RESUMO
Hydrothermal pretreatment (HPT) followed by anaerobic digestion (AD) is an alternative for harvesting energy and removing organic contaminants from sewage sludge and animal manure. This study investigated the use, in an energetically sustainable way, of HPT and AD, alone or combined, to produce methane and remove tylosin and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) from poultry litter (PL). The results showed that HPT at 80 °C (HPT80), followed by single-stage AD (AD-1S), led to the production of 517.9 ± 4.7 NL CH4 kg VS-1, resulting in 0.11 kWh kg PL-1 of electrical energy and 0.75 MJ kg PL-1 of thermal energy, thus supplying 33.6% of the energy spent on burning firewood at a typical farm. In this best-case scenario, the use of HPT alone reduced tylosin concentration from PL by 23.6%, while the process involving HPT followed by AD-1S led to the removal of 91.6% of such antibiotic. The combined process (HPT80 + AD-1S), in addition to contributing to reduce the absolute and relative abundances of ARG ermB (2.13 logs), intI1 (0.39 logs), sul1 (0.63 logs), and tetA (0.74 logs), led to a significant removal in the relative abundance of tylosin-resistant bacteria present in the poultry litter.
Assuntos
Aves Domésticas , Tilosina , Animais , Tilosina/farmacologia , Anaerobiose , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , EsgotosRESUMO
Veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) are used for the prevention and treatment of diseases in animals. The safety and efficacy of these products must be proven by quality control tests. Special attention should be paid to veterinary antimicrobials medicines (VAMs), as changes in their potency can compromise pharmacotherapeutic treatment and contribute to microbial resistance. The aim of this work was to review the analytical methods available for assessing the quality of VAMs, to analyze regulatory issues and quality control programs. The review was performed on selected papers in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Virtual Health Library databases, between 2005 and 2020. After applying exclusion criteria, 19 studies were obtained. Of the analytical studies, the majority (61.54%) used the HPLC technique. In addition, methods by CE (15.39%) and by SPM, FIA and microbiological assay (7.69% each) were found. In studies of monitoring of VAMs available on the market, changes in tylosin, spiramycin, ampicillin, tetracyclines and penicillins were observed. This is worrying, as these quality deviations can contribute to the development of resistant microorganisms. Although international efforts have been implemented at the regulatory level to ensure the quality of VAMs, it was realized with this study that there is much to evolve in the development of new analytical methods and in monitoring the quality of VAMs. With this, it is expected that this study will instigate scientists in the analytical, regulatory, microbiological and veterinary fields to develop new research so that the demands necessary to guarantee the quality of VAMs are increasingly met.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Drogas Veterinárias , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Tilosina , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
In-feed antibiotics are administered to piglets to improve performance and production efficiency. However, the use of growth promoters in the swine industry can select for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Here, we evaluate the resistance profile of enterobacteria isolated from fecal samples of weaned pigs (21-35 days) fed or not with antibiotics (colistin and tylosin) and investigated the piglets gut microbiota in both groups. Six hundred and eighteen bacterial cultures were isolated from the control group (CON; n = 384) and antibiotic-fed pigs (ATB; n = 234). All isolates were tested for resistance to 12 antibiotics belonging to six distinct antibiotic classes. Isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (90%; n = 553), amoxicillin (85%; n = 525), and tetracycline (81%; n = 498). A significant increase (P < 0.05) in resistance to cephalexin, kanamycin, doxycycline, and colistin was observed for bacteria from the ATB group. Piglets allocated in the ATB and CON groups shared similar intestinal microbiota, as revealed by alpha- and beta-diversity analyses. Our findings demonstrate that colistin and tylosin contribute to select MDR enterobacteria in weaned piglets. The high frequency of antibiotic resistance among isolates from the CON group suggests that environmental sources (e.g., fecal contents, aerosols, soil, water, food) also represent a potential reservoir of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria in pig production systems.
