Visual performance and photic disturbances with diffractive and nondiffractive EDOF intraocular lenses using mini-monovision: randomized trial.

PURPOSE: To compare visual performance and photic visual disturbances of patients implanted with 2 different extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lenses (IOLs) using mini-monovision. SETTING: Ambulatory surgical center at the University of São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. DESIGN: Prospective, examiner-masked, randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Patients were assigned to either a bilateral Symfony (SYM) or Vivity (VIV) IOL group, with 1 eye targeted for myopia (-0.75 diopter [D]). Defocus curve, contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson), Patient-Reported Spectacle Independence Questionnaire, and Quality of Vision questionnaire were recorded at 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients finished the follow-up: group SYM: n = 60 and group VIV: n = 66. Regarding near visual acuity, 80% of patients in the SYM group and 84% of patients in the VIV group achieved J2 or better on the near-planned eye ( P = .3840). No significant differences were found between groups for distance visual acuity, defocus profiles, PRISC, contrast sensitivity, or reading speed ( P > .05). Notably, significant between-group differences were observed for bothersome visual disturbances ( P = .0235), with 45% of patients in the SYM group with a score of 0 for bothersome disturbances compared with 66% in the VIV group. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-monovision using these EDOF IOLs was well-tolerated in the patient cohort. No significant differences were found for visual performance tests between the VIV and SYM groups. However, the data suggest that Vivity IOL is associated with a lower probability of bothersome visual disturbances compared with Symfony IOL.

A monocular wide-field speed sensor inspired by the crabs' visual system for traffic analysis.

The development of visual sensors for traffic analysis can benefit from mimicking two fundamental aspects of the visual system of crabs: their panoramic vision and their visual processing strategy adapted to a flat world. First, the use of omnidirectional cameras in urban environments allows for analyzing the simultaneous movement of many objects of interest over broad areas. This would reduce the costs and complications associated with infrastructure: installation, synchronization, maintenance, and operation of traditional vision systems that use multiple cameras with a limited field of view. Second, in urban traffic analysis, the objects of interest (e.g. vehicles and pedestrians) move on the ground surface. This constraint allows the calculation of the 3D trajectory of the vehicles using a single camera without the need to use binocular vision techniques.The main contribution of this work is to show that the strategy used by crabs to visually analyze their habitat (monocular omnidirectional vision with the assumption of a flat world ) is useful for developing a simple and effective method to estimate the speed of vehicles on long trajectories in urban environments. It is shown that the proposed method estimates the speed with a root mean squared error of 2.7 km h-1.

Human detection and motion recovery based on monocular vision / Detecção humana e recuperação de movimento com base na visão monocular / Detección humana y recuperación de movimiento basada en visión monocular

ABSTRACT Objective: Provides interactive games and human animation real motion data and technical options. Therefore, how to complete the position, attitude detection, and motion recovery under monocular vision has become an important research direction. Methods: This paper improves the part-based human detection algorithm and uses the AdaBoost multi-instance learning algorithm to train the part detector. Results: The results show that obtaining blood pressure waveform based on monocular vision pulse wave is feasible and has generalization. Conclusions: The results show the feasibility and accuracy of the gait motion detection, motion recovery and analysis system for human lower limbs based on monocular vision. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Fornece jogos interativos e dados de movimento real de animação humana e opções técnicas. Portanto, como completar a posição, detecção de atitude e recuperação de movimento sob visão monocular tornou-se uma importante direção de pesquisa. Métodos: este artigo aprimora o algoritmo de detecção humana baseado em partes e usa o algoritmo de aprendizado de múltiplas instâncias AdaBoost para treinar o detector de partes. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que o método de obtenção da forma de onda da pressão arterial com base na onda de pulso de visão monocular é viável e se pode generalizar. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram a viabilidade e precisão do sistema de detecção, recuperação e análise do movimento da marcha para membros inferiores humanos com base na visão monocular. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Proporciona juegos interactivos y animación humana, datos de movimiento real y opciones técnicas. Por lo tanto, cómo completar la posición, la detección de actitud y la recuperación de movimiento bajo visión monocular se ha convertido en una importante dirección de investigación. Métodos: este documento mejora el algoritmo de detección humana basado en piezas y utiliza el algoritmo de aprendizaje de instancias múltiples AdaBoost para entrenar el detector de piezas. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que el método de obtención de la forma de onda de la presión arterial basado en la onda de pulso de visión monocular es factible y se puede generalizar. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la viabilidad y precisión del sistema de detección, recuperación y análisis del movimiento de la marcha para miembros inferiores humanos basado en visión monocular. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Calidad de vida en pacientes con visión monocular posterior a la cirugía de catarata / Quality of life in patients with monocular vision after cataract surgery

