Host-parasite Interactions between a Copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and Small Reef-associated Gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands.

The effects of parasitic copepods on free-living hosts are infrequently documented, and the copepod Pharodes tortugensis has remained virtually unstudied since described. For the first time, we document its host range in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the prevalence and intensity of infections on wild hosts, and its impacts on host morphology and performance. Infections were observed on four benthic gobies in the BVI (Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, C. venezuelae, C. dicrus and C. eidolon) but not on other host species previously reported from other parts of the western Atlantic. Infected gobies were widespread in the BVI (detected at 33 of 52 sites, prevalence from 1-25%) but extremely rare elsewhere in the Caribbean (detected at 2 of 16 sites, prevalence < 0.006%). As is typical of macroparasite infections, P. tortugensis was over-dispersed in BVI host populations (mean intensity = 4.7, range = 1-17). Infections were most common in juvenile and female hosts, and rarely found in larger male hosts. The copepods attach in the branchial chamber of the goby; female copepods show high attachment fidelity to the ventral surface of the chamber, while male copepods attached most often to the first two gill arches and in the branchial chamber adjacent to the female. Infections caused substantial damage to the host's branchial chamber and gill filaments. Parasitized gobies also had larger livers and smaller gonads than unparasitized individuals of similar length. The changes in organ mass of infected gobies were not sizeable enough to affect total body mass, and host condition (the body-length vs. body-mass relationship) was similar for gobies with and without infections. Parasitized gobies were, however, significantly smaller in body mass at a given age, reflecting slower overall growth. Effects of P. tortugensis on individual hosts were broadly similar to those of other parasitic copepods that infect fish gills and, for unknown reasons, the BVI appears to be a persistent hotspot of infections on these goby hosts.

Subclinical Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection Associated with Travel to the British Virgin Islands.

Phylogenetic analysis of a clinical isolate associated with subclinical Burkholderia pseudomallei infection revealed probable exposure in the British Virgin Islands, where reported infections are limited. Clinicians should consider this geographic distribution when evaluating possible infection among persons with compatible travel history.

Conservation status of native plant hybrids in the British Virgin Islands.

BACKGROUND: Hybridization is an evolutionary event present in the natural world. Several studies suggest that natural hybridization is an important process in plant evolution, creating new genetic combinations which can play a vital role in speciation (Soltis and Soltis 2009, Soltis 2013, Neri et al. 2017, Taylor and Larson 2019). Therefore, it is important to understand and protect naturally occurring hybrids, conserving their ecological novelties and new traits, such as the ability to explore new niches, different from those of the parental species (Soltis 2013, Supple and Shapiro 2018).The British Virgin Islands (BVI) is a UK Overseas Territory situated in the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al. 2000). To date, three natural hybrids are known to occur within this territory: Tillandsia × lineatispica Mez, Anthurium × selloanum K.Koch and Coccoloba krugii × C. uvifera R.A.Howard (Howard 1957, Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong 2005, Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong 2012).Tillandsia × lineatispica is endemic to the Puerto Rican Bank, occurring in Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands (USVI) and the British Virgin Islands with an extent of occurrence estimated to be 3,390 km2 and a limited number of locations. The suitable habitat for this hybrid is declining mainly due to the negative impacts of feral ungulates, development for tourism and residential infrastructure and the impact of human-induced wildfires. In addition, it is suspected that the global population does not exceed 10,000 individuals with the largest subpopulation on Beef Island in the BVI thought to have no more than 1,000 mature individuals. This hybrid is therefore evaluated as Vulnerable, based on IUCN Red List Criteria, B1a(iii)+2b(iii) + C2a(i).Anthurium × selloanum is an endemic hybrid to BVI and USVI with a very restricted extent of occurrence which was estimated to range between 103 km2 and 207 km2 and an area of occupancy which was estimated to range between 56 km2 and 188 km2 and a limited number of locations. The suitable habitat of this species is declining mainly due to the negative impacts of feral ungulates, development for tourism and residential infrastructure and the negative impact of recreation activities in protected areas. This species is therefore evaluated as Endangered, based on IUCN Red List Criteria B1a+ b(iii) + B2a+b(iii).Coccoloba krugii × C. uvifera is native to the BVI, USVI, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Anguilla. It is estimated to have an extent of occurrence of 89,412 km2. This value exceeds the threshold for any threatened category. Despite an observed continuing decline of suitable habitat for this species, which is being degraded mainly through ongoing development pressures, this species occurs in more than 10 locations. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern (LC). NEW INFORMATION: In this paper, we discuss the conservation status of all the known, naturally occurring, native hybrids in the the British Virgin Islands and we provide distribution data, including new records, from across these hybrid species ranges. Although conservation assessments of hybrids are out of the scope of the published IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2019), we use the IUCN Red List Criteria and Categories (version 3.1) to establish an equivalent conservation status of these hybrids and discuss conservation action due to the potential evolutionary importance of these naturally occurring hybrids. These assessments provide the necessary baseline information for prioritising species conservation and making informed management decisions, such as establishing the BVI's Tropical Important Plant Areas (TIPAS) network (Sanchez et al. 2019).