Assuntos
Colistina , Tilosina , Amoxicilina , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cefalexina , Colistina/farmacologia , Doxiciclina , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Canamicina , Solo , Suínos , Tilosina/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to compare the effects of different levels of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) and castor oil (CNSL-castor oil) with growth-promoting antibiotics associated with anticoccidials in broiler chickens challenged with coccidiosis. In this work, 2520 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb) were randomly assigned to 84 pens, containing 30 birds each. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven treatments: enramycin (8 ppm), virginiamycin (16.5 ppm), and tylosin (55 ppm); different doses of CNSL-castor oil (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/t); and a control diet (without additives). All treatments received semduramicin + nicarbazin (500 g/t; Aviax® Plus) from 0 to 28 d and monensin sodium (100 ppm; Elanco) from 29 to 35 days of age, when the feed was without antibiotics. The challenge was introduced at 14 days of age by inoculating broiler chickens with sporulated Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima oocysts via oral gavage. In addition to performance parameters, intestinal contents were collected at 28 and 42 days of age for microbiota analysis by sequencing the 16s rRNA in V3 and V4 regions using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Taxonomy was assigned using the SILVA database (v. 138) with QIIME2 software (v. 2020.11). After one week of challenge, the broilers that received tylosin had a higher body weight gain (BWG) than those in the control group (p < 0.05), while the other treatments presented intermediate values. At 28 d, the BWG was lower for the control, CNSL-Castor oil 0.5 kg/t, enramycin, and virginiamycin treatments than that in the tylosin treatment. The inclusion of CNSL-Castor oil at concentrations of 0.75 and 1 kg/t acted as an intermediate treatment (p < 0.05). For alpha diversity, using the Shannon index, it was possible to observe the effect of age, with substantial diversity at 42 d. The Firmicutes phylum had the highest abundance, with values between 84.33% and 95.16% at 42 d. Tylosin showed better performance indices than other treatments. CNSL-castor oil treatments with concentrations of 0.75 and 1 kg/t showed similar results to those of enramycin and virginiamycin. Furthermore, CNSL-castor oil acted as a modulator of intestinal microbiota, reducing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria.
Assuntos
Anacardium , Coccidiose , Eimeria , Microbiota , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Óleo de Rícino , Galinhas , Coccidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Coccidiose/veterinária , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Tilosina/farmacologia , Tilosina/uso terapêutico , Virginiamicina/farmacologia , Virginiamicina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The study was aimed to analyse the effects of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), Oxytetracycline di-hydrate and Tylosin phosphate on the intestinal microflora in broiler chicken. The AGPs were provided in different concentrations solely or in combinations for 42 days of rearing. Faecal samples were collected from the intestine (duodenum, jejunum and caeca) of broiler chicken on 14th, 28th and 42nd days of trial. Samples were cultured on different selective medium and bacterial identification was performed by different biochemical and molecular diagnostic tools. Results showed a significant effect of AGPs on the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in the intestine. Interestingly, an impaired growth was observed for both bacterium showing a significant effect (P<0.05) of AGPs on E. coli and C. perfringens on day 14th, 28th, and 42nd. This effect was observed solely and in combination while using AGPs. Data further showed that the effect was more prominent in combination and with an increase concentration of AGPs. Remarkably, no impairment was seen on the growth of L. reuteri at different sites of intestine and duration (14th, 28th, and 42nd days). The results showed that the use of AGPs in diet has no harmful effect on beneficial bacteria, however, an impaired growth was seen on the harmful bacteria. It is suggested that a combination of AGPs (OXY-1.0+TP-0.5) is economical and have no harmful effect on the broiler chicken. The use of AGPs in a recommended dose and for a specific period of time are safe to use in poultry both as growth promoter and for the prevention of diseases.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Oxitetraciclina , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias , Galinhas/microbiologia , Clostridium perfringens , Escherichia coli , Oxitetraciclina/farmacologia , Fosfatos , Tilosina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Tylosin eliminated in animal waste, during therapeutic treatment, can be efficiently removed in anaerobic systems. The present study investigated the influence of tylosin concentration and assessed its degradation kinetics and the microorganisms involved in each stage of its anaerobic digestion (hydrolysis/acidogenesis; acetogenesis; methanogenesis). The results showed a stimulating effect on methane production with increasing tylosin concentration in the poultry litter up to 80 mg kg-1 tylosin (232.9 NL CH4 kg SV-1). As for tylosin degradation, greater removal of antibiotics was observed in the methanogenic phase (88%), followed by acetogenic (84%) and hydrolytic/acidogenic (76%) phases. The higher rate of tylosin degradation obtained in the methanogenic step, is mainly related to the co-metabolic effect exerted by the presence of acetate and its degradation by acetoclastic methanogens. Indeed, metagenomic analyses suggested a syntrophic action between archaea of ââthe genus Methanobacterium, and bacteria such as Clostridium and Flexilinea, which seemed decisive for tylosin degradation.