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la visión, en pacientes con catarata tratados con monovisión inducida con lente intraocular monofocal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental antes y después con un solo grupo. Para esto fueron reclutados 50 pacientes tributarios de cirugía de catarata, que presentaban presbiopía. Se evaluó la visión funcional (agudeza visual de cerca y de lejos), sin corrección, mejor corregida y la calidad de vida relacionada con la visión (cuestionario VF-14) antes y después de la cirugía. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 59,6 años y predominó el sexo femenino (60,0 por ciento). La mediana de la agudeza visual sin corrección en el ojo dominante poscirugía fue de 0,80 y la del equivalente esférico de -0,16 dioptrías, mientras que en el no dominante fue de 0,50 y de -1,68 dioptrías, respectivamente. La mediana de la agudeza visual sin corrección de cerca fue de 0,80. El 86,0 por ciento de los pacientes no requirió espejuelos después de la cirugía. La puntuación promedio del VF-14 precirugía ubicaba el 50 por ciento de los pacientes con una incapacidad parcial para desarrollar una actividad por causa visual. Después de la cirugía la totalidad de los pacientes no presentaba esta limitación visual. Conclusiones: La cirugía de catarata mejora la calidad de vida relacionada con la visión(AU)

Objective: Evaluate vision-related quality of life in cataract patients treated with induced monovision with monofocal intraocular lens. Methods: An experimental before-after one-group study was conducted. A selection was made of 50 presbyopic patients scheduled for cataract surgery. The variables evaluated were uncorrected and best corrected functional vision (near and far visual acuity) and vision-related quality of life (VF-14 questionnaire) before and after surgery. Results: Mean age was 59.6 years. Female sex prevailed (60.0 percent). Mean uncorrected postoperative visual acuity was 0.80 in the dominant eye and 0.50 in the non-dominant eye, whereas mean spherical equivalent was -0.16 diopters in the dominant eye and -1.68 diopters in the non-dominant eye. Mean uncorrected near visual acuity was 0.80. Of the patients studied, 86.0 percent did not require eyeglasses after surgery. Average preoperative VF-14 score showed that 50 percent of the patients had a partial disability to carry out an activity due to visual causes. After surgery no patient had such a visual limitation. Conclusions: Cataract surgery improves vision-related quality of life(AU)

The effects of functionally monocular patients' emotional reactions during phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia / A influência das reações emocionais durante a facoemulsificação com anestesia tópica em pacientes de olho único

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between the incidence of complications and functionally monocular patients' emotional reactions during phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. Methods: We enrolled 22 functionally monocular patients (11 males and 11 females; group 1) and 19 age- and sex-matched controls (6 males and 13 females; group 2) in this prospective, interventional, cross-sectional, case control study. Demographics data, including age, sex, and educational background, were collected. Surgeries were performed by the same surgeon, and during surgery, the patients' vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate) and surgical events (duration, body movements, signs of increased vitreous cavity pressure, difficulty in performing capsulorhexis, and complications) were noted. Pre- and postoperative visual acuity was also analyzed. Results: The mean age of group 1 was 73.05 ± 13.31 years and of group 1 was 69.74 ± 16.81 years. There was no significant between-group difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The average heart rate was similar in both groups, too. During surgery, the surgeon's perception of excessive eye, eyelid, or head movements in both groups was similar, in addition to signs of increased vitreous cavity pressure. Conclusion: It is safe to perform phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia in functionally monocular patients, who apparently behave similarly to binocular patients.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a incidência de complicações e reações emocionais durante a cirurgia de catarata sob anestesia tópica em pacientes funcionalmente monoculares. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, transversal, caso-controle de vinte e dois pacientes monoculares e dezenove controles pareados por idade e sexo . Dados demográficos foram analisados: idade, sexo e escolaridade. As cirurgias foram realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião e durante o procedimento os sinais vitais dos pacientes (como pressão arterial sistêmica e frequência cardíaca) e eventos cirúrgicos (duração da cirurgia, movimentos corporais, sinais de aumento da pressão vítrea, dificuldade de realização da capsulorrexis e complicações) foram coletados. A acuidade visual pré e pós foi analisada. A distribuição normal dos dados foi confirmada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados foram expressos como média ± DP e porcentagem. A comparação dos diferentes testes clínicos entre os grupos foi realizada utilizando Student's t-test e ANOVA com correção de Bonferroni. O qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar dados demográficos. Valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados: Este estudo incluiu vinte e dois olhos de 22 pacientes funcionalmente monoculares (6 homens e 13 mulheres) e dezenove olhos de 19 controles (11 homens e 11 mulheres). A média de idade foi de 73,05 ± 13,31 anos nos indivíduos monoculares e 69,74 ± 16,81 no controle. Considerando-se os sinais vitais não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05). Durante o procedimento, a percepção do cirurgião em relação aos movimentos excessivos de olho, pálpebra ou cabeça em ambos os grupos foi semelhante, assim como sinais de aumento da pressão vítrea (p=0,2 e p=0,1, respectivamente). Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que é seguro realizar a extração de catarata com anestesia tópica em pacientes funcionalmente monoculares. Esses pacientes aparentemente se comportam de maneira semelhante aos pacientes binoculares.(AU)

