Gender disparities in application and admission to the medical residency program in Peru: A cross sectional study from 2016 to 2023.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate gender disparities in applications and admissions to the medical residency programs in Peru, focusing on differences in application and admission proportions between male and female. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the proportions of female applicants and admissions to medical residency programs in Peru from 2016 to 2023. Bayesian multilevel linear models were employed, incorporating random intercepts and slopes by specialty to account for variability across specialties. This approach provided initial proportions of female in 2016 (intercepts) and annual percentage changes (beta coefficients) for each specialty. A multilevel Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to determine if being female was associated with higher admission frequency. RESULTS: Of the 48,013 applicants, 48% were considered female applicants. Most specialties exhibited an increasing trend in female applicants (+0.2% to +2% annually), except for Family Medicine, Hematology, Pediatric Neurology, and Pathological Anatomy (-0.6%, -0.6%, -0.7%, and -0.9% annually, respectively). The specialties with the highest proportions of female admissions were in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (71.9%), Dermatology (71.2%), and Pathological Anatomy (71.2%). In contrast, the lowest proportions were observed in Neurosurgery (18.9%), Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (17.7%), and Urology (15.6%). Declining trends in female admissions were noted in Family Medicine, Hematology, and Pathological Anatomy (-0.6%, -0.6%, and -0.8% annually, respectively). In addition, being female was associated with an 18% lower probability of admission to the medical residency program (prevalence ratio: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.78-0.85; p-value: <0.001). CONCLUSION: This study identified persistent gender disparities in medical residency programs in Peru, with female applicants facing reduced probabilities of admission and exhibiting specialty-specific trends from 2016 to 2023.

Analysis of care and gender stereotypes in nursing scientific research: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To map evidence about care and gender stereotypes in nursing scientific research. METHOD: A scoping review developed under the JBI framework with analysis of gender perspective in care approaches. The searches were carried out on January 31, 2023 in SciELO, Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed, BDENF. RESULTS: Of the 3,743 studies located, 25 were included. Evidence was grouped into categories: essentially female care (n = 9; 36%); calling and service of love (n = 3; 12%); erasure of gender inequalities (n = 2; 8%); "inadequate and harmful" care (n = 5; 20%); neutralization of gender and bodies (n = 3; 12%); and reporting oppression in care work (n = 3; 12%). CONCLUSION: Most scientific research on care reproduces gender stereotypes that reinforce the oppression of women in nursing. In contrast, resistance denounces naturalization of care as "inadequate and harmful", for perpetuating gender oppression in care work.

Over twenty years of publications in Ecology: Over-contribution of women reveals a new dimension of gender bias.

Biographical features like social and economic status, ethnicity, sexuality, care roles, and gender unfairly disadvantage individuals within academia. Authorship patterns should reflect the social dimension behind the publishing process and co-authorship dynamics. To detect potential gender biases in the authorship of papers and examine the extent of women's contribution in terms of the substantial volume of scientific production in Ecology, we surveyed papers from the top-ranked journal Ecology from 1999 to 2021. We developed a Women's Contribution Index (WCI) to measure gender-based individual contributions. Considering gender, allocation in the author list, and the total number of authors, the WCI calculates the sum of each woman's contribution per paper. We compared the WCI with women's expected contributions in a non-gender-biased scenario. Overall, women account for 30% of authors of Ecology, yet their contribution to papers is higher than expected by chance (i.e., over-contribution). Additionally, by comparing the WCI with an equivalent Men's Contribution Index, we found that women consistently have higher contributions compared to men. We also observed a temporal trend of increasing women's authorship and mixed-gender papers. This suggests some progress in addressing gender bias in the field of ecology. However, we emphasize the need for a better understanding of the pattern of over-contribution, which may partially stem from the phenomenon of over-compensation. In this context, women might need to outperform men to be perceived and evaluated as equals. The WCI provides a valuable tool for quantifying individual contributions and understanding gender biases in academic publishing. Moreover, the index could be customized to suit the specific question of interest. It serves to uncover a previously non-quantified type of bias (over-contribution) that, we argue, is the response to the inequitable structure of the scientific system, leading to differences in the roles of individuals within a scientific publishing team.