Boat anchoring contributes substantially to coral reef degradation in the British Virgin Islands.

Community decline is often linked to anthropogenic activities. Coral reef declines, for example, have been linked to overfishing and climate change, but impacts of coastal development, pollution, and tourism have received increasing attention. Here, we isolated the impact of one little-studied aspect of recreational activity on coral reefs-damage from boat anchoring-by performing a survey of 24 sites in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) subject to varying levels of anchoring activity. The percent cover of hard corals and sea fans was reduced by a factor of ∼1.7 and ∼2.6 respectively at highly anchored sites. Hard coral colonies were  40% smaller in surface area and ∼60% less dense at sites experiencing high anchoring frequency. In addition, highly anchored sites supported only ∼60% of the species richness of little anchored sites. Frequently anchored sites were ∼60% as structurally complex and supported less than half as many fish as those rarely anchored, with 5 of 7 fish functional groups affected. Roughly 24% of BVI coral reef by area appears suitable for anchoring, suggesting that impacts associated with boat anchoring may be both locally severe and more pervasive than previously appreciated.

The value of information: Realising the economic benefits of mapping seagrass meadows in the British Virgin Islands.

Carbon capturing coastal and marine habitats around the world are decreasing in extent every year, habitats found in abundance in Small Island Developing States' territories. However, these habitats are under threat by increased levels of economic activities and extreme weather events. Consequently, as those ecosystems become scarce their value is expected to increase. In this paper the "value of information", the increase in knowledge that renders a system or a function more valuable, from marine habitat mapping is presented through the (monetary) valuation of one regulating service provided by the newly mapped habitats. Mapping a section of a channel with a multibeam echosounder revealed more seagrass resources than in previous studies. Using values for both the Social Cost of Carbon and Abatement Cost methods, from the literature we estimate the value of the carbon sequestration and storage service these seagrass meadows provide. The impacts of hurricanes in the newly mapped seagrasses were also investigated. Despite the costs of mapping, monitoring and of projected losses of ecosystem services provision due to hurricanes, net benefits over a time period of 50 years were considerably larger. The new information provided highlights carbon capturing habitats as more important, enabling the "value of information" to inform policymaking.