Visual outcomes in hyperopic myopic and emmetropic patients with customized aspheric ablation (Q factor) and micro-monovision.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual outcomes, visual performance, and stereoacuity in presbyopic patients following treatment by a change in the corneal asphericity and micro-monovision. METHODS: Presbyopic patients with diverse refractive errors and emmetropes (n = 30 eyes) were treated with a custom Q-ablation profile and micro-monovision in the non-dominant eye. There with a difference of Q - 0.30 in the Q profiles between dominant and non-dominant eyes. Patients were assigned in two groups based on the preoperative spherical equivalent (Group 1 + 4.00 to + 0.50, and group 2 neutral to - 3.00). Binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (binocular UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), binocular uncorrected near visual acuity (binocular UNVA) preoperative and postoperative, spherical equivalent refraction, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis were analyzed at 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS: The mean age was 52.6 ± 5.1 (SD) years. At six months post-operation, the mean binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (binocular UDVA) was 0.15 ± 0.04 logMAR (20/25-) in group 1, and 0.11 ± 0.05 logMAR (20/25) in group 2, and binocular uncorrected near vision UNVA was 0.5 ± 0.1 M (20/25 J2) in group 1 and 0.45 ± 0.2 M (20/25 J2) group 2. An increase in stereoacuity was found in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of refractive defects using customized corneal asphericity was an effective treatment in presbyopic patients. Furthermore, the treatment was well tolerated in this group of patients. Following surgery, the quality of vision was adequate, and the stereovision improved in this cohort of patients.

High- and Low-Contrast Letter Acuity Perception Matures With Age in Normally Sighted Children.

BACKGROUND: High-contrast visual acuity (HCVA) changes with age, yet little is known about pediatric-specific age- and sex-normative values for low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA). We define maturational changes in monocular and binocular HCVA and LCLA in childhood and adolescence. METHODS: Normally sighted youth (ages 5-20 years, without neurologic or ophthalmologic disease and best-corrected HCVA of 20/25 or better in each eye) were recruited. Mean monocular and binocular scores using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (for HCVA) and 2.5% and 1.25% Sloan (for LCLA) charts and the magnitude of binocular summation were calculated using 2-year bins. Relationships between scores and age were explored using scatterplots with Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing (LOWESS) and analysis of variance that accounts for intereye correlation, followed by test of linear trend for age effect. RESULTS: Among 101 (202 eyes) healthy participants (mean age 13 years, 42% males), monocular and binocular scores varied by age, with highest mean scores achieved in the 13 to 14-year age group for both HCVA and LCLA. Between the ages of 5 and 14.9 years, monocular scores increased linearly with age (0.76 letter/year for HCVA, 1.11 letters/year for 2.5% LCLA, and 0.97 letter/year for 1.25% LCLA; all P < 0.0001). Binocular HCVA scores also increased with age between 5 and 14.9 years (0.71 letters/year, P < 0.0001). The magnitude of binocular summation for HCVA or LCLA did not change with age. CONCLUSIONS: HCVA and LCLA abilities mature into adolescence, peak between 13 and 14.9 years of age, and then plateau into adulthood. Evaluation of patients with visual deficits should consider age-expected normal visual acuity.

