Novel Ag-modified vanadate nanosheets for determination of small organic molecules with laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.

Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) aroused intensive concerns for the merits of label-free and high-throughput analysis. Here, we designed a silver nanoparticles (AgNP)-modified indium vanadate nanosheets with doping samarium (AgNP@InVO4:Sm) nanosheets. The developed AgNP@InVO4:Sm nanosheets (AIVON) were synthesized based on the microemulsion-mediated solvothermal method and ultraviolet-assisted in situ formation of AgNP, then for the first time applied as a matrix in LDI-MS analysis. With the advantages including enhanced MS signal, little matrix-related background, high reproducibility, and good salt tolerance, AIVON exhibited much better prospect than non-modified indium vanadate nanosheets with doping samarium (IVON) and traditional organic matrix, thus allowing sensitive MS detection for a wide range of low-molecular-weight (LMW) molecules. Moreover, by coupling with headspace sampling thin-film microextraction (TFME), a kind of representative pollutant chlorophenols were identified and quantified via AIVON-assisted LDI-MS in environmental and biological samples. Volatile LMW pollutants could be preconcentrated after TFME, hence a sensitive and rapid assay with negligible sample matrix effect was realized by using AIVON-assisted LDI-MS. It is anticipated that this novel nano-matrix AIVON and the proposed TFME coupling detection strategy were of competitive merits for LDI-MS analysis in the fields of environment, biomedicine, and agriculture.

Implications of albumin in cell culture media on the biological action of vanadates(V).

In this article, the implications of binding competition of vanadates(V) with dodecyl sulfates for bovine serum albumin on cytotoxicity of vanadium(V) species against prostate cancer cells have been investigated. The pH- and SDS-dependent vanadate(V)-BSA interactions were observed. At pH 5, there is only one site capable of binding ten vanadates(V) ions (logK(ITC)1 = 4.96 ± 0.06; ΔH(ITC)1 = -1.04 ± 0.03 kcal mol-1), whereas at pH 7 two distinctive binding sites on protein were found, saturated with two and seven V(V) ions, respectively (logK(ITC)1 = 6.11 ± 0.06; ΔH(ITC)1 = 0.78 ± 0.12 kcal mol-1; logK(ITC)2 = 4.80 ± 0.02; ΔH(ITC)2 = - 4.95 ± 0.14 kcal mol-1). SDS influences the stoichiometry and the stability of the resulting V(V)-BSA complexes. Finally, the cytotoxicity of vanadates(V) against prostate cancer cells (PC3 line) was examined in the presence and absence of SDS in the culture medium. In the case of a 24-h incubation with 100 µM vanadate(V), a ca. 20 % reduction in viability of PC3 cells was observed in the presence of SDS. However, in other considered cases (various concentrations and time of incubation) SDS does not affect the dose-dependent action of vanadates(V) on the investigated prostate cancer cells.

Ingenious fabrication of bamboo leaf-like ferric vanadate intertwined multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite as a sensitive sensor for determination of uric acid in fetal bovine serum.

A novel nanocomposite material, ferric vanadate intertwined multi-walled carbon nanotubes (FeV/MWCNTs), has been designed which was drop-coated onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The constructed sensor was used for the sensitive determination of uric acid (UA) in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and human serum (HS). A series of characterization and electrochemical tests showed that the ultrasound-assisted assembly of FeV with MWCNTs not only overcame the disadvantages of low conductivity and easy (unwanted) aggregation, but also avoided the decrease in effective surface area due to the severe aggregation of each individual raw material. The fabricated FeV/MWCNTs nanocomposites exhibited higher conductivity, larger effective surface area, and better electrocatalytic activity. In addition, under optimized conditions, the developed electrochemical sensor FeV/MWCNTs/GCE has a lower limit of detection (LOD, 0.05 µM; Ep = 0.268 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and wider linear range (0.20-100 µM), which can satisfy the criteria of trace UA detection. The results of UA determination in FBS (recovery = 95.5-103%; RSD ≤ 3.1%) and HS (recovery = 95.5-103%; RSD ≤ 4.3%) further validated the feasibility of FeV/MWCNTs-based electrochemical sensors for the determination of UA in biological fluids.

Ultrastructural alterations due to sodium metavanadate treatment in the blood stages of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii.