The Virgin Islands National Information Systems for Health: vision, actions, and lessons learned for advancing the national public health agenda

[ABSTRACT]. The British Virgin Islands (BVI) Ministry of Health and Social Development (MOHSD) recently identified the need for an updated strategy to advance the country’s vision for Information Systems for Health (IS4H) (“Informed decision-making for better health outcomes”). Since the early 1990s, the MOHSD has recognized the importance of having strong conceptual foundations and mechanisms for its information systems, and the need to strengthen the production and use of good-quality health data to enable fulfillment of the territory’s health goals. Therefore, in May 2017, BVI requested technical assistance from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to develop a plan/“road map” for strengthening the MOHSD’s stewardship capacity for IS4H. This resulted in a bilateral, country-led collaboration between PAHO and the Ministry to carry out two assessments of BVI’s National Information Systems for Health (NISH): 1) a rapid assessment to map NISH policy, to develop a short- and medium-term workplan for strengthening and updating it, and 2) a maturity assessment, using PAHO’s IS4H Maturity Model tool, to evaluate the implementation of NISH policy thus far and determine next steps. This article describes 1) the steps taken in this bilateral collaboration to update BVI’s NISH policy and fine-tune its IS4H vision, including the development of a national plan/road map, and 2) lessons learned.

[RESUMEN]. El Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de las Islas Vírgenes Británicas identificó recientemente la necesidad de tener una estrategia actualizada para avanzar la visión del país en el ámbito de los sistemas de información para la salud (IS4H) (“Toma de decisiones informadas para obtener mejores resultados de salud”). Desde principios de la década de 1990, el Ministerio ha reconocido la importancia de tener sólidos fundamentos conceptuales y mecanismos para sus sistemas de información, así como la necesidad de fortalecer la producción y el uso de datos de salud de buena calidad para permitir el cumplimiento de los objetivos de salud del territorio. En este contexto, en mayo de 2017 las Islas Vírgenes Británicas solicitaron la asistencia técnica de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para desarrollar un plan u “hoja de ruta” para fortalecer su capacidad de administración en el ámbito de los IS4H. Esto resultó en una colaboración bilateral, dirigida por el país, entre la OPS y el Ministerio para llevar a cabo dos evaluaciones de los Sistemas Nacionales de Información para la Salud: 1) una evaluación rápida para mapear la política de estos sistemas, y desarrollar un plan de trabajo a corto y mediano plazo para fortalecerlos y actualizarlos y 2) una evaluación de madurez, utilizando la herramienta Modelo de Madurez de IS4H de la OPS, para evaluar la implementación de la política de Sistemas Nacionales de Información para la Salud hasta el momento y determinar los próximos pasos. Este artículo describe 1) los pasos dados en esta colaboración bilateral para actualizar la política de Sistemas Nacionales de Información para la Salud de las Islas Vírgenes Británicas y ajustar su visión del IS4H, incluido el desarrollo de un plan nacional u hoja de ruta, y 2) las lecciones aprendidas durante este proceso.

[RESUMO]. O Ministério da Saúde e Desenvolvimento Social das Ilhas Virgens Britânicas identificou recentemente a necessidade de uma estratégia atualizada para avançar a visão do país para os Sistemas de Informação para a Saúde (IS4H) (“Tomada de decisão informada para melhores resultados de saúde”). Desde o início dos anos 1990, o Ministerio reconheceu a importância de ter fortes fundamentos conceituais e mecanismos para seus sistemas de informação, e a necessidade de fortalecer a produção e o uso de dados de boa qualidade em saúde para permitir o cumprimento das metas de saúde do território. Portanto, em maio de 2017, as Ilhas Virgens Britânicas solicitaram assistência técnica da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) para desenvolver um plano/roteiro para o fortalecimento da capacidade de administração do Ministerio para a IS4H. Isso resultou em uma colaboração bilateral entre a OPAS e o Ministério, liderada pelo país, para conduzir duas avaliações dos Sistemas Nacionais de Informação para a Saúde das Ilhas Virgens Britânicas: 1) uma avaliação rápida para mapear a política do Sistemas Nacionais de Informação para a Saúde, e desenvolver uma estratégia de curto e médio prazo e um plano de trabalho para fortalecê-los e atualizá-los; e 2) uma avaliação de maturidade, utilizando a ferramenta Modelo de Maturidade IS4H da OPAS, para avaliar a implementação da política do Sistemas Nacionais de Informação para a Saúde até o momento e determinar os próximos passos. Este artigo descreve 1) os passos dados nessa colaboração bilateral para atualizar a política de Sistemas Nacionais de Informação para a Saúde das Ilhas Virgens Britânicas e ajustar sua visão de IS4H, incluindo o desenvolvimento de um plano nacional/roteiro, e 2) as lições aprendidas neste processo.