Assuntos
Microbiota , Tilosina , Anaerobiose , Biodegradação Ambiental , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Cinética , Metano/metabolismo , Tilosina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The contamination of milk by antibiotic residues is a worldwide health and food safety problem. There is a need to develop new methods for the rapid determination of antibiotic residues in milk. A method has been developed for determining tylosin residues directly in powdered milk using Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Tylosin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic. The spectra obtained were submitted to chemometric analysis to obtain a prediction model for tylosin concentration in powdered milk. Using the Boruta algorithm, the absorption bands related to the milk contamination by the antibiotic were identified. Random forest was shown to be adequate for the prediction of tylosin residues in milk at low concentrations (≤ 100 µg L-1) and the prediction model generated showed high correlation and determination coefficients (greater than 0.95). The proposed methodology proved to be efficient for the investigation of antibiotic residues in powdered milk.
Assuntos
Leite , Tilosina , Animais , Antibacterianos/análise , Leite/química , Pós , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Tilosina/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Contamination of milk by antibiotic residues represents risks to the health of consumers; therefore they should be monitored. The objective of this study was to propose a methodology for the determination of tylosin residues directly in fluid milk based on mid-infrared spectroscopy associated with chemometrics, using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy associated with multilayer perceptron network (MLP) and partial least squares (PLS). RESULTS: MLP was shown to be adequate for the discrimination of milk samples contaminated with tylosin below or equal to or above the maximum residue limit (MRL), with an accuracy greater than 99%, using FTIR spectra data. PLS was shown to be appropriate for the prediction of the very low concentrations (0-100 µg L-1 ) of tylosin residues in milk using FTIR spectra data. PLS models with high correlation coefficients (R > 0.99) were generated. CONCLUSION: FTIR with chemometrics proved to be a non-destructive, efficient and low-cost method for the investigation and quantification of tylosin residues directly in fluid milk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Leite/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Tilosina/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A new, extended long-acting tilmicosin (TLAe) preparation was tested against intramammary ceftiofur (CEF) using a non-inferiority trial model during dry-cow therapy (DCT) in a farm with high bovine population density and deficient hygiene application. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the possibility that TLAe administered parenterally can achieve non-inferiority status compared to CEF administered intramammary for DCT. METHODS: Cows were randomly assigned to TLAe (20 mg/kg subcutaneous; n = 53) or CEF (CEF-HCl, 125 mg/quarter; n = 38 cows) treatment groups. California mastitis testing, colony-forming unit assessment (CFU/mL), and number of cases positive for Staphylococcus aureus were quantified before DCT and 7 d after calving. A complete cure was defined as no bacteria isolated; partial cure when CFU/mL ranged from 150 to 700, and cure-failure when CFU/mL was above 700. RESULTS: TLAe and CEF had overall cure rates of 57% and 53% (p > 0.05) and S. aureus cure rates of 77.7% and 25%, respectively (p < 0.05). The pathogens detected at DCT and 7 days after calving were S. aureus (62.71% and 35.55%), Staphylococcus spp. (22.03% and 35.55%), Streptococcus uberis (10.16% and 13.33%), and Escherichia coli (5.08% and 15.55%). Non-inferiority and binary logistic regression analyses revealed a lack of difference in overall efficacies of TLAe and CEF. Apart from S. aureus, S. uberis was the predominant pathogen found in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first successful report of parenteral DCT showing comparable efficacy as CEF, the gold-standard. The extended long-term pharmacokinetic activity of TLAe explains these results.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Doenças dos Bovinos , Cefalosporinas , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Mastite Bovina , Tilosina , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Cefalosporinas/administração & dosagem , Preparações de Ação Retardada/administração & dosagem , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Estreptocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Tilosina/administração & dosagem , Tilosina/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