Malaria is a potentially mortal disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium spp. It has a wide distribution in the world and unfortunately there are several factors that make its control difficult; among which the development of pharmacological resistance to the different drugs used to treat this disease stands out, which makes it necessary to design new compounds that have an antimalarial effect. Previous studies have shown that vanadium has a broad antiparasitic spectrum and is also safe for the host, so the objective of this research was to evaluate the antimalarial potential of sodium metavanadate (SM) and to analyze the ultrastructural changes in parasites exposed. The method consisted of inoculating CD-1 male mice with Plasmodium yoelii yoelii and administering a 10 mg/kg/day dose of SM orally for 4 days. On the fifth day, whole blood samples were obtained, processed for ultrastructural analysis, and the changes in the different parasite stages were compared against the control. Our results showed that SM decreased parasitemia compared to the group that did not receive treatment and modified the ultrastructure in all parasitic stages because it damaged the membranes, causing alterations mainly in the nucleus and in the mitochondria as well as the loss of cellular organization, which could affect the integrity of these parasites and decrease its viability.

Uncovering the Dinuclear Mechanism of NO2-Involved NH3-SCR over Supported V2O5/TiO2 Catalysts.

Commercial vanadium oxide catalysts exhibit high efficiency for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3, especially in the presence of NO2 (i.e., occurrence of fast NH3-SCR). The high-activity sites and their working principle for the fast NH3-SCR reaction, however, remain elusive. Here, by combining in situ spectroscopy, isotopic labeling experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we demonstrate that polymeric vanadyl species act as the main active sites in the fast SCR reaction because the coupling effect of the polymeric structure alters the elementary reaction step and effectively avoids the high energy barrier of the rate-determining step over monomeric vanadyl species. This study unveils the high-activity dinuclear mechanism of the NO2-involved SCR reaction over vanadia-based catalysts and provides a fundamental basis for developing high-efficiency and low V2O5-loading SCR catalysts.

Structure elucidation and gene cluster of the O-antigen of Shewanella xiamenensis strain DCB-2-1 containing an amide of d-glucuronic acid with d-alanine and its bonding with U, Cr and V.

The aim of this work was to examine the structure and gene cluster of O-OPS of S. xiamenensis strain DCB-2-1 and survey its conceivability for chelating uranyl, chromate and vanadate ions from solution. O-polysaccharide (OPS, O-antigen) was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Shewanella xiamenensis DCB-2-1 and studied by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and sugar analysis. The following structure of the brunched pentasaccharide was established: where d-ß-GlcpA(d-Ala) is d-glucuronic acid acylated with NH group of d-Ala. The OPS structure established is unique among known bacterial polysaccharide structures. Interestingly, that dN-(d-glucuronoyl)-d-alanine derivative is not found in bacterial polysaccharides early. The O-antigen gene cluster of Shewanella xiamenensis strain DCB-2-1 has been sequenced. The gene functions were tentatively assigned by comparison with sequences in the available databases and found to be in agreement with the OPS structure. Based on the analysis of the IR spectra of the isolated polysaccharide DCB-2-1 and the products of its interaction with UO2(NO3)2 ∗ 6H2O, NH4VO3 and K2Cr2O7, a method of binding them can be proposed. Laboratory experiments show that the use of polysaccharide can be effective in removing uranyl, chromate and vanadate from solution.

Steady-state kinetic analysis of reversible enzyme inhibitors: A case study on calf intestine alkaline phosphatase.

Enzymes are important drug targets and inhibition of enzymatic activity is an important therapeutic strategy. Enzyme assays measuring catalytic activity are utilized in both the discovery and development of new drugs. Colorimetric assays based on the release of 4-nitrophenol from substrates are commonly used. 4-Nitrophenol is only partly ionized to 4-nitrophenolate under typical assay conditions (pH 7-9) leading to under-estimation of product formation rates due to the much lower extinction coefficient of 4-nitrophenol compared to 4-nitrophenolate. Determination of 4-nitrophenol pKa values based on absorbance at 405 nm as a function of experimental pH values is reported, allowing for calculation of a corrected extinction coefficient at the assay pH. Characterization of inhibitor properties using steady-state enzyme kinetics is demonstrated using calf intestine alkaline phosphatase and 4-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate at pH ∼8.2. The following kinetic parameters were determined: Km= 40±3 µM; Vmax= 72.8±1.2 µmolmin-1mg protein-1; kcat= 9.70±0.16 s-1; kcat/Km= 2.44±0.16 × 105 M-1s-1 (mean± SEM, N = 4). Sodium orthovanadate and EDTA were used as model inhibitors and the following pIC50 values were measured using dose-response curves: 6.61±0.08 and 3.07±0.03 (mean±SEM, N = 4). Rapid dilution experiments determined that inhibition was reversible for sodium orthovanadate and irreversible for EDTA. A Ki value for orthovanadate of 51±8 nM (mean±SEM, N = 3) was determined. Finally, data analysis and statistical design of experiments are discussed.