The Virgin Islands National Information Systems for Health: vision, actions, and lessons learned for advancing the national public health agenda / Sistemas Nacionales de Información para la Salud de las Islas Vírgenes: visión, acciones y lecciones aprendidas para avanzar en la agenda nacional de salud pública / Os sistemas nacionais de informação para a saúde das Ilhas Virgens: visão, ações e lições aprendidas para o avanço da agenda nacional de saúde pública

ABSTRACT The British Virgin Islands (BVI) Ministry of Health and Social Development (MOHSD) recently identified the need for an updated strategy to advance the country's vision for Information Systems for Health (IS4H) ("Informed decision-making for better health outcomes"). Since the early 1990s, the MOHSD has recognized the importance of having strong conceptual foundations and mechanisms for its information systems, and the need to strengthen the production and use of good-quality health data to enable fulfillment of the territory's health goals. Therefore, in May 2017, BVI requested technical assistance from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to develop a plan/"road map" for strengthening the MOHSD's stewardship capacity for IS4H. This resulted in a bilateral, country-led collaboration between PAHO and the Ministry to carry out two assessments of BVI's National Information Systems for Health (NISH): 1) a rapid assessment to map NISH policy, to develop a short- and medium-term workplan for strengthening and updating it, and 2) a maturity assessment, using PAHO's IS4H Maturity Model tool, to evaluate the implementation of NISH policy thus far and determine next steps. This article describes 1) the steps taken in this bilateral collaboration to update BVI's NISH policy and fine-tune its IS4H vision, including the development of a national plan/road map, and 2) lessons learned.

RESUMEN El Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de las Islas Vírgenes Británicas identificó recientemente la necesidad de tener una estrategia actualizada para avanzar la visión del país en el ámbito de los sistemas de información para la salud (IS4H) ("Toma de decisiones informadas para obtener mejores resultados de salud"). Desde principios de la década de 1990, el Ministerio ha reconocido la importancia de tener sólidos fundamentos conceptuales y mecanismos para sus sistemas de información, así como la necesidad de fortalecer la producción y el uso de datos de salud de buena calidad para permitir el cumplimiento de los objetivos de salud del territorio. En este contexto, en mayo de 2017 las Islas Vírgenes Británicas solicitaron la asistencia técnica de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para desarrollar un plan u "hoja de ruta" para fortalecer su capacidad de administración en el ámbito de los IS4H. Esto resultó en una colaboración bilateral, dirigida por el país, entre la OPS y el Ministerio para llevar a cabo dos evaluaciones de los Sistemas Nacionales de Información para la Salud: 1) una evaluación rápida para mapear la política de estos sistemas, y desarrollar un plan de trabajo a corto y mediano plazo para fortalecerlos y actualizarlos y 2) una evaluación de madurez, utilizando la herramienta Modelo de Madurez de IS4H de la OPS, para evaluar la implementación de la política de Sistemas Nacionales de Información para la Salud hasta el momento y determinar los próximos pasos. Este artículo describe 1) los pasos dados en esta colaboración bilateral para actualizar la política de Sistemas Nacionales de Información para la Salud de las Islas Vírgenes Británicas y ajustar su visión del IS4H, incluido el desarrollo de un plan nacional u hoja de ruta, y 2) las lecciones aprendidas durante este proceso.