Intermittent exotropia evaluation using the propedeutics proposed by Kushner: a 25-year study / Avaliação de exotropia intermitente usando propedêutica proposta por Kushner: estudo de 25 anos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and surgical impacts of phenomena that could occur in intermittent exotropia. Methods: The medical records of intermittent exotropia cases from 1991 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent a series of measures, including a protocol to assess monocular occlusion based on the propedeutics proposed by Kushner. Results: Outdoor sensitivity was observed in 31% of patients with an undercorrection rate of 44% vs. 18% of cases with no outdoor sensitivity. After 1 h of monocular occlusion, 41% of all patients achieved an increase in deviation with an undercorrection rate of 40%, whereas 25% did not. Conclusion: The results show the importance of complete propedeutics, since there is a higher rate of late undercorrection in cases with outdoor sensitivity and increased deviation after occlusion.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os impactos clínico e cirúrgico dos fenômenos que podem ocorrer na exotropia intermitente. Métodos: Os prontuários de casos de exotropia intermitente de 1991 a 2014 foram revisados retrospectivamente. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma serie de medidas incluindo o protocolo com oclusão monocular com base na propedêutica proposta por Kushner. Resultados: Outdoor sensitivity foi observada em 31% dos pacientes com taxa de subcorreção de 44% vs. 18% dos casos sem outdoor sensitivity. Após 1 hora de oclusão monocular, 41% de todos os pacientes apresentaram um aumento no desvio com uma taxa de subcorreção 40%, enquanto 25% não. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram a importância da propedêutica completa, uma vez que há maior taxa de subcorreção tardia nos casos de outdoor sensitivity e maior desvio após a oclusão.

Intermittent exotropia evaluation using the propedeutics proposed by Kushner: a 25-year study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and surgical impacts of phenomena that could occur in intermittent exotropia. METHODS: The medical records of intermittent exotropia cases from 1991 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent a series of measures, including a protocol to assess monocular occlusion based on the propedeutics proposed by Kushner. RESULTS: Outdoor sensitivity was observed in 31% of patients with an undercorrection rate of 44% vs. 18% of cases with no outdoor sensitivity. After 1 h of monocular occlusion, 41% of all patients achieved an increase in deviation with an undercorrection rate of 40%, whereas 25% did not. CONCLUSION: The results show the importance of complete propedeutics, since there is a higher rate of late undercorrection in cases with outdoor sensitivity and increased deviation after occlusion.

Satisfação de pacientes após cirurgia refrativa de monovisão avançada / Satisfaction of patients after advanced mono-refractive surgery

Resumo Objetivo: Monovisão é um conceito que descreve a correção propositadamente desigual da visão de em um olho para longe e outro olho para perto, sendo utilizada principalmente para correção da presbiopia. O objetivo principal foi avaliar a satisfação dos pacientes com a cirurgia refrativa de monovisão avançada. Os objetivos secundários foram avaliar a necessidade de uso de óculos após a cirurgia, e analise do perfil dos participantes. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal observacional de série de casos baseado na revisão de prontuários de participantes submetidos a cirurgia refrativa de monovisão em uma clínica oftalmológica privada. A população estudada foi do tipo não-probabilistica com n de 50 participantes. A amostragem foi por conveniência, sendo selecionados os prontuários dos últimos 50 participantes que retornaram para consulta de revisão após a cirurgia refrativa realizada até novembro de 2016. Resultados: Foram analisados 50 prontuários. Quando questionados sobre a satisfação com o procedimento, a nota média atribuída foi 9,4 ± 0,6 dentro de uma escala de 0 a 10. Sobre a necessidade do uso de óculos após o procedimento, 92% dos pacientes referiram não necessitar. Os demais 8% que referiram utilizar eventualmente óculos para perto eram hipermetropes antes da cirurgia Conclusão: Concluímos que o índice de satisfação com a cirurgia de monovisão na amostra estudada foi alto e a maioria dos participantes referiu não necessitar de óculos após o procedimento. A amostra foi composta majoritariamente por mulheres com média de idade de 52 anos, hipermetropes, que realizaram a cirurgia em ambos os olhos. Nossa amostra foi distinta de outros estudos devido ao fato de incluirmos maior parte de participantes hipermetropes.