Nitrogen-rich carbon composite fabricated from waste shrimp shells for highly efficient oxo-vanadate adsorption-coupled reduction.

Protein, calcium carbonate, and chitin are abundant in shrimp shells. In this study, chemical treatment followed by hydrothermal carbonization was used to synthesize the nitrogen-rich hydrochar (HSHC) from shrimp shells. The untreated hydrochar exhibited a higher amount of calcium (25.37%) and less amount of nitrogen (2.68%) with alkaline pH (9.1). Interestingly chemical pre-treatment on shrimp shells boosted the nitrogen content to 6.81% and eliminated the calcium while controlling the pH to 6.4, which was beneficial for oxo-vanadate removal. The HSHC achieved vanadium(V) adsorption capacity of 21.20 mg/g at an optimal solution pH of 3.0, whereas the pristine hydrochar performed poorly (0.66 mg/g). The abundance of oxygen and nitrogen-based functional groups that developed through the chemical treatment resulted in improved adsorption coupled reduction performance of HSHC. This study proposed an inexpensive and environmentally friendly method for converting waste shrimp shells into value-added adsorbent.

Bioactive Vanadium Disulfide Nanostructure with "Dual" Antitumor Effects of Vanadate and Gas for Immune-Checkpoint Blockade-Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy.

Bioactive inorganic nanomaterials and the biological effects of metal ions have attracted extensive attention in tumor therapy in recent years. Vanadium (V), as a typical bioactive metal element, regulates a variety of biological functions. However, its role in antitumor therapy remains to be revealed. Herein, biodegradable vanadium disulfide (VS2) nanosheets (NSs) were prepared as a responsive gas donor and bioactive V source for activating cancer immunotherapy in combination with immune-checkpoint blockade therapy. After PEGylation, VS2-PEG exhibited efficient glutathione (GSH) depletion and GSH-activated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) release. Exogenous H2S caused lysosome escape and reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in tumor cells by interfering with the mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing acidosis. In addition, VS2-PEG degraded into high-valent vanadate, leading to Na+/K+ ATPase inhibition, potassium efflux, and interleukin (IL)-1ß production. Together with further induction of ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death, a strong antitumor immune response was stimulated by reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the combined treatment of VS2-PEG and α-PD-1 amplified antitumor therapy, significantly suppressed tumor growth, and further elicited robust immunity to effectively defeat tumors. This work highlights the biological effects of vanadium for application in cancer treatment.

Development of nanofunctionalized oxovanadium(IV) complex and its anticancer, antidiabetic, DNA cleavage and cell imaging studies.

VO(IV) complex is little toxic and highly effective than vanadium salts. A vanadyl metal complex from 8-formyl-7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin derivative has been synthesized and functionalized with copper nanoparticles. The Spectrochemical studies such as UV, FTIR, 1NMR and ESR spectra were recorded to characterize the ligand(CUAP), Vanadyl complex[VO(CUAP)SO4] and nano Cu-VO(IV)complex efficiently. The structural studies of vanadyl complex confirmed that the ligand coordinate with metal through nitrogen atom of azomethine, carbonyl oxygen and phenolic oxygen. ESR spectrum of vanadyl complex revealed the covalent nature. XRD pattern of nano Cu-VO(IV) complex indicated the crystalline nature and the average particle size was 20.91 nm. SEM image of nano Cu-VO(IV) complex showed that the nano particles accumulated to form spherical shaped particles. The particle size obtained from Transmission Electron Microscopy of nano functionalized metal complex is âˆ¼ 20 nm. It is closely matched to the particle size calculated from XRD results. Fluorescence of vanadyl complex and nano Cu-VO(IV) complex exhibit the emission from 270 to 900 nm range with significant fluorescence at âˆ¼ 750 nm. The DNA cleavage of all the compounds was evaluated using Agarose gel electrophoresis technique and showed greater cleavage of vanadyl complex. The anticancer activity of compounds was carried out against two cancer cell lines viz Human Breast Cancer Cell line (MCF-7) and Human Leukemia Cancer Cell Line(K-562). Oxovanadium complex exhibited good anticancer activities than ligand and nano-functionalized complex. The antidiabetic activities of vanadyl and nano functionalized complexes were studied against α-Amylase and ß-Glucosidase inhibition assay. In this study vanadyl complex showed higher inhibition activity on α-Amylase compared with standard Acarbose. The bioimaging of nano-functionalized metal complex showed high fluorescent properties. The molecular docking study of ligand and vanadyl complex showed greater docking results with CDK2 receptor.

