservoir, that supply the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. It was made 2 collections (May 2011, dry season and January 2012, wet season). It was analyzed 5 points next to the water captation station by the Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo. The sediment was analyzed as for acute and chronic toxicity through bioassays with the cladocerans Daphnia similis and the insect Chironomus xanthus. Data treatment was done with Fisher Exact Test (mortality). The association level between the variables in sediment and ecotoxicological tests was available in non-parametric tests, through the Spearman's correlation coefficient. Oriented on the results presented in this work, pointing low concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments presented in the collect local, and the absence of toxicity, we can say that at this reservoir, at least in the collect area, it's low impacted, not implicating in direct interferences in the quality of life of benthonic organisms.

Estado poblacional del pepino de mar (Clase Holothuroidea) en el Caribe de Guatemala / Population status of Sea Cucumber (Class Holothuroidea) in the Caribbean of Guatemala

Los holoturoideos o pepinos de mar pertenecen al filo Echinodermata, e incluyen animales con cuerpo vermiforme alargado y blando que viven en los fondos de los mares de todo el mundo. Ecológicamente estos organismos son recicladores eficientes de sedimentos en el ambiente. En los últimos años han cobrado alto valor comercial en el mercado asiático, por lo que su pesquería se ha expandido hacia muchos países. En Guatemala se decretó una veda precautoria en el 2010 por cinco años, al terminar esta se extendió por dos años más, pero con el compromise de obtener información científica durante dicho período. Con este fin, se realizó una evaluación poblacional del pepino de mar a través de transectos lineales de 60 m2, en siete puntos de la bahía de Amatique y la zona expuesta del mar Caribe de Guatemala, durante abril, junio y septiembre del 2016. Se evaluaron 6,300 m2, encontrando un total de 64 individuos de pepinos de mar. La riqueza de holotúridos está representada por siete especies, siendo las más abundantes Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) y Holothuria mexicana (Ludwig, 1875). Los sitios con mayor abundancia fueron Faro Rojo y King Fish (p = .004). En base a los resultados de esta evaluación se puede determinar que la explotación comercial de los pepinos de mar en el Caribe guatemalteco no es viable, y que para aprovechar el valor comercial de estas especies se podría impulsar la acuicultura y comercializarlo a través de un sistema eficiente de trazabilidad.

Holothurians or sea cucumbers belong to the filum Equinodermata, which includes animals with long soft vermiform bodies that live on the ocean bottom of the entire world. Ecologically these organisms are efficient recyclers of sediments in the environment. In recent years, they have gained high commercial value in the Asian market, so their fishery has expanded to many countries. In Guatemala, a precautionary ban was decreed in 2010 for five years, when it ended it was extended for two more years, but with the commitment to obtain scientific information during that period. For this purpose, a population assessment of sea cucumber was carried out through linear transects of 60 m2, in seven points of Amatique Bay and the exposed zone of the Caribbean Sea of Guatemala, during April, June and September of 2016. 6300 m2 were evaluated, founding 64 organisms. The holothurians richness is represented by seven species, being the most abundant Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria mexicana (Ludwig, 1875). The most abundant sites were Faro Rojo and King Fish (p = .004). Based on the results of this evaluation, it can be determined that the commercial exploitation of sea cucumbers in the guatemalan Caribbean is not viable, and that to take advantage of the commercial value of these species, aquaculture could be promoted and marketed through an efficient traceability system.

Cristalurias medicamentosas en el laboratorio de urgencias: reporte de dos casos / Drug induced crystalluria in the emergency laboratory: report of two cases

Ciertos fármacos que son excretados en orina, como los antibióticos, pueden formar cristales cuando la dosis empleadas son elevadas, la diuresis se encuentra disminuida o el pH de la orina es ácido. Los eventos de cristaluria medicamentosa son poco frecuentes y pueden ser cuadros asintomáticos e incluso originar fallos renales agudos. En este reporte se describen dos casos: una mujer de 26 años con cristaluria de ampicilina y una niña de 8 años con cristaluria de amoxicilina, registrados en el laboratorio de urgencias del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social. El análisis del sedimento fue realizado empleando microscopía óptica, luego los cristales fueron sometidos a microscopía de polarización y espectrofotometría infrarroja logrando la identificación exacta de la naturaleza química de los cristales. Este es el primer reporte de cristaluria medicamentosa del país y pone de manifiesto la importancia del trabajo colaborativo entre instituciones del estado.

