Handedness and individual roll-angle specialism when plunge diving in the northern gannet.

Many vertebrates show lateralized behaviour, or handedness, where an individual preferentially uses one side of the body more than the other. This is generally thought to be caused by brain lateralization and allows functional specializations such as sight, locomotion, and decision-making among other things. We deployed accelerometers on 51 northern gannets, Morus bassanus, to test for behavioural lateralization during plunge dives. When plunge diving, gannets 'roll' to one side, and standard indices indicated that 51% of individuals were left-sided, 43% right-sided, and 6% 'non-lateralized'. Lateralization indices provide no measure of error and do not account for environmental covariance, so we conducted two repeatability analyses on individuals' dive roll direction and angle. Dive side lateralization was highly repeatable among individuals over time at the population level (R = 0.878, p < 0.001). Furthermore, roll angle was also highly repeatable in individuals (R = 0.751, p < 0.001) even after controlling for lateralized state. Gannets show individual specializations in two different parts of the plunge diving process when attempting to catch prey. This is the first demonstration of lateralization during prey capture in a foraging seabird. It is also one of the few demonstrations of behavioural lateralization in a mixed model approach, providing a structure for further exploring behavioural lateralization.

High phenotypic plasticity at the dawn of the eosauropterygian radiation.

The initial radiation of Eosauropterygia during the Triassic biotic recovery represents a key event in the dominance of reptiles secondarily adapted to marine environments. Recent studies on Mesozoic marine reptile disparity highlighted that eosauropterygians had their greatest morphological diversity during the Middle Triassic, with the co-occurrence of Pachypleurosauroidea, Nothosauroidea and Pistosauroidea, mostly along the margins of the Tethys Ocean. However, these previous studies quantitatively analysed the disparity of Eosauropterygia as a whole without focussing on Triassic taxa, thus limiting our understanding of their diversification and morphospace occupation during the Middle Triassic. Our multivariate morphometric analyses highlight a clearly distinct colonization of the ecomorphospace by the three clades, with no evidence of whole-body convergent evolution with the exception of the peculiar pistosauroid Wangosaurus brevirostris, which appears phenotypically much more similar to nothosauroids. This global pattern is mostly driven by craniodental differences and inferred feeding specializations. We also reveal noticeable regional differences among nothosauroids and pachypleurosauroids of which the latter likely experienced a remarkable diversification in the eastern Tethys during the Pelsonian. Our results demonstrate that the high phenotypic plasticity characterizing the evolution of the pelagic plesiosaurians was already present in their Triassic ancestors, casting eosauropterygians as particularly adaptable animals.

Multidimensional specialization and generalization are pervasive in soil prokaryotes.

Habitat specialization underpins biological processes from species distributions to speciation. However, organisms are often described as specialists or generalists based on a single niche axis, despite facing complex, multidimensional environments. Here, we analysed 236 environmental soil microbiomes across the United States and demonstrate that 90% of >1,200 prokaryotes followed one of two trajectories: specialization on all niche axes (multidimensional specialization) or generalization on all axes (multidimensional generalization). We then documented that this pervasive multidimensional specialization/generalization had many ecological and evolutionary consequences. First, multidimensional specialization and generalization are highly conserved with very few transitions between these two trajectories. Second, multidimensional generalists dominated communities because they were 73 times more abundant than specialists. Lastly, multidimensional specialists played important roles in community structure with ~220% more connections in microbiome networks. These results indicate that multidimensional generalization and specialization are evolutionarily stable with multidimensional generalists supporting larger populations and multidimensional specialists playing important roles within communities, probably stemming from their overrepresentation among pollutant detoxifiers and nutrient cyclers. Taken together, we demonstrate that the vast majority of soil prokaryotes are restricted to one of two multidimensional niche trajectories, multidimensional specialization or multidimensional generalization, which then has far-reaching consequences for evolutionary transitions, microbial dominance and community roles.