Shewanella metallivivens sp. nov., a deep-sea hydrothermal vent tube worm endobiont capable of dissimilatory anaerobic metalloid oxyanion reduction.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on a Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped strain, ER-Te-42B-LightT, isolated from the tissue of a tube worm, Riftia pachyptila, collected near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. This bacterium was capable of performing anaerobic respiration using tellurite, tellurate, selenite and orthovanadate as terminal electron acceptors. While facultatively anaerobic, it could aerobically resist tellurite, selenite and orthovanadate up to 2000, 7000 and 10000 µg ml-1, respectively, reducing each oxide to elemental forms. Nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity related the strain to Shewanella, with 98.8 and 98.7 % similarity to Shewanella basaltis and Shewanella algicola, respectively. The dominant fatty acids were C16 : 0 and C16 : 1. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol and MK-7 was the predominant quinone. DNA G+C content was 42.5 mol%. Computation of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with the closest phylogenetic neighbours of ER-Te-42B-LightT revealed genetic divergence at the species level, which was further substantiated by differences in several physiological characteristics. Based on the obtained results, this bacterium was assigned to the genus Shewanella as a new species with the name Shewanella metallivivens sp. nov., type strain ER-Te-42B-LightT (=VKM B-3580T=DSM 113370T).

Bioreactivity of divalent bimetallic vanadyl and zinc complexes bis-oxalyldihydrazone ligand against microbial and human cancer series. ctDNA interaction mode.

Two novel divalent bimetallic complexes were constructed from the complexation of O=V4+ and Zn2+ ions (VOL and ZnL), respectively, with diisatin oxalyldihydrazone ligand (H2L). Various spectroscopic tools were used to confirm their chemical structures (FT-IR, NMR, EI-Mass, and electronic spectra), besides, elemental analyses and conductivity features. To estimate the role of divalent metal ions in their coordination compound for developing their bio-reactivity, the free ligand H2Lox, and its complexes (VOL and ZnL) were employed spectroscopic investigations against the growth of some microbial series (fungi and bacteria) and also against three human cancer/normal cells. Furthermore, their interaction behavior against calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) was studied through viscometric and spectrophotometric studies to discover the role of O=V4+ and Zn2+ ions to determine the mode of binding with ctDNA. The inhibiting effect of H2L, VOL, and ZnL versus the titled microbial (bacterial and fungal) was built upon their inhibited zone areas in mm and the MIC concentrations in µM. Their action against the three human cancer cells' growth was evaluated by IC50 values in µM and the selectivity index in percentage. Both VOL and ZnL complexes exhibited an amazing series with three human cancer cell growth (according to the zone values in mm of inhibition, MIC in µM, and IC50 values in µM) compared to those of their uncoordinated H2L ligand. VOL demonstrated a distinguished interacting behavior with ctDNA more than that interaction of ZnL depending on the variation of the central metal ion chemical features. Within the covalent and non-covalent interaction modes, the interaction binding between H2L, VOL, and ZnL with ctDNA was discussed based on the electronic spectroscopic observation.

Evaluation of immunotoxicity of sodium metavanadate following drinking water exposure in female B6C3F1/N mice in a 28-day study.