Certain drugs that are excreted in the urine, including antibiotics, could induce theformation of crystals when the dose used is high, the diuresis is low or the pH of the urine isacid. The events of drug induced crystalluria are rare and could be asymptomatic or couldcause acute renal failure. In this report, we describe two cases: One of a 26-year-oldwoman with ampiciline crystalluria and a 8-year-old child with amoxiciline crystalluria, bothregistered at the Emergency Laboratory of the Central Hospital of the Instituto de PrevisionSocial. The analysis of the urinary sediment was made by conventional microscopy, andthen the crystals were studied by polarized light microscopy and infrared spectroscopyachieving the exact identification of the chemical nature of the crystals. This is the firstreport of drug induced crystalluria in the country and shows the importance of thecolaborative work between state institutions.

Evaluación genotóxica de sedimentos de la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo bajo la influence de distintos usos del suelo / Genotoxic evaluation of sludge from Matanza-Riachuelo basin under the influence of different uses of land

El Río Matanza-Riachuelo y sus afluentes atraviesan zonas con diferente grado de contaminación generada por las actividades agrícola-ganaderas, urbana e industrial. Los contaminantes que llegan al agua y son depositados en los sedimentos pueden ser liberados nuevamente al agua generando efectos tóxicos y/o genotóxicos sobre los organismos acuáticos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la genotoxicidad de muestras de sedimentos de la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo obtenidas de zonas con diferentes usos del suelo. Se seleccionaron cuatro sitios de muestreo. Se utilizaron 2 métodos de extracción de contaminantes (agitación y sonicación), 2 solventes orgánicos (metanol y diclorometano) y 2 solventes inorgánicos (agua y solución ácida), obteniéndose un total de 5 extractos para cada muestra. Se realizaron mediciones de metales pesados e hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y CG/MS, respectivamente. La genotoxicidad se evaluó mediante el test de Ames con 2 cepas de Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 y TA100), con y sin fracción microsomal S9, y el test de Allium cepa. De los cuatro sitios estudiados, los sedimentos del Riachuelo mostraron mayores concentraciones de metales pesados y HAPs. Para el test de Ames, sólo los extractos obtenidos en diclorometano resultaron genotóxicos para la TA100 +S9 mix. Tanto los extractos inorgánicos como los orgánicos fueron citotóxicos y genotóxicos para A. cepa. Se observó una correlación negativa entre algunos compuestos HAPs y la frecuencia de micronúcleos, indicando la presencia de efectos antagónicos con otros compuestos genotóxicos. Los extractos con mayor efecto tóxico y genotóxico fueron los obtenidos con diclorometano y solución ácida. Este estudio mostró que los contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos extraídos de muestras de sedimento de la Cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo, con diferente grado de impacto, presentan un potencial riesgo tóxico y genotóxico para el ecosistema acuático.

The Matanza-Riachuelo River and its tributaries traverse areas with different degrees of contamination due to farming, urban and industrial activities. The pollutants entering the water are deposited in sediments, and can be released back into the water producing toxic and/or genotoxic effects on aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to analyze the genotoxicity of sediment samples from the Matanza-Riachuelo Basin with different land uses. Four sampling sites according to the characteristics of land use were selected. Two methods of extraction (stirring and sonication), two organic solvents (methanol and dichloromethane) and two inorganic solvents (water and acid solution) were used, yielding a total of 5 extracts for each sample. Measurements of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and GC/MS, respectively were performed. Genotoxicity was assessed using the Ames test with 2 strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100) with and without S9 microsomal fraction, and the Allium cepa test. Taking into account the four sites, sediments from Riachuelo showed higher concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs. Only the dichloromethane extracts were genotoxic to the Ames test using the TA100 strain +S9 the mix. Both organic and inorganic extracts were cytotoxic and genotoxic to A. cepa. A negative correlation between some PAHs compounds and micronucleus frequency were observed, indicating the presence of antagonistic effects with other genotoxic compounds in samples. The extracts with high toxic and genotoxic effects were obtained with dichloromethane and acid solution. This study showed that organic and inorganic contaminants extracted from sediment samples from the Matanza-Riachuelo Basin, with varying degrees of impact, have potential toxic and genotoxic risk to the aquatic ecosystem.