Abstract Objective: Monovision is a concept that describes the purposely unequal correction of vision from one eye to the other and eye to eye, and is mainly used to correct presbyopia. The main objective was to evaluate patients' satisfaction with advanced monovision refractive surgery. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the need for glasses after surgery, and to analyze the profile of the participants. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study of a series of cases was carried out based on the review of medical records of participants submitted to refractive surgery of monovision in a private ophthalmologic clinic. The population studied was of the non-probabilistic type with n of 50 participants. Sampling was for convenience, and the medical records of the last 50 participants who returned for revision consultation after refractive surgery performed until November 2016 were selected. Results: Fifty patients were analyzed. When questioned about satisfaction with the procedure, the mean score assigned was 9.4 ± 0.6 on a scale of 0 to 10. Regarding the need for glasses after the procedure, 92% of the patients reported not needing it. Conclusion: We concluded that the satisfaction index with monovision surgery in the sample studied was high and most of the participants reported that they did not require glasses after the procedure. The sample consisted mainly of women with mean age of 52 years, hypermetropes, who underwent surgery in both eyes. Our sample was different from other studies due to the fact that we included most participants with hypermetropes.

Gender-based normative values for pattern-reversal and flash visually evoked potentials under binocular and monocular stimulation in healthy adults.

PURPOSE: To determine gender-based normative values for pattern-reversal (PR) and flash (F) visually evoked potentials (VEP) under binocular and monocular stimulation in healthy adults. METHODS: Healthy adults (age ≥18 years) were recruited among university employees and students. Inclusion criteria were absence of abnormalities in fundoscopy, tracking ability, stereopsis and pupillary reflexes; best-corrected visual acuity ≤.00 logMAR; and refractive error (spherical equivalent) from -6.00 to +6.00. Exclusion criteria were previous intraocular surgery, systemic and/or neurological disorders. Binocular and monocular tests were performed according to International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards for PRVEP (reversal rate = 1.9 Hz, checkerboard stimuli 15' and 60' at 100% contrast) and FVEP (3 cd s/m2, rate = 1 Hz). VEP parameters of amplitude (µV) and peak times (ms) were measured. Inter-ocular differences, inter-peak intervals (N135-N75) and binocular summation were determined. RESULTS: Fifty-four subjects (28 females; mean age = 40.4 ± 13.7 years; median = 40.0 years) were included. Mean P100 latencies for 15' and 60' stimuli were, respectively, 94.6 ± 4.7 ms and 96.1 ± 4.2 for women. Mean values of P100 latency for men were 97.4 ± 4.9 for 15' and 97.7 ± 4.2 for 60' stimuli. Larger mean P100 for 15' checks was observed in women (12.8 ± 5.7 µV) than men (8.6 ± 2.5 µV) in PRVEP. Similar results were found for FVEP N2-P2 amplitudes (mean = 14.6 ± 4.9 for women and 9.8 ± 4.0 for men). CONCLUSIONS: Gender-based normative values for PRVEP and FVEP were determined, with women disclosing higher responses than men for smaller stimuli in the visual pathway. The use of gender-based normative values in the analysis of clinical VEP data for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is recommendable. Additional analysis including inter-peak intervals and binocular summation ratio might improve the diagnostic power of VEP.

Monocular denervation of visual nuclei modulates APP processing and sAPPα production: A possible role on neural plasticity.

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is essential to physiological processes such as synapse formation and neural plasticity. Sequential proteolysis of APP by beta- and gamma-secretases generates amyloid-beta peptide (Aß), the main component of senile plaques in Alzheimer Disease. Alternative APP cleavage by alpha-secretase occurs within Aß domain, releasing soluble α-APP (sAPPα), a neurotrophic fragment. Among other functions, sAPPα is important to synaptogenesis, neural survival and axonal growth. APP and sAPPα levels are increased in models of neuroplasticity, which suggests an important role for APP and its metabolites, especially sAPPα, in the rearranging brain. In this work we analyzed the effects of monocular enucleation (ME), a classical model of lesion-induced plasticity, upon APP content, processing and also in secretases levels. Besides, we addressed whether α-secretase activity is crucial for retinotectal remodeling after ME. Our results showed that ME induced a transient reduction in total APP content. We also detected an increase in α-secretase expression and in sAPP production concomitant with a reduction in Aß and ß-secretase contents. These data suggest that ME facilitates APP processing by the non-amyloidogenic pathway, increasing sAPPα levels. Indeed, the pharmacological inhibition of α-secretase activity reduced the axonal sprouting of ipsilateral retinocollicular projections from the intact eye after ME, suggesting that sAPPα is necessary for synaptic structural rearrangement. Understanding how APP processing is regulated under lesion conditions may provide new insights into APP physiological role on neural plasticity.

Quality of Visual Cue Affects Visual Reweighting in Quiet Standing.