Recurrent honeybee losses make it critical to understand the impact of human interventions, such as antibiotic use in apiculture. Antibiotics are used to prevent or treat bacterial infections in colonies. However, little is known about their effects on honeybee development. We studied the effect of two commercial beekeeping antibiotics on the bee physiology and behavior throughout development. Our results show that antibiotic treatments have an effect on amount of lipids and rate of behavioral development. Lipid amount in treated bees was higher than those not treated. Also, the timing of antibiotic treatment had distinct effects for the age of onset of behaviors, starting with cleaning, then nursing and lastly foraging. Bees treated during larva-pupa stages demonstrated an accelerated behavioral development and loss of lipids, while bees treated from larva to adulthood had a delay in behavioral development and loss of lipids. The effects were shared across the two antibiotics tested, TerramycinR (oxytetracycline) and TylanR (tylosin tartrate). These effects of antibiotic treatments suggest a role of microbiota in the interaction between the fat body and brain that is important for honeybee behavioral development.This paper has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the article.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Abelhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Abelhas/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Adiposidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Oxitetraciclina/farmacologia , Tilosina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle are detrimental to animal performance and economic return. Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, is used to reduce prevalence of liver abscesses, though there is variable efficacy among different groups of cattle. There is an increased importance in better understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of this condition because of growing concern over antibiotic resistance and increased scrutiny regarding use of antibiotics in food animal production. The objective of this study was to compare the microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance genes (resistomes) of feces of feedlot cattle administered or not administered tylosin and in their pen soil in 3 geographical regions with differing liver abscess prevalences. Cattle (total of 2,256) from 3 geographical regions were selected for inclusion based on dietary supplementation with tylosin (yes/no). Feces and pen soil samples were collected before harvest, and liver abscesses were identified at harvest. Shotgun and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were used to evaluate the soil and feces. Microbiome and resistome composition of feces (as compared by UniFrac distances and Euclidian distances, respectively) did not differ (P > 0.05) among tylosin or no tylosin-administered cattle. However, feedlot location was associated with differences (P ≤ 0.05) of resistomes and microbiomes. Using LASSO, a statistical model identified both fecal and soil microbial communities as predictive of liver abscess prevalence in pens. This model explained 75% of the variation in liver abscess prevalence, though a larger sample size would be needed to increase robustness of the model. These data suggest that tylosin exposure does not have a large impact on cattle resistomes or microbiomes, but instead, location of cattle production may be a stronger driver of both the resistome and microbiome composition of feces.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Abscesso Hepático/veterinária , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Tilosina/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Geografia , Abscesso Hepático/epidemiologia , Abscesso Hepático/microbiologia , Abscesso Hepático/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Metagenômica , Microbiota/genética , Modelos Estatísticos , Prevalência , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) is one of the most common enteric diseases in growing and finishing pigs. PPE is characterized by reduced growth performance, accompanied or not by diarrhea. PPE is highly prevalent in several countries of the Americas, Europe and Asia, causing high economic losses in swine herds. The most common form of PPE control in pigs is antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new product based on tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) to control PPE in experimentally inoculated animals. Sixty 5-week-old pigs with mean weight of 9.5kg were divided into two experimental groups of 30 animals: medication and control. All pigs were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis, the etiologic agent of PPE, on day zero. Fecal score, body condition score, and behavior were daily evaluated. Pigs were weighted on days -2, 13 and 21 of the experiment. Pigs in the Medication Group received tylosin injectable 13 days after inoculation, in three doses with a 12-hour interval between them. Pigs in the Control Group received injectable saline solution following the same protocol. In the Control Group, 23pigs presented with diarrhea before day 13. After day 13, the number of diarrheic animals in this group was reduced to 17. In the Medication Group, 26 pigs presented with diarrhea in the initial period, and in the period after medication, only 11 animals had diarrhea. The score of gross intestinal PPE lesions in the Medication Group was lower than that in the Control Group (p=0.031). The Medication Group also showed lower score for Lawsonia intracellularis antigen-labeling by immunohistochemistry compared with that of the Control Group (p=0.032), showing lower level of infection. These results demonstrate that tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.), administrated in three doses (1mL/20kg) every 12 hours, was effective for the control of PPE in experimentally inoculated pigs.(AU)