Distribuição geoquímica e biodisponibilidade de metais traço em sedimentos no Rio Bento Gomes, Poconé - MT, Brasil / Geochemical distribution and bioavailability of trace metals in sediments of the Bento Gomes River, Poconé - MT, Brazil

The sediment is one of the major compartments of aquatic ecosystems, it plays an important role in the transport and accumulation of metal. This study aimed to determine the concentration of metals in geochemical fractions of the Bento Gomes River sediments, Pantanal of Poconé (MT) through selective extraction and sequential in order to assess the distribution and mobility of metals. The sediments were collected in the rainy and dry seasons in eight different points, and the metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni) extracted from sediments by sequential extraction procedures (based on the proposed by BCR protocol - Community Bureau of Reference) and selective extraction (based on the 3050B protocol of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States), using certified reference materials for validation of the analytical method. All metals showed levels below the limits established by CONAMA Resolution nº 454/2012 in the dry season, except for Ni in the rainy season (greater than 18 mg kg-1). The fractionation studies indicated that the metals were found in mobilized sediment fractions, especially associated with the iron oxides. The metals more mobile and hence more bioavailable, have been manganese, zinc and nickel, particularly in the rainy season. Largest copper contents were found in the residual fraction of the sediment, indicating low mobility in the aquatic environment. The sequence of mobility of the metals studied was Mn> Zn> Ni> Cr> Cu> Fe.

O sedimento é um dos compartimentos mais importantes dos ecossistemas aquáticos, possui papel importante no transporte e acumulação de metais. Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar a concentração de metais nas frações geoquímicas de sedimentos do Rio Bento Gomes, Pantanal de Poconé (MT) por meio da extração seletiva e sequencial, a fim de avaliar a distribuição e mobilidade dos metais. Os sedimentos foram coletados nos períodos seco e chuvoso em oito pontos distintos, e os metais (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn e Ni) extraídos dos sedimentos por procedimentos de extração sequencial (baseada no protocolo proposto por BCR -Community Bureau of Reference) e de extração seletiva (baseada no protocolo 3050B da Environmental Protection Agency of the United States), utilizando-se materiais de referência certificados para validação do método analítico. Todos os metais apresentaram teores abaixo do limite previsto na Resolução CONAMA nº 454/2012 no período seco, com exceção do Ni no período chuvoso (maior que 18 mg kg-1). Os estudos de fracionamento indicaram que os metais foram encontrados nas frações mobilizáveis do sedimento, especialmente associados aos óxidos de ferro. Os metais mais móveis e, consequentemente, mais biodisponíveis, foram o manganês, zinco e níquel, principalmente na época chuvosa. Maiores teores de cobre foram encontrados nas frações residuais do sedimento, indicando baixa mobilidade no meio aquático. A sequência de mobilidade dos metais estudados foi Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Fe.

Distribuição geoquímica e biodisponibilidade de metais traço em sedimentos no Rio Bento Gomes, Poconé - MT, Brasil / Geochemical distribution and bioavailability of trace metals in sediments of the Bento Gomes River, Poconé - MT, Brazil

The sediment is one of the major compartments of aquatic ecosystems, it plays an important role in the transport and accumulation of metal. This study aimed to determine the concentration of metals in geochemical fractions of the Bento Gomes River sediments, Pantanal of Poconé (MT) through selective extraction and sequential in order to assess the distribution and mobility of metals. The sediments were collected in the rainy and dry seasons in eight different points, and the metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni) extracted from sediments by sequential extraction procedures (based on the proposed by BCR protocol - Community Bureau of Reference) and selective extraction (based on the 3050B protocol of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States), using certified reference materials for validation of the analytical method. All metals showed levels below the limits established by CONAMA Resolution nº 454/2012 in the dry season, except for Ni in the rainy season (greater than 18 mg kg-1). The fractionation studies indicated that the metals were found in mobilized sediment fractions, especially associated with the iron oxides. The metals more mobile and hence more bioavailable, have been manganese, zinc and nickel, particularly in the rainy season. Largest copper contents were found in the residual fraction of the sediment, indicating low mobility in the aquatic environment. The sequence of mobility of the metals studied was Mn> Zn> Ni> Cr> Cu> Fe.(AU)