Discrimination based on gender identity against transgender women and travestis in Brazil: a latent class analysis and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify groups of transgender women and travestis (TGW) with specific patterns of gender-based discrimination (GBD) and analyze the factors associated with GBD. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with TGW recruited through respondent-driven sampling in five Brazilian cities (2019-2021). Latent class analysis was used to characterize GBD (low, medium, and high) using 14 observable variables. Descriptive analysis was performed, and associations between predictor variables and GBD were estimated by adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: Out of a total of 1,317 TGW, 906 (68.8%) answered questions about GBD. Most were under 34 years old, single, and had a Brown race/skin color. GBD was classified as "low," "medium," and "high," with estimates of 41.7, 44.5, and 13.8%, respectively. Variables positively associated with higher intensity of GBD included living in Manaus compared to São Paulo, being ≤34 years old compared to >34, being homeless compared to living in one's own house or rented apartment, not having legally changed one's name compared to those who had, and reporting physical or sexual violence compared to those who did not report. Variables negatively associated with higher intensity of GBD included having a Brown or Asian race/skin color compared to White and a monthly income ≥1 minimum wage compared to ³1. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of GBD was observed in Brazilian TGW, with this outcome associated with more vulnerable sociodemographic characteristics and a history of violence.

A cross-cultural study of children's graphic representations of men- and women-dominated occupations.

Occupational gender stereotypes develop from early age and contribute to occupational gender imbalance. Previous research used questionnaires or interviews to investigate children's explicit stereotypes and where drawings have been used, mostly men-dominated occupations have been considered. This study used drawings and interviews to assess implicit stereotypes of both men and women-dominated occupations and whether children's sex, age and cultural background predicted these stereotypes. Two hundred and forty-three 6-to-7-year-olds and 10-to-11-year-olds in Britain and Argentina-encompassing both Global South and Global North perspectives- drew five human figures: (i) person of their choice, (ii) dancer, (iii) nanny (iv) firefighter and (v) pilot. In interviews, children confirmed and justified their gender choices for each drawing. Results indicate gender stereotypes in children from both countries, especially towards women-dominated occupations. Girls exhibited more rigid gender views than boys. These findings suggest widespread and culturally consistent occupational gender stereotypes, potentially limiting children's future job choices.

Persistent gender disparity in leading dental publications across 4 decades: an observational study.

OBJECTIVES: This observational study assessed the differences in the gender of the first and last authors in the most-cited dental articles over the last 4 decades. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Articles were obtained through an electronic search of the most-cited articles in dentistry by decade (total n = 400 articles). The 100 most-cited studies in each decade (1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2009, and 2010-2019), with any study design, with results in dentistry were eligible. The gender of the first and last authors was determined using the Genderize database. Comparative evaluation of gender distribution in general and across the 4 decades was performed with the Chi-square test, and the contribution of variables on the citation rate of articles was performed using linear regression. RESULTS: There were statistical differences between the gender distributions, with a predominance of men in the first (83.8%) and the last (86.8%) positions (P < .001). Over the decades, there was a tendency for an increase in the proportion of women as the last author (P = .002; Chi-square trend Test), with an increase of women from 6% to 22% across the last 4 decades. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the genders for the first author in the last 4 decades (P = .163; Chi-square trend Test). CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that men lead a large percentage of the most-cited articles in dentistry and that this trend has not shown substantial modifications over the last years. Nonetheless, for the position of last authorship, an increase in women's representativity was observed over the last decades.