Enteropatia proliferativa suína (EPS), causada pela bactéria Lawsonia intracellularis, é uma das doenças entéricas mais comuns em suínos de recria e terminação. A EPS caracteriza-se por redução no desempenho dos animais, acompanhada ou não por diarreia. É uma doença altamente prevalente em diversos países da América, Europa e Ásia, provocando elevados prejuízos econômicos nos rebanhos suínos. A forma de controle da EPS mais adotada em rebanhos suínos é a antibioticoterapia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um novo produto à base de tilosina (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) na forma injetável para controlar a EPS em animais experimentalmente inoculados. Foram utilizados 60 leitões, de cinco semanas de idade, com peso médio de 9,5kg, divididos em dois grupos experimentais (n=30), medicados e não medicados. Todos os leitões foram desafiados com Lawsonia intracellularis no dia zero. Avaliações clínicas de escore fecal, escore corporal e comportamento foram realizadas diariamente além da pesagem individual dos animais realizada nos dias -2, 13 e 21 do experimento. Os leitões do grupo medicado receberam tilosina injetável 13 dias após a inoculação em três doses com intervalo de 12 horas cada. Já os leitões do grupo não medicado receberam solução salina injetável com o mesmo protocolo. O grupo não medicado apresentou 23 animais com diarreia antes do dia 13 e 17 após este período. No grupo medicado, 26 animais apresentaram diarreia previamente à medicação e apenas 11 após a medicação a partir do dia 13. Os leitões medicados apresentaram extensão de lesão macroscópica, caracterizada por espessamento de mucosa intestinal, menor em comparação com o grupo não medicado (p=0,031). A imunomarcação para Lawsonia intracellularis foi menor no grupo medicado (p<0,032), mostrando redução no grau de infecção por L. intracellularis nos animais medicados. Estes resultados demonstram que a tilosina injetável (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) (1mL/20kg) em três doses, a cada 12 horas, foi eficaz no tratamento da enteropatia proliferativa suína em animais experimentalmente inoculados.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Tilosina/uso terapêutico , Lawsonia (Bactéria)/isolamento & purificação , Sus scrofa/microbiologia , Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae/veterinária , Enteropatias/veterináriaRESUMO
Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) is one of the most common enteric diseases in growing and finishing pigs. PPE is characterized by reduced growth performance, accompanied or not by diarrhea. PPE is highly prevalent in several countries of the Americas, Europe and Asia, causing high economic losses in swine herds. The most common form of PPE control in pigs is antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new product based on tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) to control PPE in experimentally inoculated animals. Sixty 5-week-old pigs with mean weight of 9.5kg were divided into two experimental groups of 30 animals: medication and control. All pigs were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis, the etiologic agent of PPE, on day zero. Fecal score, body condition score, and behavior were daily evaluated. Pigs were weighted on days -2, 13 and 21 of the experiment. Pigs in the Medication Group received tylosin injectable 13 days after inoculation, in three doses with a 12-hour interval between them. Pigs in the Control Group received injectable saline solution following the same protocol. In the Control Group, 23pigs presented with diarrhea before day 13. After day 13, the number of diarrheic animals in this group was reduced to 17. In the Medication Group, 26 pigs presented with diarrhea in the initial period, and in the period after medication, only 11 animals had diarrhea. The score of gross intestinal PPE lesions in the Medication Group was lower than that in the Control Group (p=0.031). The Medication Group also showed lower score for Lawsonia intracellularis antigen-labeling by immunohistochemistry compared with that of the Control Group (p=0.032), showing lower level of infection. These results demonstrate that tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.), administrated in three doses (1mL/20kg) every 12 hours, was effective for the control of PPE in experimentally inoculated pigs.(AU)