O sedimento é um dos compartimentos mais importantes dos ecossistemas aquáticos, possui papel importante no transporte e acumulação de metais. Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar a concentração de metais nas frações geoquímicas de sedimentos do Rio Bento Gomes, Pantanal de Poconé (MT) por meio da extração seletiva e sequencial, a fim de avaliar a distribuição e mobilidade dos metais. Os sedimentos foram coletados nos períodos seco e chuvoso em oito pontos distintos, e os metais (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn e Ni) extraídos dos sedimentos por procedimentos de extração sequencial (baseada no protocolo proposto por BCR -Community Bureau of Reference) e de extração seletiva (baseada no protocolo 3050B da Environmental Protection Agency of the United States), utilizando-se materiais de referência certificados para validação do método analítico. Todos os metais apresentaram teores abaixo do limite previsto na Resolução CONAMA nº 454/2012 no período seco, com exceção do Ni no período chuvoso (maior que 18 mg kg-1). Os estudos de fracionamento indicaram que os metais foram encontrados nas frações mobilizáveis do sedimento, especialmente associados aos óxidos de ferro. Os metais mais móveis e, consequentemente, mais biodisponíveis, foram o manganês, zinco e níquel, principalmente na época chuvosa. Maiores teores de cobre foram encontrados nas frações residuais do sedimento, indicando baixa mobilidade no meio aquático. A sequência de mobilidade dos metais estudados foi Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Fe.(AU)

Investigation of freshwater sponges spicules deposits in a karstic lake in Brazil / Investigação de depósito de espículas de esponjas de água doce em um lago cárstico no Brasil

Abstract The environmental conditions which contributed to the formation of the notorious quaternary deposits of freshwater sponge spicules in karstic lentic environments in Brazil have been subject of some speculation. No investigation has yet been conducted to test whether these deposits currently originate in karstic lakes. To provide for such an investigation, Serra Negra Lake, which is formed on an ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite dome at central western Brazil, close to the area of occurrence of the paleo-deposits was selected for the study. Bottom sediments were sampled at 10 stations across the lake, and water was sampled at five of the stations, in June/2011 (rainy season) and October/2011 (dry season). Analysis of granulometry, organic matter and presence of spicules were carried out in the sediments. Lake water was analysed for the main physical and chemical characteristics. Deposit of spicules was restricted to the northern area of the lake, which is rich in macrophyte. The taxonomic analysis of the spicules indicated the contribution of five sponge species, Dosilia pydanieli, Metania spinata, Radiospongilla amazonensis, Trochospongilla variabilis and Heterorotula fistula, which formed large deposits in neighbouring areas. The high silica concentration, derived from the dome volcanic rocks, constant water level and available substrate are credited for the continuous production of sponges and spicules, confirmed by the rare presence of gemmoscleres. The lake is classed as a minerotrophic fen type of bog with a heavy contribution from the surrounding creeks. Lake sediments are fine with high levels of organic matter and peat, which contributed to the trapping of spicules in the sediments.(AU)

Resumo As condições ambientais que contribuíram para a formação de notórios depósitos quaternários de espículas de esponjas de água doce em ambientes cársticos no Brasil têm sido objeto de algumas especulações. Nenhuma investigação foi ainda realizada para testar se esses depósitos originam-se atualmente em lagos cársticos. Para prover tal investigação, a Lagoa Serra Negra, formada em um domo ultramáfico-alcalino-carbonatítico, no centro oeste do Brasil, próximo à área de ocorrência dos referidos paleo-depósitos, foi selecionada para o estudo. Sedimentos de fundo foram amostrados em 10 estações ao longo do lago, e a água foi coletada em cinco das estações, em junho/2011 (estação chuvosa) e outubro/2011 (estação seca). Análises de granulometria, matéria orgânica e presença de espículas foram realizadas nos sedimentos. A água do lago foi analisada para as principais características físicas e químicas. O depósito de espículas foi restrito à área norte do lago, que é rico em macrófitas. A análise taxonômica das espículas indicou a contribuição de cinco espécies de esponjas, Dosilia pydanieli, Metania spinata, Radiospongilla amazonensis, Trochospongilla variabilis e Heterorotula fistula, que formaram grandes depósitos em áreas vizinhas. A alta concentração de sílica, derivada das rochas vulcânicas do domo, o nível constante da água e a disponibilidade de substrato são creditadas à produção contínua de esponjas e espículas, confirmada pela presença rara de gemoscleras. O lago é classificado como uma turfeira do tipo fen, minerotrófica, com forte contribuição dos arroios circundantes. Os sedimentos da lagoa são finos, com altos níveis de matéria orgânica e formação de turfa, o que contribuiu para a captura das espículas nos sedimentos.(AU)