RESUMO O Ministério da Saúde e Desenvolvimento Social das Ilhas Virgens Britânicas identificou recentemente a necessidade de uma estratégia atualizada para avançar a visão do país para os Sistemas de Informação para a Saúde (IS4H) ("Tomada de decisão informada para melhores resultados de saúde"). Desde o início dos anos 1990, o Ministerio reconheceu a importância de ter fortes fundamentos conceituais e mecanismos para seus sistemas de informação, e a necessidade de fortalecer a produção e o uso de dados de boa qualidade em saúde para permitir o cumprimento das metas de saúde do território. Portanto, em maio de 2017, as Ilhas Virgens Britânicas solicitaram assistência técnica da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) para desenvolver um plano/roteiro para o fortalecimento da capacidade de administração do Ministerio para a IS4H. Isso resultou em uma colaboração bilateral entre a OPAS e o Ministério, liderada pelo país, para conduzir duas avaliações dos Sistemas Nacionais de Informação para a Saúde das Ilhas Virgens Britânicas: 1) uma avaliação rápida para mapear a política do Sistemas Nacionais de Informação para a Saúde, e desenvolver uma estratégia de curto e médio prazo e um plano de trabalho para fortalecê-los e atualizá-los; e 2) uma avaliação de maturidade, utilizando a ferramenta Modelo de Maturidade IS4H da OPAS, para avaliar a implementação da política do Sistemas Nacionais de Informação para a Saúde até o momento e determinar os próximos passos. Este artigo descreve 1) os passos dados nessa colaboração bilateral para atualizar a política de Sistemas Nacionais de Informação para a Saúde das Ilhas Virgens Britânicas e ajustar sua visão de IS4H, incluindo o desenvolvimento de um plano nacional/roteiro, e 2) as lições aprendidas neste processo.

Clinical and Serologic Features in Patients With Incomplete Lupus Classification Versus Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and Controls.

OBJECTIVE: Incomplete lupus erythematosus (ILE) involves clinical and/or serologic manifestations consistent with but insufficient for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) classification. Because the nature of ILE is poorly understood and no treatment recommendations exist, we examined the clinical manifestations, medication history, and immunologic features in a diverse collection of ILE and SLE patients. METHODS: Medical records of subjects enrolled in the Lupus Family Registry and Repository were reviewed for medication history and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria to identify ILE patients (3 ACR criteria; n = 440) and SLE patients (≥4 ACR criteria; n = 3,397). Participants completed the Connective Tissue Disease Screening Questionnaire. Anticardiolipin and plasma B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) by indirect immunofluorescence, and 13 autoantibodies by bead-based assays. RESULTS: On average, ILE patients were older than SLE patients (46.2 years versus 42.0 years; P < 0.0001), and fewer ILE patients were African American (23.9% versus 32.2%; P < 0.001). ILE patients exhibited fewer autoantibody specificities than SLE patients (1.3 versus 2.6; P < 0.0001) and were less likely to have ANA titers ≥1:1,080 (10.5% versus 19.5%; P < 0.0001). BLyS levels were intermediate in ILE patients (controls < ILE; P = 0.016; ILE < SLE; P = 0.008). Pericarditis, renal, or neurologic manifestations occurred in 12.5% of ILE patients and were associated with non-European American race/ethnicity (P = 0.012). Hydroxychloroquine use increased over time, but was less frequent in ILE than SLE patients (65.2% versus 83.1%; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Although usually characterized by milder symptoms, ILE manifestations may require immunomodulatory treatments. Longitudinal studies are necessary to understand how ILE affects organ damage and future SLE risk, and to delineate molecular pathways unique to ILE.

PAHO/WHO Strategy for Technical Cooperation with the United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs) in the Caribbean, 2016-2022

The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) provides technical cooperation to the UKOTs in the Caribbean through its offices in the Bahamas (to the Turks and Caicos Islands), the Office of Eastern Caribbean Countries (serving Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands and Montserrat) and Jamaica (serving Bermuda and the Cayman Islands). Discussions regarding the development of a Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) for the United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs) in the Caribbean were initiated in 2008, when the then Ministers of Health made a briefing visit to the PAHO/WHO Headquarters (HQ) in Washington. In July 2014, another visit of the Ministers of Health was made to PAHO HQ. At the end of that meeting it was agreed that a Multi-country Strategy would be developed to outline PAHO’s Technical Cooperation to the six (6) UKOTs in the Caribbean - Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI). This is the first time that a multi-country strategy for technical cooperation has been developed with the aim of creating synergies among the UKOTs to address the social and environmental conditions that impact health, mobilize resources and facilitate the development of a unified position and a stronger political voice with regard to health matters in the Caribbean.