Sensory reweighting is a characteristic of postural control functioning adopted to accommodate environmental changes. The use of mono or binocular cues induces visual reduction/increment of moving room influences on postural sway, suggesting a visual reweighting due to the quality of available sensory cues. Because in our previous study visual conditions were set before each trial, participants could adjust the weight of the different sensory systems in an anticipatory manner based upon the reduction in quality of the visual information. Nevertheless, in daily situations this adjustment is a dynamical process and occurs during ongoing movement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of visual transitions in the coupling between visual information and body sway in two different distances from the front wall of a moving room. Eleven young adults stood upright inside of a moving room in two distances (75 and 150 cm) wearing a liquid crystal lenses goggles, which allow individual lenses transition from opaque to transparent and vice-versa. Participants stood still during five minutes for each trial and the lenses status changed every one minute (no vision to binocular vision, no vision to monocular vision, binocular vision to monocular vision, and vice-versa). Results showed that farther distance and monocular vision reduced the effect of visual manipulation on postural sway. The effect of visual transition was condition dependent, with a stronger effect when transitions involved binocular vision than monocular vision. Based upon these results, we conclude that the increased distance from the front wall of the room reduced the effect of visual manipulation on postural sway and that sensory reweighting is stimulus quality dependent, with binocular vision producing a much stronger down/up-weighting than monocular vision.

Rastreamento visual e por photoscreener em escolares do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental / Visual acuity screening and photoscreening in school-children at the first grade of elementary school

INTRODUÇÃO: Aproximadamente 20% das crianças brasileiras em idade escolar apresentam algum problema oftalmológico e cerca de 95% dos distúrbios poderiam ser evitados ou minorados com promoção de saúde e assistência. A triagem visual é realizada por agentes comunitários de saúde, professores e alfabetizadores. Apesar do treinamento que os professores recebem, muitas crianças são dispensadas na triagem realizada nos serviços especializados e ainda existe um alto índice de absenteísmo, evidenciando-se a necessidade de melhorar a gestão dos recursos humanos e financeiros envolvidos no rastreamento visual e refrativo de escolares do ensino fundamental. OBJETIVOS: O estudo buscou comparar o rastreamento visual com corte de acuidade visual monocular, sem correção, <= 0,7, corte <= 0,6, medida de acuidade visual binocular e corte <= 0,7 e rastreamento refrativo com Spot Vision ScreeningTM PediaVision (SPOT). O segundo objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a performance do SPOT como auto-refrator. MÉTODOS: Durante o Projeto Visão do Futuro, ocorrido em 2012, no HCFMUSP, avaliamos 1554 crianças, que preencheram os critérios de inclusão do estudo e destas, 148 foram submetidas ao photoscreening. RESULTADOS: A adoção de corte <= 0,6 no rastreamento visual monocular reduziria em 29% o número de crianças encaminhadas para avaliação oftalmológica e a triagem binocular com corte <= 0,7 em 41,1%, porém 61 casos de ambliopia deixariam de ser diagnosticados. O SPOT apresentou sensibilidade em detectar erro refracional com necessidade de prescrição de 73,3% e especificidade de 93,18% e, em média, a diferença da refração do Spot com a refração clínica subjetiva foi de + 0,63 DE com -0,33 DC no eixo de 4°, para o olho direito de cada paciente. CONCLUSÕES: As mudanças de corte para 0,6 e binocular 0,7 reduzem consideravelmente o número de avaliações, porém, a última deixa de diagnosticar parcela importante das crianças amblíopes. O SPOT apresentou bons índices de...

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20% of brazilian children of school age have some eye problem and about 95% of the disorders could be prevented or reduced with health promotion and care. The visual screening is performed by community health agent and teachers. Despite training that teachers receive, many children are over-referred and also there's a high index of absence students, highlighting the need to improve the management of human and financial resources involved in visual and refractive screening of elementary school. PURPOSES: The present study aimed to compare visual screening by monocular visual acuity with cut-off of 0,7, 0,6, binocular visual acuity and cut-off 0,7 and photoscreening by Spot Vision ScreeningTM PediaVision (SPOT). The second objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Spot as auto-refractor. METHODS: During the Program "Visão do Futuro", in 2012, at HCFMUSP, 1554 children that met the inclusion criteria were examined, 148 of these were photoscreened. RESULTS: The adoption of cut-off <= 0.6 in monocular visual screening would reduce by 29% the number of children referred for ophthalmic evaluation and binocular screening with cutting <= 0.7 to 41.1%, however 61 cases of amblyopia would not be diagnosticated. SPOT had a sensitivity to detect refractive error requiring prescription of 73.3% and specificity of 93.18%. The mean difference between refraction obtained by Spot and clinical subjective refraction was of +0.63 SD combined with -0,33 CD in the 4° axis for right eye of each patient. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing cut-off in monocular visual acuity to 0.6 or 0.7 binocular considerably reduce the number of evaluations, however, the last leaves to diagnose significant portion of amblyopic children. The SPOT showed good levels of sensitivity and specificity in refractive screening of school children and refraction values obtained with this equipment are clinically similar to the values of subjective clinical refraction.