Water erosion in surface soil conditions: runoff velocity, concentration and D50 index of sediments in runoff

Water erosion and contamination of water resources are influenced by concentration and diameter of sediments in runoff. This study aimed to quantify runoff velocity and concentration and the D50 index of sediments in runoff under different soil surface managements, in the following treatments: i) cropped systems: no-tilled soil covered by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCR); no tilled soil covered by vetch (Vicia sativa L.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCV); chiseled soil after ryegrass crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRR); chiseled soil after vetch crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRV); ii) bare and chiseled soil, with high roughness (BHR). The research was conducted on a Humic Dystrupept under simulated rainfall. The design was completely randomized and each treatment was replicated twice. Eight rainfall events of controlled intensity (65 mm h1) were applied to each treatment for 90 minutes. The D50 index, runoff velocity and sediment concentration were influenced by crop and soil management. Runoff velocity was more intensely reduced by cover crop residues than by surface roughness. Regardless of surface condition, the D50 index and concentration of sediment in runoff were lower under ryegrass than vetch crop. Runoff velocity and the D50 index were exponentially and inversely correlated with soil cover by residues and with surface roughness, while the D50 index was positively and exponentially correlated with runoff velocity.(AU)

Water erosion in surface soil conditions: runoff velocity, concentration and D50 index of sediments in runoff

Water erosion and contamination of water resources are influenced by concentration and diameter of sediments in runoff. This study aimed to quantify runoff velocity and concentration and the D50 index of sediments in runoff under different soil surface managements, in the following treatments: i) cropped systems: no-tilled soil covered by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCR); no tilled soil covered by vetch (Vicia sativa L.) residue, with high soil cover and minimal roughness (HCV); chiseled soil after ryegrass crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRR); chiseled soil after vetch crop removing the above-ground residues and keeping only the root system, with high roughness (HRV); ii) bare and chiseled soil, with high roughness (BHR). The research was conducted on a Humic Dystrupept under simulated rainfall. The design was completely randomized and each treatment was replicated twice. Eight rainfall events of controlled intensity (65 mm h1) were applied to each treatment for 90 minutes. The D50 index, runoff velocity and sediment concentration were influenced by crop and soil management. Runoff velocity was more intensely reduced by cover crop residues than by surface roughness. Regardless of surface condition, the D50 index and concentration of sediment in runoff were lower under ryegrass than vetch crop. Runoff velocity and the D50 index were exponentially and inversely correlated with soil cover by residues and with surface roughness, while the D50 index was positively and exponentially correlated with runoff velocity.

Quantificação do risco à saúde humana pela exposição a poluentes químicos e potencial carcinogênico às comunidades adjacentes ao Rio Pardo, Brasil / Human health risk quantification from exposure to chemical pollutants and carcinogenic potential to communities adjacent to the Pardo River, Brazil