Enteropatia proliferativa suína (EPS), causada pela bactéria Lawsonia intracellularis, é uma das doenças entéricas mais comuns em suínos de recria e terminação. A EPS caracteriza-se por redução no desempenho dos animais, acompanhada ou não por diarreia. É uma doença altamente prevalente em diversos países da América, Europa e Ásia, provocando elevados prejuízos econômicos nos rebanhos suínos. A forma de controle da EPS mais adotada em rebanhos suínos é a antibioticoterapia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um novo produto à base de tilosina (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) na forma injetável para controlar a EPS em animais experimentalmente inoculados. Foram utilizados 60 leitões, de cinco semanas de idade, com peso médio de 9,5kg, divididos em dois grupos experimentais (n=30), medicados e não medicados. Todos os leitões foram desafiados com Lawsonia intracellularis no dia zero. Avaliações clínicas de escore fecal, escore corporal e comportamento foram realizadas diariamente além da pesagem individual dos animais realizada nos dias -2, 13 e 21 do experimento. Os leitões do grupo medicado receberam tilosina injetável 13 dias após a inoculação em três doses com intervalo de 12 horas cada. Já os leitões do grupo não medicado receberam solução salina injetável com o mesmo protocolo. O grupo não medicado apresentou 23 animais com diarreia antes do dia 13 e 17 após este período. No grupo medicado, 26 animais apresentaram diarreia previamente à medicação e apenas 11 após a medicação a partir do dia 13. Os leitões medicados apresentaram extensão de lesão macroscópica, caracterizada por espessamento de mucosa intestinal, menor em comparação com o grupo não medicado (p=0,031). A imunomarcação para Lawsonia intracellularis foi menor no grupo medicado (p<0,032), mostrando redução no grau de infecção por L. intracellularis nos animais medicados. Estes resultados demonstram que a tilosina injetável (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) (1mL/20kg) em três doses, a cada 12 horas, foi eficaz no tratamento da enteropatia proliferativa suína em animais experimentalmente inoculados.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Tilosina/uso terapêutico , Lawsonia (Bactéria)/isolamento & purificação , Sus scrofa/microbiologia , Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae/veterinária , Enteropatias/veterináriaRESUMO
Tilmicosin is an antimicrobial agent used to treat intramammary infections against Staphylococcus aureus and has clinical anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanism by which it modulates the inflammatory process in the mammary gland is unknown. We evaluated the effect of tilmicosin treatment on the modulation of the mammary innate immune response after S. aureus infection and its effect on casein production in mammary epithelial cells. To achieve this goal, we used immortalized mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), pretreated for 12 h or treated with tilmicosin after infection with S. aureus (ATCC 27543). Our data showed that tilmicosin decreases intracellular infection (P < 0.01) and had a protective effect on MAC-T reducing apoptosis after infection by 80% (P < 0.01). Furthermore, tilmicosin reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) (P < 0.01), IL-1ß (P < 0.01), IL-6 (P < 0.01), and TNF-α (P < 0.05) production. In an attempt to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the immunomodulatory effect of tilmicosin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation was measured by fluorescent-activated cell sorting. Pretreatment with tilmicosin increased ERK1/2 (P < 0.05) but decreased P38 phosphorylation (P < 0.01). In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of tilmicosin helped to preserve casein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells (P < 0.01). This result indicates that tilmicosin could be an effective modulator inflammation in the mammary gland. Through regulation of MAPK phosphorylation, ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion tilmicosin can provide protection from cellular damage due to S. aureus infection and help to maintain normal physiological functions of the bovine mammary epithelial cell.