Effects of monocular deprivation on the dendritic features of retinal ganglion cells / Efectos de la privación monocular sobre las características dendríticas de las células ganglionares de la retina

Monocular deprivation results in anatomical changes in the visual cortex in favor of the non-deprived eye. Although the retina forms part of the visual pathway, there is scarcity of data on the effect of monocular deprivation on its structure. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of monocular deprivation on the retinal ganglion cell dendritic features. The study design was quasi-experimental. 30 rabbits (18 experimental, 12 controls) were examined. Monocular deprivation was achieved through unilateral lid suture in the experimental animals. The rabbits were observed for three weeks. Each week, 6 experimental and 3 control animals were euthanized, their retina harvested and processed for light microscopy. Photomicrographs of the retina were taken using a digital camera then entered into FIJI software for analysis. The number of primary branches, terminal branches and dendritic field area among the non-deprived eyes increased by 66.7%(p=0.385), 400%(p=0.002), and 88.4%(p=0.523) respectively. Non-deprived eyes had 114.3% more terminal dendrites (p=0.002) compared to controls. Among deprived eyes, all variables measured had a gradual rise in the first two weeks followed by decline with further deprivation. There were no statistically significant differences noted between the deprived and control eyes. Monocular deprivation results in increase in synaptic contacts in the non-deprived eye, with reciprocal changes occurring in the deprived eye.

La privación monocular de la visión resulta en cambios anatómicos en la corteza visual en favor del ojo no privado. Aunque la retina forma parte de la vía visual, hay escasez de datos sobre el efecto de la privación monocular en su estructura. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir los efectos de la privación monocular en las características de las dendritas de las células ganglionares de la retina. Se diseñó un estudio cuasi-experimental. Se examinaron 30 conejos (18 experimentales, 12 controles). La privación monocular se logró a través de la sutura unilateral del párpado en los animales de experimentación. Los conejos fueron observados durante tres semanas. Cada semana, 6 animales experimentales y 3 control fueron eutanasiados, donde se obtuvo la retina y fue procesada para realizar microscopía óptica. Las microfotografías de la retina fueron tomadas con una cámara digital y luego se utilizó el software FIJI para su análisis. El número de dendritas primarias, terminales y el área del campo de dendritas en los ojos no privados aumentó un 66,7% (p=0,385), 400% (p=0,002), y 88,4% (p=0,523), respectivamente. Los ojos no privados, tenían 114,3% más dendritas terminales (p=0,002) en comparación con los controles. Entre los ojos privados, todas las variables medidas tuvieron un aumento gradual en las dos primeras semanas, seguido de descenso con mayor privación. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los ojos privados y el grupo control. En conclusion, la privación monocular produce un aumento de los contactos sinápticos en los ojos no privados, con cambios recíprocos que se manifiestan en los ojos privados de la visión.

Are first-order disparity gradients spatial primitives of the orientation of lines on the ground plane?

The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in processing orientation on the frontal and ground planes. The stimuli comprised two yellow circles conceived as the endpoints of a segment and depicted on a black background. In Experiment 1, the observers performed two tasks on both planes (frontal and ground). In Task 1 they were asked to indicate the absolute location of the two endpoints, presented one at a time (successive task). In Task 2 they had to locate the relative position of the endpoints presented simultaneously (simultaneous task). Relative and absolute errors were analyzed according to a cyclopean coordinate system derived from the geometry of the visual scene. These two kinds of errors were studied within the framework of the hypothesis that each kind of task would minimize the error related to its codification. The results showed greater absolute errors in the simultaneous task than in the successive task and greater relative errors in which the successive task seemingly activated a more accurate way of codification of the orientation. In Experiment 2 we controlled the availability of visual depth cues by changing the presentation time (50 and 3000 ms) and viewing conditions (monocular and binocular) in the simultaneous task. The results showed that the precision of orientation judgments was poorer on the ground plane than on the frontal plane, except when the observers used binocular vision. These results suggest that the orientation of a segment, at least on the ground plane, can be conceptualized as a gradient of disparities.