Compostos químicos de origem natural e artificial são incorporados aos seres humanos por diversas vias, sendo elas ingestão, inalação e contato dérmico. O presente estudo tem como objetivo quantificar o risco para a saúde humana pela exposição a pesticidas e metais detectados no Rio Pardo, Brasil. Foram realizadas campanhas de coleta de dados em 6 pontos ao longo do Rio Pardo durante períodos chuvosos e secos entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Três espécimes de peixes do Rio Pardo foram adquiridos com pescadores e outros três espécimes foram adquiridos em mercado no município de Ribeirão Preto, SP. Foram analisados os inseticidas organoclorados pp'-DDE, pp'-TDE, pp'-DDT, ?- BHC, ?-BHC, ?-BHC, heptacloro, heptacloro epóxido, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, ?- endossulfan, ?-endossulfan e endossulfan sulfato. Os herbicidas nitrogenados quantificados na água foram ametrina, atrazina, desetilatrazina, diuron, hexazinona, metribuzim, simazina e tebutiuron. Os metais quantificados nas amostras de água, sedimento e peixes foram Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Tl, Sn, V e Zn. Realizou-se amostragem passiva pelo método DGT para quantificação da fração biodisponível dos metais na água. A avaliação de risco para saúde humana por meio da exposição aos metais e herbicidas foi realizada considerando o cenário residencial. Foram detectados metabólitos de DDT e DDD em níveis inferiores aos limites permitidos pela legislação internacional. Os herbicidas nitrogenados foram detectados em cinco dos seis pontos de coleta analisados no Rio Pardo, sendo que para atrazina as concentrações variaram de 0,16 a 0,32 µg/L, acima dos valores permitidos pela União Europeia (0,1 µg/L). As análises de metais na água indicaram que Al, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb e Zn apresentaram concentrações acima dos limites recomendados pela legislação brasileira. O pH da água variou de 5,7 a 7,8. Os níveis de alguns metais nos sedimentos foram maiores no ponto 1, sugerindo fonte de poluição pontual provavelmente relacionada a afluente contaminado. A determinação de metais em peixes indicou que a espécie P. glauca apresentou concentração acima dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira para As (7,23 µg/g). A avaliação de risco não carcinogênico pela ingestão de água indicou que os níveis de herbicidas não representaram risco. Já para metais, todos os pontos de coleta tanto no período seco quanto chuvoso apresentaram HI>1, sendo que o metal que mais contribuiu com os resultados foi o Al. A avaliação de risco carcinogênico indicou que para As os seis pontos de coleta avaliados estavam acima dos valores considerados aceitáveis (<10-6 ) no período chuvoso. A avaliação de risco não carcinogênico associado à ingestão de peixes indicou que as espécies Salmo spp. e P. glauca apresentaram HIs acima dos níveis considerados seguros. Risco carcinogênico associado à exposição ao As para adultos pela ingestão de peixes destacou as espécies P. glauca, Salmo spp. e S. brasiliensis como potenciais causadoras de risco carcinogênico. A PCA mostrou que 94,31% da variação dos dados foram explicadas pelos cinco primeiros componentes principais. As contaminações determinadas no Rio Pardo indicam que medidas devem ser adotadas pelas autoridades competentes, visando minimizar os riscos às saúde humana

Chemical compounds of natural and artificial origin are incorporated to human body in different ways, they are ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. This study aims to quantify the risk to human health from exposure to pesticides and metals detected in Pardo River, Brazil. Data collection campaigns were conducted in 6 points along the Pardo River during rainy and dry periods between 2014 and 2015. Three fish specimens from Pardo River were acquired with fishermen and three specimens were acquired on a Ribeirão Preto, SP, market. The organochlorine insecticides analyzed were pp'-DDE, pp'-TDE, pp'-DDT, ?-BHC, ?-BHC, ?-BHC, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, ?-endosulfan, ?-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. Herbicides quantified in the water were ametrin, atrazine, deethylatrazine, diuron, hexazinone, metribuzin, simazine and tebuthiuron. Metals quantified in water, sediment and fish were Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Tl, Sn, V and Zn. Passive sampling was performed with DGT method, for the bioavailable fraction quantification of metals in water. The risk assessment through the exposure to metals and herbicides were considering the residential scenario. DDT and DDD metabolites were detected at levels below to the limits permitted by international thresholds. Herbicides were detected in five of the six sampling points analyzed in the Pardo River, and for atrazine concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 0.32 µg/L, above the levels allowed by the European Union (0.1 µg/L). Metal analyses in water indicated that Al, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn showed concentrations above the limits recommended by Brazilian legislation. The water pH ranged from 5.7 to 7.8. The levels of some metals in sediments were higher in sampling point #1, suggesting punctual source of pollution, probably related to contaminated tributary. The determination of metals in fish indicated that P. glauca showed concentrations above the limits established by Brazilian legislation (7.23 µg/L). Non-carcinogenic risk assessment for water intake indicated that the herbicide levels did not represent risk. For metals, all sampling points both rainy and dry season showed HI>1, and the metal that contributed to the results was Al. The evaluation of carcinogenic risk indicated that all of the six sampling points assessed were above the levels considered acceptable (<10-6 ) during the rainy season. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment associated with fish intake indicated that the species Salmo spp. and P. glauca showed HIs above to the levels considered safe. Carcinogenic risk associated to fish intake indicate that the species P. glauca, Salmo spp. and S. brasiliensis represented potential carcinogenic risk. The PCA showed that 94.3% of the data variation was explained by five main components. Contaminations determined in the Pardo River indicate that measures should be taken by the competent authorities in order to minimize the human health risks