Sodium metavanadate (NaVO3 ) is a pentavalent vanadium compound used in the metal industry and dietary supplements; human exposure occurs through inhalation of fumes and dust and ingestion of NaVO3 -containing products. The objective of this study was to assess the potential immunotoxicity of NaVO3 . Female B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to 0-500 ppm NaVO3 in drinking water for 28 days and evaluated for effects on immune cell populations and innate, cellular-mediated, and humoral-mediated immunity. There was a decreasing trend in body weight (BW) and BW gain in NaVO3 exposed mice, with a decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in BW gain at ≥250 ppm, relative to control. Conversely, increasing trends in spleen weights and an increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the spleen:BW ratio at ≥250 ppm NaVO3 were observed. NaVO3 exposure altered antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Antibody forming cells (AFC)/106 spleen cells exhibited a decreasing trend, with a decrease (p ≤ 0.05) at 500 ppm NaVO3 , concurrent with an increase in percent B cells. NaVO3 had no effect on the serum anti-SRBC IgM antibody titers or anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin antibody production. Exposure to NaVO3 decreased the percentage of natural killer cells at all dose levels (p ≤ 0.05), with no effect on the lytic activity. NaVO3 altered T-cell populations at 500 ppm but had no effect on T-cell proliferative responses or the lytic activity of cytotoxic T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that NaVO3 exposure can adversely affect the immune system by inducing alterations in humoral-mediated immunity, specifically the AFC response, with no effect on cell-mediated or innate immunity.

Elucidating the Therapeutic Potential of Bis(Maltolato)OxoVanadium(IV): The Protective Role of Copper in Cellular Metabolism.

Vanadium (V) is a trace mineral whose biological activity, role as a micronutrient, and pharmacotherapeutic applications remain unknown. Over the last years, interest in V has increased due to its potential use as an antidiabetic agent mediated by its ability to improve glycemic metabolism. However, some toxicological aspects limit its potential therapeutic application. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of the co-treatment with copper (Cu) and bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) as a possible strategy to reduce the toxicity of BMOV. Treating hepatic cells with BMOV reduced cell viability under the present conditions, but cell viability was corrected when cells were co-incubated with BMOV and Cu. Additionally, the effect of these two minerals on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was evaluated. Co-treatment with both metals reduced the nuclear damage caused by BMOV. Moreover, treatment with these two metals simultaneously tended to reduce the ND1/ND4 deletion of the mitochondrial DNA produced with the treatment using BMOV alone. In conclusion, these results showed that combining Cu and V could effectively reduce the toxicity associated with V and enhance its potential therapeutic applications.

Lanthanum vanadate-based carbon nanocomposite as an electrochemical probe for amperometric detection of theophylline in real food samples.

Theophylline (THP) is an emerging drug for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease whose side effects can be greatly affected by caffeine-containing real foods. Because an overdose of this substance can cause respiratory and neurological damage, producing a fast and accurate analytical procedure is critical. Based on a cutting-edge hybrid nanocomposite, this study was used to construct an electrochemical sensor for the accurate detection of THP. Spectroscopy and morphological investigation supported the easy synthesis of tetragonal-LaVO4 (t-LV) nanopellets and LV@CNF hybrid nanocomposite. To detect THP, a highly dispersed LV@CNF nanocomposite was modified on a glassy carbon electrode as a sensing substrate. By amperometric technique, the sensor shows a wide linear range of 0.01-1070 µM, low limit of detection (2.63 nM), and sensitivity (0.228 µA µM-1 cm-2). Finally, the current technique was successfully used to identify THP in real food samples (chocolate, coffee and black tea).

Lanthanide vanadate-based trimodal probes for near-infrared luminescent bioimaging, high-field magnetic resonance imaging, and X-ray computed tomography.

We have developed a trimodal bioimaging probe for near-infrared luminescent imaging, high-field magnetic resonance imaging, and X-ray computed tomography using Dy3+ as the paramagnetic component and Nd3+ as the luminescent cation, both of them incorporated in a vanadate matrix. Among different essayed architectures (single phase and core-shell nanoparticles) the one showing the best luminescent properties is that consisting of uniform DyVO4 nanoparticles coated with a first uniform layer of LaVO4 and a second layer of Nd3+-doped LaVO4. The magnetic relaxivity (r2) at high field (9.4 T) of these nanoparticles was among the highest values ever reported for this kind of probes and their X-ray attenuation properties, due to the presence of lanthanide cations, were also better than those of a commercial contrast agent (iohexol) commonly used for X-ray computed tomography. In addition, they were chemically stable in a physiological medium in which they could be easily dispersed owing to their one-pot functionalization with polyacrylic acid, and, finally, they were non-toxic for human fibroblast cells. Such a probe is, therefore, an excellent multimodal contrast agent for near-infrared luminescent imaging, high-field magnetic resonance imaging, and X-ray computed tomography.

Stimuli-responsive ultra-small vanadate prodrug nanoparticles with NIR photothermal properties to precisely inhibit Na/K-ATPase for enhanced cancer therapy.