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Caseínas/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Tilosina/análogos & derivados , Células Epiteliais Alveolares/metabolismo , Animais , Bovinos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Tilosina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate a combination of best management practices strategy for steer calves grazing tall fescue pastures with a range of toxicity. The experiment was conducted over 2 grazing seasons (fall 2015 for 91 d and spring 2016 for 84 d). Steers (n = 80 within season, body weight [BW] = 197.0 ± 15.43 kg [fall] and 116.9 ± 4.88 [spring]) were stocked at 2.45 and 4.1 calves/ha in fall and spring, respectively, to 16 pastures with varying levels of toxicity based on interim ergovaline (EV) concentration within season. Pastures were assigned to either mineral (MIN, n = 8) only management (MGMT) or a cumulative MGMT (CM, n = 8). The CM treatment included an implant containing 40-mg trenbolone acetate, 8-mg estradiol, and 29-mg tylosin tartrate (Component TE-G with Tylan, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 150 mg/calf daily monensin (Elanco Animal Health), and 1% BW of a 50:50 corn gluten feed:soybean hull supplement (as-is basis). Data were analyzed within season using pasture as the experimental unit. For fall and spring, the EV concentration was 1,476 ± 883.2 and 1,173 ± 620.6 ppb, respectively, and ranged from 90 to 2,180 ppb. During the fall, forage allowance did not differ (P = 0.76) between CM and MIN. In the spring, however, forage allowance only differed for the month of June (P ≤ 0.05, 2.55 vs. 3.22 ± 0.177 kg DM/kg BW, for MIN and CM, respectively). In the fall, average daily gain (ADG) responded to the simple effects of EV (P = 0.01) and MGMT (P < 0.001), and ADG for MIN steers was explained by ADG = 0.41 - 0.000064 × EV, whereas ADG for CM was explained by ADG = 1.05 - 0.000064 × EV. In the spring, there was an EV × MGMT interaction (P = 0.03) for ADG. For MIN, ADG = 0.80 - 0.000278 × EV, whereas for CM, ADG = 0.94 + 0.000001835 × EV. In spring, the ADG response to CM relative to MIN increased as EV increased. The CM strategy resulted in lower blood urea nitrogen than MIN in fall and spring (P < 0.01), but prolactin and serum Cu were not affected by MGMT in either season. In conclusion, performance was improved within the fescue belt by implementing feeding strategies using implants, ionophores, and supplementation, but a detailed economic analysis is warranted. Further research is needed to evaluate CM programs under varied stocking rates and in combination with dilution of endophyte-infected fescue pastures with nontoxic grasses or legumes.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Bovinos , Festuca , Animais , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Bovinos/fisiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Ergotaminas , Estradiol/farmacologia , Masculino , Monensin , Poaceae , Prolactina/sangue , Estações do Ano , Glycine max , Acetato de Trembolona , TilosinaRESUMO
Tylosin is one of the most commonly used antimicrobial drugs from the macrolide family and in broiler chickens it is used specially for the treatment of infectious pathologies. The poultry industry produces several by-products, among which feathers account for up to 7% of a chicken's live weight, thus they amount to a substantial mass across the whole industry. Feathers have been repurposed as an animal feed ingredient by making them feather meal. Therefore, the presence of high concentrations of residues from antimicrobial drugs in feathers might pose a risk to global public health, due to re-entry of these residues into the food chain. This work aimed to characterise the depletion behaviour of tylosin in feather samples, while considering its depletion in muscle and liver tissue samples as a reference point. To achieve this goal, we have implemented and validated an analytical methodology suitable for detecting and quantifying tylosin in these matrices. Sixty broiler chickens, raised under controlled conditions, received an oral dose of 32 mg kg-1 of tylosin for 5 days. Tylosin was quantified in muscle, liver and feathers by liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). High concentrations of tylosin were detected in feather samples over the whole experimental period after completing both the therapy and the recommended withdrawal time (WDT). On the other hand, tylosin concentrations in muscle and liver tissue samples fell below the limit of detection of this method on the first sampling day. Our results indicate that the WDT for feather samples is 27 days, hence using feather meal for the formulation of animal diets or for other agricultural purposes could contaminate with antimicrobial residues either other livestock species or the environment. In consequence, we recommend monitoring this matrix when birds have been treated with tylosin, within the context of poultry farming.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Plumas/química , Fígado/química , Músculos/química , Tilosina/análise , Tilosina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Galinhas , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A simple extraction, rapid routine method for the simultaneous determination of sorbic acid, natamycin and tylosin in Dulce de leche, a traditional South American product, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and fully validated. The limits of detection were set to 24.41mgkg(-1) (sorbic acid), 0.10mgkg(-1) (natamycin) and 2µgkg(-1) (tylosin). Recoveries ranged from 95% to 110%. Proportionally, internal standardization was more efficient than external standard, resulting in a smaller measurement of uncertainty. In total, 35 commercial samples from Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay have been assessed. The proposed method was tested on other dairy desserts, demonstrating to be versatile. Although tylosin was not detected in any sample, a high rate of non-compliance was found, with 67.39% of samples above the maximum allowed for sorbic acid and a maximum concentration of 2105.36±178.60mgkg(-1). In two samples, natamycin was irregularly found.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Laticínios/análise , Conservantes de Alimentos/análise , Natamicina/análise , Ácido Sórbico/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Tilosina/análiseRESUMO