Discrimination against the female surgeon in the exercise of her profession.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the discrimination experienced by the general female surgeon. METHOD: Prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study, with a survey of 30 questions, closed, anonymous, voluntary and confidential, distributed through a link in the WhatsApp chat in a closed group of female surgeons who are members of the Asociación Mexicana de Cirugía General. RESULTS: 146 female surgeons participated, with a response rate of 58.4%. The discrimination perceived by female surgeons in training was 86 (58.9%), and 28 (19.2%) when they are already surgeons by not allowing them to perform the same procedures as their peers. Regarding the patients, discrimination against female surgeons was 72 (49.3%). They do not call them doctors, but "ladies", in 126 (86.3%), and they are asked to perform nursing duties in 120 (82.2%). On the other hand, there is also discrimination against female surgeons by nursing staff in 87 (59.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Discrimination is common in the daily surgical practice of female surgeons in all three areas: peers, patients, and nursing staff. This is an initial work, where the quantification of discrimination in Mexico is carried out. Strategies must be implemented to avoid discrimination against female surgeons and be in an environment of equality.

OBJETIVO: Describir la discriminación que vive la cirujana general en México. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo, transversal y descriptivo, con una encuesta de 30 preguntas cerradas, de manera anónima, voluntaria y confidencial, distribuida a través de un enlace en el chat de WhatsApp en un grupo cerrado de cirujanas de todo el país que son miembros de la Asociación Mexicana de Cirugía General. RESULTADOS: Participaron 146 cirujanas, con un porcentaje de respuesta del 58.4%. La discriminación percibida por las cirujanas en formación fue de 86 (58.9%), frente a 28 (19.2%) cuando ya son cirujanas, al no permitirles realizar los mismos procedimientos que sus pares. La discriminación por parte de los pacientes fue de 72 (49.3%). No las llaman doctoras sino «señoritas¼ en 126 (86.3%) y les solicitan hacer funciones de enfermería en 120 (82.2%). También existe discriminación hacia las cirujanas por el personal de enfermería en 87 (59.6%). CONCLUSIONES: La discriminación hacia las cirujanas es frecuente en los tres ámbitos: pares, pacientes y personal de enfermería. Este es un trabajo inicial, donde se realiza la cuantificación de la discriminación en México. Se deberán implementar las estrategias para evitar la discriminación a las cirujanas y estar en un ambiente de igualdad.

Evaluation of ambivalent sexism in Colombia and validation of the ASI and AMI brief scales.

Sexism has implications for people's physical and mental health. Thus, understanding sexism and its prevalence is key to understanding the phenomenon. In the current study, 717 Colombian men and women completed the brief scales of Ambivalent Sexism toward women and men and the Gender Identity Scale. The assessment was conducted using a web-based method. Both scales, as expected, were two-dimensional. Reliability ranged from .83 to .88. Moderate and high correlations were observed with the Gender Identity Scale. Men showed higher levels of hostile and benevolent sexism toward women and benevolent sexism toward men. It was also found that the higher the level of education, the lower the rates of sexism toward men and women. The brief scales were valid and reliable for measuring hostile and benevolent sexism in Colombia.

Teaching of sexual medicine and gender issues in medical courses: students' perception.

INTRODUCTION: In addition to reproductive purposes, human sexuality and sexual health are matters of great importance in the medical office. Despite this, there is still a deficiency in the training of Brazilian medical students regarding sexual medicine and gender issues. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the perception of fifth- and sixth-year students in relation to the teaching of sexual medicine and gender issues in medical courses. METHODS: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with students from the last 2 years of medical schools in the State of Santa Catarina (internship classes), through the application of a self-administered, semi-structured online questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 164 students answered the questionnaire, with 83.5% (137/164) saying they had taken classes on sexual medicine and 47% (77/164) saying they had taken classes on gender issues. The participants judged the teaching inadequate in most of the topics addressed, and there was no significant difference between students from public and private schools. Notably, 79.9% (131/164) of the students considered the teaching of sexual medicine insufficient or inadequate, while 87.8% (144/164) considered the teaching of gender issues insufficient or inadequate. CONCLUSION: The vast majority of students consider the teaching of sexual medicine and gender issues insufficient and inadequate.