Inhibition of Na/K-ATPase is a promising cancer treatment owing to the essential role of Na/K-ATPase in maintaining various cellular functions. The potent Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, vanadate(V) (termed as V(V)), has exhibited efficient anticancer effects. However, nonspecific inhibition using V(V) results in serious side effects, which hinder its clinical application. Here, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-modified ultra-small vanadate prodrug nanoparticles (V(IV) NPs) were synthesized via a combined reduction-coordination strategy with a natural polyphenol tannic acid (TA). A lower systemic toxicity of V(IV) NPs is achieved by strong metal-polyphenol coordination interactions. An efficient V(V) activation is realized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tumor site. Furthermore, V(IV) NPs show excellent photothermal properties in the near-infrared (NIR) region. By NIR irradiation at the tumor site for mild hyperthermia, selective enhancement of the interactions between V(V) and Na/K-ATPase achieves stronger inhibition of Na/K-ATPase for robust cell killing effect. Altogether, V(IV) NPs specifically inhibit Na/K-ATPase in cancer cells with negligible toxicity to normal tissues, thus making them a promising candidate for clinical applications of Na/K-ATPase inhibition.

SOV sensitizes gastric cancer cells to radiation by suppressing radiation-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo.

Vanadium is a transition metal that naturally occurs in the environment and has a variety of biological and physiological impacts on humans. Sodium orthovanadate (SOV), a well-known chemical compound of vanadium, has shown notable anti-cancer activity in various types of human malignancies. However, the effect of SOV on stomach cancer is yet undetermined. Furthermore, only a few studies have investigated the association of SOV and radiosensitivity with stomach cancer. Our study has investigated the ability of SOV to increase the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to radiation. To detect autophagy triggered by ionizing radiation and the influence of SOV on cell radiosensitivity, the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) test, EDU staining experiment, colony formation assay, and immunofluorescence were performed. The possible synergistic effects of SOV and irradiation were examined in vivo using a xenograft mouse model of stomach cancer cells. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that SOV markedly reduced the growth of stomach cancer cells and improved their radiosensitivity. Our results showed that SOV increased gastric cancer cells' radiosensitivity, thereby blocking the radiation-induced autophagy-related protein, ATG10. Thus, SOV can be considered a potential agent for radiosensitizing gastric cancer.

Carbon Nitride Pillared Vanadate Via Chemical Pre-Intercalation Towards High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Vanadium based compounds are promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc (Zn)-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their high specific capacity. However, the narrow interlayer spacing, low intrinsic conductivity and the vanadium dissolution still restrict their further application. Herein, we present an oxygen-deficient vanadate pillared by carbon nitride (C3 N4 ) as the cathode for AZIBs through a facile self-engaged hydrothermal strategy. Of note, C3 N4 nanosheets can act as both the nitrogen source and pre-intercalation species to transform the orthorhombic V2 O5 into layered NH4 V4 O10 with expanded interlayer spacing. Owing to the pillared structure and abundant oxygen vacancies, both the Zn2+ ion (de)intercalation kinetics and the ionic conductivity in the NH4 V4 O10 cathode are promoted. As a result, the NH4 V4 O10 cathode delivers exceptional Zn-ion storage ability with a high specific capacity of about 370 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 , a high-rate capability of 194.7 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1 and a stable cycling performance of 10 000 cycles.

Polymerization State of Vanadyl Species Affects the Catalytic Activity and Arsenic Resistance of the V2O5-WO3/TiO2 Catalyst in Multipollutant Control of NOx and Chlorinated Aromatics.

The conventional V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst suffers severely from arsenic poisoning, leading to a significant loss of catalytic activity. The doping of Al or Mo plays an important role in promoting the arsenic resistance on NH3 selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR), but their promotion mechanism remains in debate and has yet to be explored in multipollutant control (MPC) of NOx and chlorinated organics. Herein, our experimental characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that arsenic species preferentially adsorb on both Al and Mo to form arsenate, thereby avoiding bonding to the catalytically active V sites. More importantly, Al doping partially converted the polymeric vanadyl species into monomeric ones, thereby inhibiting the near-surface and bulk lattice oxygen mobility of the V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst, while Mo doping resulted in vanadyl polymerization with an enriched V5+ chemical state and exhibited superior MPC activity and COx selectivity. Our work shows that antipoisoning catalysts can be designed with the combination of site protection and occurrence state modification of the active species.