Executive Summary of the Lower Anogenital Tract Cancer Evidence Review Conference.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored a project conducted by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to develop educational materials for clinicians on the prevention and early diagnosis of gynecologic cancers. For this final module, focusing on the cancers of the lower anogenital tract (vulva, vagina, and anus), a panel of experts in evidence assessment from the Society for Academic Specialists in General Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASCCP, and the Society of Gynecologic Oncology reviewed relevant literature and current guidelines. Panel members conducted structured literature reviews, which were then reviewed by other panel members. Representatives from stakeholder professional and patient advocacy organizations met virtually in September 2022 to review and provide comment. This article is the executive summary of the review. It covers prevention, early diagnosis, and special considerations of lower anogenital tract cancer. Knowledge gaps are summarized to provide guidance for future research.

The social sciences are increasingly ill-equipped to design system-level reforms.

Our social policy landscape is characterized by incrementalism, while public calls for more radical reform get louder. But the social sciences cannot be relied upon to generate a steady stream of radical, system-level policies. Long-standing trends in social science - in particular, increasing specialization, an increasing emphasis on causal inference, and the growing replication crisis - are barriers to system-level policy development.

Novel pelagiphage isolate Polarivirus skadi is a polar specialist that dominates SAR11-associated bacteriophage communities at high latitudes.

The SAR11 clade are the most abundant members of surface marine bacterioplankton and a critical component of global biogeochemical cycles. Similarly, pelagiphages that infect SAR11 are ubiquitous and highly abundant in the oceans. Pelagiphages are predicted to shape SAR11 community structures and increase carbon turnover throughout the oceans. Yet, ecological drivers of host and niche specificity of pelagiphage populations are poorly understood. Here we report the global distribution of a novel pelagiphage called "Polarivirus skadi", which is the sole representative of a novel genus. P. skadi was isolated from the Western English Channel using a cold-water ecotype of SAR11 as bait. P. skadi is closely related to the globally dominant pelagiphage HTVC010P. Along with other HTVC010P-type viruses, P. skadi belongs to a distinct viral family within the order Caudovirales, for which we propose the name Ubiqueviridae. Metagenomic read recruitment identified P. skadi as one of the most abundant pelagiphages on Earth. P. skadi is a polar specialist, replacing HTVC010P at high latitudes. Experimental evaluation of P. skadi host range against cold- and warm-water SAR11 ecotypes supported cold-water specialism. Relative abundance of P. skadi in marine metagenomes correlated negatively with temperature, and positively with nutrients, available oxygen, and chlorophyll concentrations. In contrast, relative abundance of HTVC010P correlated negatively with oxygen and positively with salinity, with no significant correlation to temperature. The majority of other pelagiphages were scarce in most marine provinces, with a few representatives constrained to discrete ecological niches. Our results suggest that pelagiphage populations persist within a global viral seed bank, with environmental parameters and host availability selecting for a few ecotypes that dominate ocean viromes.

Transforming Specialty Care Delivery and Payment Under Global Budgets-Insights from the Provision of Surgical Services in Maryland.

This Viewpoint discusses Maryland's global budget revenue model, which centrally regulates reimbursement rates for all payers via a hospital-specific, prospectively set cap on total annual revenue across all care sites.

Using Rasch KIDMAP to identify whether China dominates the research area of computer science (CS) based on the specialization index of article citations: Bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: Scientific comparative advantage is measured by using a specialization index (SI) of article citations. The profile data have been published in the literature. However, no such research has been conducted to determine which countries dominate the field of computer science (CS) (subject category [SC]) using the SI. A KIDMAP in the Rasch model has been applied to the display of individual student performance in school. Based on the SI of article citations, we used KIDMAP to determine whether China dominates the field of CS. METHODS: The data were derived from published research in the Web of Science, which included 199 countries and 254 subject categories (SC, between 2010 and 2019). A total of 96 SC related to biomedicine were extracted. We examined 7 factors associated with CS using exploratory factor analysis. Based on the SI in CS under the Rasch model, 1-dimensional SCs on CS were displayed on Wright Maps and KIDMAPs. An analysis of the dominance of CS in China was presented on the basis of a scatter plot. RESULTS: Our findings indicate that (1) CS domains are divided into 2 groups (traditional and advanced domains); (2) no evidence has been found that China dominates CS; based on SI indicators, China was ranked third with --2.62 and 0.79 logits after Taiwan and Slovenia (-(-2.62 and 9.24 logits in Factors 1 and 2) in the period from 2010 to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that China has a dominant role over other countries/regions despite ranking third in CS. In future studies, it is recommended to include a KIDMAP visual to assess dominant roles in other areas of research, rather than to confine ourselves to CS as we did in this study.