Desafios metodológicos na mensuração da interseccionalidade e seu papel na investigação das disparidades em saúde bucal: uma revisão de literatura / Methodological challenges in measuring intersectionality and its role in investigating oral health disparities: a literature review

Objetivo: Descrever as complexidades subjacentes à quantificação da interseccionalidade, visando contribuir e fortalecer a capacidade de identificar as iniquidades presentes na esfera da saúde bucal. Revisão de literatura: A literatura sugere que a interseccionalidade representa uma ferramenta analítica que visa a compreensão dos impactos resultantes da interação de sistemas de opressão superpostos, tais como o racismo, o sexismo, o classismo e outras formas de desigualdade. No entanto, apesar dessa abordagem auxiliar na compreensão dos sistemas de desigualdade, além de estudar como as múltiplas posições sociais de um indivíduo interagem para moldar a saúde, apresenta desafios significativos quando aplicada à pesquisa quantitativa de disparidades em saúde. Discussão: O consenso na forma de se mensurar a interseccionalidade ainda é incerto. Ao revisar a literatura é possível destacar alguns fatores que poderiam melhor integrar a interseccionalidade na investigação quantitativa de disparidades em saúde. Conclusão: A abordagem interseccional desempenha papel fundamental na compreensão mais profunda das vulnerabilidades existentes e também oferece subsídios para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas eficazes. Assim, embora haja ausência de um consenso claro na forma de mensurar a interseccionalidade, ao analisar a literatura, emergem direções promissoras que podem aprimorar a integração dessa ferramenta na investigação quantitativa de disparidades em saúde bucal, contribuindo, desse modo, na promoção do bem-estar e da saúde para toda população, principalmente aos grupos em situação de vulnerabilidade.

Objective: To describe the complexities underlying the quantification of intersectionality, contribute to and strengthen the ability to identify inequities present in the sphere of oral health. Literature review: The literature suggests that intersectionality represents an analytical tool that aims to understand the results resulting from the interaction of overlapping systems of oppression, such as racism, sexism, classism and other forms of inequality. However, although this approach aids in understanding systems of inequality, as well as studying how an individual's multiple social positions interact to shape health, it presents significant challenges when applied to quantitative health disparities research. Discussion: The consensus on how to measure intersectionality is still uncertain. By reviewing the literature, it is possible to highlight some factors that could better integrate intersectionality in the quantitative investigation of health disparities. Conclusion:The intersectional approach plays a fundamental role in understanding existing vulnerabilities more deeply and also offers support for the development of effective public policies. Thus, although there is no clear consensus on how to measure intersectionality, when analyzing the literature, some promises emerge that can improve the integration of this tool in the quantitative investigation of disparities in oral health, thus contributing to the promotion of well-being and health for the entire population, especially for groups in vulnerable situations.

Women in neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology in Brazil and other countries: can lightning strike the same place twice?

BACKGROUND: Neurosurgery is historically a specialty with a wide male predominance. Interventional neuroradiology, considered in many countries to be a subspecialty of neurosurgery (but also radiology and neurology), has never been the setting for this discussion, but the even greater gender inequality of professionals working in this area is well known. AIMS: The initial objective of this research was to describe the personal and professional profile of the few women in Brazil who practise neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology, and the difficulties they encountered throughout their careers just because they are women. However, the shocking stories they experienced led the team to expand searches around the world, obtaining data from some other countries, mainly in South America. Machismo, harassment, misogyny, discrimination and wage inequality go beyond borders. DISCUSSION: Current times do not allow these situations anymore, but which, according to the narrative descriptions of 28 interventional neuroradiology women interviewed, still occur very frequently. A more inclusive vision must be sought by interventional neuroradiology societies, and it is up to the leaders to take care of those who need more attention (which does not mean they are more fragile).

Preconceito de gênero nas lutas esportivas: um estudo de mulheres praticantes em uma cidade do interior paulista / Gender prejudice in combat sports: a study of female practitioners in a small town in São Paulo State / Prejuicio de género en las artes marciales: un estudio demujeres practicantes en una ciudad del interior de São Paulo