The effect of different concentrations of tylosin on methane production was investigated: first methanogenesis in a biomass without contact with the antibiotic, and later the ability of the sludge to adapt to increasing concentrations of tylosin. Results showed that, for biomass that had no contact with the antibiotic, the presence of tylosin inhibits the generation of methane even at concentrations as small as 0.01 mg L(-1), and samples at concentrations above 0.5 mg L(-1) produced practically no methane, whereas, in the digesters acclimated in the presence of tylosin at a concentration of 0.01 to 0.065 mg L(-1), methanogenesis is not inhibited in the presence of antibiotic and the generation of methane is improved. This behaviour suggests the microorganisms have developed not only resistance to the antibiotic but also an ability to metabolize it.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/toxicidade , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Metano/metabolismo , Tilosina/toxicidade , Águas Residuárias , Adaptação Biológica , Anaerobiose , Animais , Biocombustíveis , Biomassa , Esgotos , SuínosRESUMO
Antimicrobials administered to laying hens may be distributed into egg white or yolk, indicating the importance of evaluating withdrawal times (WDTs) of the pharmaceutical formulations. In the present study, oxytetracycline and tylosin's WDTs were estimated. The concentration and depletion of these molecules in eggs were linked to their pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties. Twenty-seven Leghorn hens were used: 12 treated with oxytetracycline, 12 treated with tylosin, and 3 remained as an untreated control group. After completion of therapies, eggs were collected daily and drug concentrations in egg white and yolk were assessed. The yolk was used as the target tissue to evaluate the WDT; the results were 9 and 3 days for oxytetracycline and tylosin, respectively. In particular, oxytetracycline has a good oral bioavailability, a moderate apparent volume of distribution, a molecular weight of 460 g/mol, and is lightly liposoluble. Tylosin, a hydrosoluble compound, with a molecular weight of 916 g/mol, has a low oral bioavailability and a low apparent volume of distribution, too. Present results suggest that the WDTs of the studied antimicrobials are strongly influenced by their oral bioavailability, the distribution, and the molecular weight and solubility, and that these properties also influence the distribution between the egg yolk and white.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/análise , Galinhas/fisiologia , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Ovos/análise , Oxitetraciclina/análise , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/fisiopatologia , Tilosina/análise , Administração Oral , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos , Feminino , Oviparidade , Oxitetraciclina/administração & dosagem , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de Tempo , Tilosina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This study determined a tylosin concentration in swine wastewater located in a Mexican pig farm, during different stages of the pigs' growth. The detection of antibiotics in swine wastewater is complex due to its high concentration of solids. Analytical method was developed for detection of tylosin in swine wastewater and swine slurry. Average recoveries of tylosin in the liquid and solid phase were greater than 51 and 44%, respectively, with a greater total recovery of 95%. The results indicated the presence of tylosin in swine wastewater and slurry at concentrations greater than the ones reported in the literature. In grab samples of swine wastewater, the tylosin detected showed concentrations of 56, 72 and 8.6 µg L(-1), in breeding-gestation, nursery pigs, and grow-finishing area, respectively. In composite samples, the concentration of tylosin was 11.8 µg L(-1) for the breeding-gestation area and 2.4 µg L(-1) for the grow-finishing area. For slurry, the concentration of tylosin was 20.6 and 17.8 µg L(-1), for the breeding-gestation and grow-finishing area, respectively. This study presents the detection of a high concentration of tylosin in breeding-gestation and nursery pigs. Traces of tylosin in wastewater from grow-finishing stage were found although the animals were not receiving antibiotics.