[Recommendations of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (DGHNO-KHC) for the granting of resident training program authorizations]. / Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie (DGHNO-KHC) für die Erteilung der fachspezifischen Weiterbildungsbefugnis.

The 2018 template for otorhinolaryngology specialist training of the German Medical Association is increasingly implemented by the federal associations. In this regard, the German Society recommended an otorhinolaryngology resident training plan for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (DGHNO-KHC) together with the Professional Association of German Otorhinolaryngologists as a suggested guideline for the federal medical associations. In this context, the state medical associations currently work on criteria on the basis of which otorhinolaryngologists and their training institutions can be granted authority for such a certified otorhinolaryngology resident training program.The DGHNO-KHC last made recommendations for the granting of authorizations for specialist training in otorhinolaryngology in 1999. Many contents have changed as a result of the 2018 model specialist training regulations. Therefore, a scientifically formulated proposal for the granting of continuing education authorizations is herewith provided as recommendation to the federal state medical associations.

Friends Not Foes: Optimizing Collaboration with Subspecialists.

Pediatric orthopedic patients can be complex to manage. As orthopedists plan for possible surgical interventions, consultation with pediatric subspecialists will be necessary. This article discusses the considerations an orthopedist should make when deciding on the timing and the appropriateness of consultation-both preoperatively and perioperatively. Consultation before surgical intervention will especially be useful if the subspecialist will be collaborating in the management of the condition postoperatively (whether inpatient or outpatient). Clear and early consultation in both written and verbal format will facilitate quality and expedite the patient's care.

Expert Consensus Statement: Anatomy, Imaging, and Nomenclature of Congenital Aortic Root Malformations.

Over the past 2 decades, several categorizations have been proposed for the abnormalities of the aortic root. These schemes have mostly been devoid of input from specialists of congenital cardiac disease. The aim of this review is to provide a classification, from the perspective of these specialists, based on an understanding of normal and abnormal morphogenesis and anatomy, with emphasis placed on the features of clinical and surgical relevance. We contend that the description of the congenitally malformed aortic root is simplified when approached in a fashion that recognizes the normal root to be made up of 3 leaflets, supported by their own sinuses, with the sinuses themselves separated by the interleaflet triangles. The malformed root, usually found in the setting of 3 sinuses, can also be found with 2 sinuses, and very rarely with 4 sinuses. This permits description of trisinuate, bisinuate, and quadrisinuate variants, respectively. This feature then provides the basis for classification of the anatomical and functional number of leaflets present. By offering standardized terms and definitions, we submit that our classification will be suitable for those working in all cardiac specialties, whether pediatric or adult. It is of equal value in the settings of acquired or congenital cardiac disease. Our recommendations will serve to amend and/or add to the existing International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code, along with the Eleventh iteration of the International Classification of Diseases provided by the World Health Organization.

Integrated care and the behavioral health primary care provider.

ABSTRACT: Primary care remains the main setting for delivery of psychiatric care. An integrated approach improves the ability of primary care providers (PCPs) to care for complex patients with behavioral health needs. This article describes integrated care and how physician associates/assistants can gain additional training to become behavioral health specialists.

Odor-regulated oviposition behavior in an ecological specialist.

Colonization of a novel ecological niche can require, or be driven by, evolution of an animal's behaviors promoting their reproductive success. We investigated the evolution and sensory basis of oviposition in Drosophila sechellia, a close relative of Drosophila melanogaster that exhibits extreme specialism for Morinda citrifolia noni fruit. D. sechellia produces fewer eggs than other drosophilids and lays these almost exclusively on noni substrates. We show that visual, textural and social cues do not explain this species-specific preference. By contrast, we find that loss of olfactory input in D. sechellia, but not D. melanogaster, essentially abolishes egg-laying, suggesting that olfaction gates gustatory-driven noni preference. Noni odors are detected by redundant olfactory pathways, but we discover a role for hexanoic acid and the cognate Ionotropic receptor 75b (Ir75b) in odor-evoked oviposition. Through receptor exchange in D. melanogaster, we provide evidence for a causal contribution of odor-tuning changes in Ir75b to the evolution of D. sechellia's oviposition behavior.