Objetivo: Este estudo buscou analisar a presença de preconceito de gênero no ambiente das artes marciais e lutas esportivas, destacando as experiências de mulheres praticantes e suas trajetórias. Metodologia: Utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa com entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco mulheres de diferentes modalidades. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas com base na metodologia de história de vida oral, visando compreender as vivências das entrevistadas e as implicações sociais e culturais de sua prática esportiva. Resultados e discussão: Os resultados indicaram que as mulheres enfrentam desafios significativos relacionados ao preconceito de gênero, tanto no ambiente de treinamento quanto na percepção pública. Ou seja, práticas culturais e sociais perpetuam a desigualdade de gênero, afetando o reconhecimento e o apoio às mulheres no esporte. Conclusão: O estudo conclui que, embora haja avanços na participação feminina nas lutas, persistem barreiras que limitam a igualdade de gênero. A superação desses desafios requer um esforço coletivo para mudar percepções culturais e promover ambientes esportivos inclusivos e equitativos.

Objective: This study sought to analyze the presence of gender prejudice in the environment of martial arts and combat sports, highlighting the experiences and trajectories of female practitioners. Methodology: A qualitative approach was used, with semi-structured interviews conducted with five women from different disciplines. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed based on the oral life history methodology, aiming to understand the participants' experiences and the social and cultural implications of their sports practice. Results and discussion: The results indicated that women face significant challenges related to gender prejudice, both in the training environment and in public perception. Cultural and social practices perpetuate gender inequality, affecting the recognition and support for women in sports. Conclusion: The study concludes that although there have been advances in female participation in combat sports, barriers to gender equality persist. Overcoming these challenges requires a collective effort to change cultural perceptions and promote inclusive and equitable sports environments.

Objetivo: Este estudio buscó analizar la presencia de prejuicio de género en el ámbito de las artes marciales y deportes de combate, destacando las experiencias de mujeres practicantes y sus trayectorias. Metodología: Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo con entrevistas semiestructuradas a cinco mujeres de diferentes modalidades. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y analizadas con base en la metodología de historia de vida oral, con el objetivo de comprender las vivencias de las entrevistadas y las implicaciones sociales y culturales de su práctica deportiva. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados indicaron que las mujeres enfrentan desafíos significativos relacionados con el prejuicio de género, tanto en el ambiente de entrenamiento como en la percepción pública. Es decir, las prácticas culturales y sociales perpetúan la desigualdad de género, afectando el reconocimiento y el apoyo a las mujeres en el deporte. Conclusión: El estudio concluye que, aunque hay avances en la participación femenina en las luchas, persisten barreras que limitan la igualdad de género. Superar estos desafíos requiere un esfuerzo colectivo para cambiar las percepciones culturales y promover entornos deportivos inclusivos y equitativos.

Só uma cantada?: análise da percepção do assédio de rua a partir do sexismo ambivalente / Only a catcalling?: analysis of the perception of street harassment from the ambivalent sexism / ¿Es solo un canto?: análisis de la percepción del acoso en la callejero desde el sexismo ambivalente

Este estudo objetivou analisar a percepção do assédio de rua no contexto brasileiro. Participaram 323 pessoas da população geral, com idades variando entre 18 e 65 anos (M=27,5; DP=8,10), as quais responderam a um questionário online com situações fictícias de assédio de rua, medidas de percepção do assédio, uma questão aberta e perguntas sociodemográficas. Os resultados quantitativos mostraram que os participantes percebem o assédio como um comportamento sexista; contudo, mulheres percebem mais do que homens. Essa percepção varia de acordo com o contexto em que o assédio ocorre, ou seja, o assédio que acontece na rua é visto como mais sexista do que quando ocorre em uma festa. Ademais, os resultados mostram que o sexismo hostil influencia significativamente de forma negativa a percepção do assédio de rua. Além disso, os resultados qualitativos convergem com o que foi encontrado nos dados quantitativos, de modo que as pessoas percebem e justificam a situação ocorrida como assédio

This study aimed to analyze the perception of street harassment in the Brazilian context. A total of 323 people from the general population, aged between 18 and 65 years old (M=27.5; SD=8.10), who answered an online questionnaire with fictitious situations of street harassment, measures of harassment perception, a study participated, open question and sociodemographic questions. Quantitative results showed that participants perceive harassment as sexist behavior; howe-ver, women perceive more than men do. This perception varies according to the context in which the harassment occurs, that is, harassment that takes place in the street is seen as more sexist than when it occurs at a party. Furthermore, the results show that hostile sexism significantly negatively influences the perception of street harassment. Furthermore, the qualitative results converge with what was found in the quantitative data, so that people perceive and justify the situation that occurred as harassment