Are first-order disparity gradients spatial primitives of the orientation of lines on the ground plane?

The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in processing orientation on the frontal and ground planes. The stimuli comprised two yellow circles conceived as the endpoints of a segment and depicted on a black background. In Experiment 1, the observers performed two tasks on both planes (frontal and ground). In Task 1 they were asked to indicate the absolute location of the two endpoints, presented one at a time (successive task). In Task 2 they had to locate the relative position of the endpoints presented simultaneously (simultaneous task). Relative and absolute errors were analyzed according to a cyclopean coordinate system derived from the geometry of the visual scene. These two kinds of errors were studied within the framework of the hypothesis that each kind of task would minimize the error related to its codification. The results showed greater absolute errors in the simultaneous task than in the successive task and greater relative errors in which the successive task seemingly activated a more accurate way of codification of the orientation. In Experiment 2 we controlled the availability of visual depth cues by changing the presentation time (50 and 3000 ms) and viewing conditions (monocular and binocular) in the simultaneous task. The results showed that the precision of orientation judgments was poorer on the ground plane than on the frontal plane, except when the observers used binocular vision. These results suggest that the orientation of a segment, at least on the ground plane, can be conceptualized as a gradient of disparities.(AU)

Avaliação do desempenho visual da lente intraocular difrativa multifocal - Zeiss AT Lisa 809 MTM / Visual outcomes of the diffractive multifocal intraocular lens - Zeiss AT Lisa 809MTM

Objetivo: Avaliar a função visual dos pacientes com implante bilateral da LIO multifocal difrativa AT-Lisa 809 MTM por meio dos exames de acuidade visual com e sem correção óptica, curva de sensibilidade ao contraste, curva de desfoco e questionário de qualidade de função visual (VQF39). Métodos: Estudo clínico, prospectivo e de intervenção, que avaliou os resultados de 20 olhos de 10 pacientes, submetidos à facoemulsificação e implante de LIO, entre fevereiro e junho de 2012. Resultados: A ametropia residual média pós-operatória foi de 0,05 ± 0,42 (-0,75 a +1,25 D) dioptrias esféricas e -0,30 ± 0,42 (0 a -1,25 D) dioptrias cilíndricas. Na curva de desenfoque mono e binocular, a melhor acuidade visual média obtida com 0.00 D de desenfoque (AV de longe). O segundo pico foi obtido com desenfoque de -3,00 D, o que equivale à visão de perto a 33 cm. Entre esses picos, observamos uma perda de desempenho visual, com desenfoque de -2,00 D, que equivale a visão intermediária a 50 cm. A sensibilidade ao contraste foi similar aos relatados na literatura com este tipo de LIO, tanto com quanto sem ofuscamento, e é mostrada em gráficos. O questionário de função visual (VFQ-39) teve valor médio de 91,91 +- 6,82. Conclusão: A LIO multifocal difrativa AT-Lisa 809MTM (Carl Zeiss Meditec Company - Alemanha) apresentou resultados condizentes com a literatura quando avaliada pelos exames de acuidade visual com e sem correção óptica, sensibilidade ao contraste, curva de desfoco e questionário de qualidade de função visual (VQF 39). .

Purpose: To evaluate the visual function of patients with bilateral implantation of multifocal diffractive IOL AT Lisa 809MTM by visual acuity with and without correction, contrast sensitivity curve, defocus curve and visual function questionnaire (39 VQF). Methods: Interventional clinical prospective study, which evaluated the results of 20 eyes of 10 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation between february and june 2012. Results: The average of residual postoperative ametropia was 0.05 ± 0.42 (-0.75 to +1.25 D) spherical diopters and -0.30 ± 0.42 (0 to -1.25 D) cylindrical diopters. In the mono and binocular defocus curve, the best visual acuity was obtained with 0.00 D of defocus (far VA). The second peak was obtained with -3.00 D (near vision at 33 cm) and among these peaks, it was observed a loss of visual performance with -2.00 D, which corresponds to intermediate vision at 50 cm. Contrast sensitivity was similar to those reported in the literature with this type of IOL, both with and without glare, and is shown in the figures. The visual function questionnaire (VFQ-39) had a mean value of 91.91 + - 6.82. Conclusion: The diffractive multifocal IOL-AT LISA 809M presented results consistent with the literature as measured by tests of visual acuity with and without optical correction, contrast sensitivity curve, defocus curve and visual function questionnaire (39 VQF). .