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la percepción del acoso callejero en el contexto brasileño. Participaron en este estudio un total de 323 personas de la población general, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 65 años (M = 27,5; DT = 8,10), que respondieron un cuestionario online con situaciones ficticias de acoso callejero, medidas de percepción del acoso, participaron en este estudio. Pregunta abierta y cuestiones sociodemográficas. Los resultados cuantitativos mostraron que los participantes perciben el acoso como un comportamiento sexista; sin embargo, las mujeres perciben más que los hombres. Esta percepción varía según el contexto en el que se produce el acoso, es decir, el acoso que se da en la calle se percibe más sexista que cuando se da en una fiesta. Además, los resultados muestran que el sexismo hostil influye significa- tivamente de forma negativa en la percepción del acoso callejero. Además, los resultados cualitativos convergen con lo encontrado en los datos cuantitativos, de manera que las personas perciben y justifican la situación ocurrida como acoso

Esquadrinhando corpos, mutilando histórias: as psicocirurgias aplicadas nas mulheres internadas no Hospício de Juquery / Scrutinizing bodies, mutilating histories: the psychosurgeries undergone by women at Juquery Mental Asylum

Ao longo de seus quatro capítulos, faz um percurso sobre a conformação da psiquiatria organicista, sobre o contexto histórico da sociedade paulista do segundo quartel do século XX, dedicando especial atenção às questões endógenas do Juquery no que tange ao perfil de seus psiquiatras e pacientes. Desse modo, Eliza Toledo lança luz sobre personagens destacados nesse contexto que, até então, careciam de maior atenção da historiografia, como, a título de exemplo, os médicos Mário Yahn e Aloysio de Mattos Pimenta. Ambos desenvolveram variações das técnicas propostas por Egas Moniz e angariaram prestígio entre seus pares ao publicar, em importantes periódicos nacionais e internacionais, uma série de artigos sobre as psicocirurgias, aplicadas invariavelmente em mulheres.

Mujeres en pedagogía en educación física: una aproximación a las dificultades en sus experiencias formativas / Mulheres em pedagogia em educação física: uma abordagem das dificuldades em suas experiências formativas / Women in physical education teacher education: an approach to the difficulties in their formative experiences

La literatura ha destacado la masculinización de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física (PEF). En este estudio, se buscó comprender desde la perspectiva de género las dificultades en las experiencias formativas de las estudiantes de PEF en el contexto de una carrera masculinizada. Adoptando un enfoque cualitativo dentro del paradigma interpretativo, se llevaron a cabo seis grupos focales con un total de 20 estudiantes mujeres de seis universidades chilenas en los cuales se utilizó un guión semiestructurado. Los datos recopilados se analizaron temáticamente para identificar temas recurrentes y variaciones en las respuestas. Se realizaron interpretaciones para buscar relaciones y significados subyacentes. Tres hallazgos relevantes surgieron: a) una baja conciencia sobre la presencia de la masculinización en la carrera; b) la persistencia de sexismo y estereotipos de género, a los cuales las estudiantes reaccionaron mediante justificación, resignación y cuestionamiento; y c) una división y, a veces, jerarquización entre el deporte y la pedagogía en términos de género. (AU)

A literatura tem destacado a masculinização da carreira de Pedagogia em Educação Física (PEF). Neste estudo, buscou-se compreender, a partir da perspectiva de gênero, as dificuldades nas experiências formativas das estudantes de PEF no contexto de uma carreira masculinizada. Adotando uma abordagem qualitativa dentro do paradigma interpretativo, foram realizados seis grupos focais com um total de 20 estudantes mulheres de seis universidades chilenas, nos quais foi utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado. Os dados coletados foram analisados tematicamente para identificar temas recorrentes e variações nas respostas. Foram feitas interpretações para buscar relações e significados subjacentes. Três descobertas relevantes emergiram: a) uma baixa consciência sobre a presença da masculinização na carreira; b) a persistência do sexismo e estereótipos de gênero, aos quais as estudantes reagiram por meio de justificação, resignação e questionamento; e c) uma divisão e, às vezes, hierarquização entre o esporte e a pedagogia em termos de gênero. (AU)

The literature has highlighted the masculinization of the Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) career. This study aimed to understand, from a gender perspective, the difficulties in the formative experiences of female PETE students within the context of a masculinized career. Adopting a qualitative approach within the interpretative paradigm, six focus groups were conducted with a total of 20 female students from six Chilean universities using a semi-structured script. The data collected were analyzed thematically to identify recurrent themes and variations in the responses. Interpretations were made to search for relationships and underlying meanings. Three relevant findings emerged: a) a low awareness of the presence of masculinization in the career; b) the persistence of sexism and gender stereotypes, to which students reacted through justification, resignation and questioning; and c) a division and, at times, hierarchization between sport and pedagogy in terms of gender. (AU)

Racismo e Sexismo: Estruturas de Transmissão, Incidências da História e Insistências do Real / Racism and Sexism: Transmission Structures, History Incidences and Insistences of the Real / Racismo y Sexismo: Estructuras de Transmisión, Incidencias de la Historia e Insistencias de lo Real

Este artigo propõe articulações entre as estruturas coloniais de incidência do racismo e do sexismo no laço social e suas vias de inscrição no inconsciente e no corpo. Partimos de um debate sobre o enquadre colonial da subjetividade e de questões levantadas por Frantz Fanon acerca do modo como o racismo se conecta com a lógica fálica do complexo de Édipo para avaliar sua validade em relação à realidade de povos colonizados. Retomamos formulações freudianas e lacanianas úteis para abordar essa encruzilhada, a partir dos caminhos apontados por Lélia Gonzalez ao discutir as subversões operadas pela mulher negra diante do racismo e do sexismo no contexto brasileiro. Com base em alguns fragmentos clínicos, sustentamos que uma abordagem clínica da perspectiva interseccional antecipada por Lélia Gonzalez demanda uma tomada dialética das relações entre estrutura e história, entre o coletivo e o singular e entre o inconsciente colonizado e o resto que escapa e subverte as relações de dominação.

This article proposes articulations between the colonial structures of incidence of the racism and sexism in the social bond and their ways of inscription in the unconscious and in the body. Starting from a debate about the colonial framework of subjectivity and from questions raised by Frantz Fanon about how the racism connects with the phallic logic of the Oedipus complex to assess its validity in relation to the reality of colonized peoples. We return to useful Freudian and Lacanian formulations to address this crossroads, based on the paths pointed out by Lélia Gonzalez when discussing the subversions operated by black women in the face of racism and sexism in the Brazilian context. Based on some clinical fragments, we argue that a clinical approach to the intersectional perspective anticipated by Lélia Gonzalez demands a dialectical approach to the relations between structure and history, between the collective and the singular, and between the colonized unconscious and the rest that escapes and subverts the relations of domination.

Este artículo propone articulaciones entre las estructuras coloniales de incidencia del racismo y del sexismo en el lazo social y sus formas de inscripción en el inconsciente y en el cuerpo. Partimos de un debate sobre el marco colonial de la subjetividad y de las preguntas planteadas por Frantz Fanon sobre la forma en que el racismo se relaciona con la lógica fálica del complejo de Edipo para evaluar su validez con relación a la realidad de los pueblos colonizados. Retomamos formulaciones freudianas y lacanianas útiles para abordar esta encrucijada, a partir de los caminos señalados por Lélia González al discutir las subversiones operadas por las mujeres negras frente al racismo y al sexismo en el contexto brasileño. En función de algunos fragmentos clínicos, sostenemos que una aproximación clínica de la perspectiva interseccional, anticipada por Lélia González, exige un abordaje dialéctico de las relaciones entre estructura e historia, entre lo colectivo y lo singular y entre el inconsciente colonizado y el resto que escapa y subvierte las relaciones de dominación.