Perceived barriers to seeking medical care among middle-aged and older men and women in the British Virgin Islands

OBJECTIVE: This paper seeks to identify the perceived barriers to seeking medical care among middle-aged and older people in the British Virgin Islands. DESIGN AND METHODS: The data for this study were taken from 244 middle-aged and older men (44.3%) and women (55.7%) who were recruited and interviewed for a study on the situation of ageing in the BVIs. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was used to identify the underlying factor structure in perceived barriers to care. RESULTS: A 3-factor model was extracted (service acceptability; geographic accessibility and service affordability/availability) accounting for approximately 65% of the variance in responses. CONCLUSION: On the demand-side, there was need for a study accessing unmet needs for medical services. On the supply-side, there was a need to investigate the barriers faced by the government in providing needed services and supplies.

HIV/AIDS surveillance in the British Virgin Islands (BVI): a critical assessment

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an assessment of HIV/AIDS surveillance data in the British Virgin Islands. DESIGN AND METHODS: Existing HIV/AIDS surveillance data were examined and a literature review on HIV/AIDS in the British Virgin Islands was conducted. RESULTS: Since 1985, there have been 117 cases reported to the Ministry of Health & Social Development. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the socio-cultural, demographic, ideological and behavioural factors driving the epidemic in this dependent micro-state. CONCLUSION: HIV/AIDS surveillance was not consistent with best international and regional practices.

Attitude toward older people taking the HIV-test among a sample of middle-aged and older people in the British Virgin Islands

OBJECTIVE: This study focuses on middle-aged and older people’s attitude toward older people taking the HIV-test by examining the effect of sociodemographic and HIV-related factors on their agreement with the statement “There is no reason for older people to take the HIV-test because younger ones are more likely to be infected than older ones”. DESIGN AND METHODS: Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics were used to analyse the data. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effect of sociodemographic and HIV/AIDS related factors on attitude toward older people taking the HIV-test. RESULTS: 64.4% of the participants were born in the Virgin Islands; the average age is 65.3 years; 49.7% had at least a secondary level education; 62.5% were married or in a cohabiting relationship; 63.8% lived in male-headed households. 54.8% strongly disagreed with the notion that older people do not have to be tested because younger ones are more at risk for infection. Bivariate examination showed a significant association between attitude toward older people taking the HIV-test and place of birth; age; education; age of head of the household; religious participation, type of relationship; employment status and number of children; as well as HIV/AIDS-related factors. In binary logistic regression analysis, the two most important influences in attitude toward older people taking the HIV-test were education and agreement with the idea that HV can be prevented by always using condoms with a person who is not your spouse. CONCLUSION: There may be a need to scale up HIV services for the older adult.

High rates of growth recorded for hawksbill sea turtles in Anegada, British Virgin Islands.

Management of species of conservation concern requires knowledge of demographic parameters, such as rates of recruitment, survival, and growth. In the Caribbean, hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) have been historically exploited in huge numbers to satisfy trade in their shells and meat. In the present study, we estimated growth rate of juvenile hawksbill turtles around Anegada, British Virgin Islands, using capture-mark-recapture of 59 turtles over periods of up to 649 days. Turtles were recaptured up to six times, having moved up to 5.9 km from the release location. Across all sizes, turtles grew at an average rate of 9.3 cm year(-1) (range 2.3-20.3 cm year(-1)), and gained mass at an average of 3.9 kg year(-1) (range 850 g-16.1 kg year(-1)). Carapace length was a significant predictor of growth rate and mass gain, but there was no relationship between either variable and sea surface temperature. These are among the fastest rates of growth reported for this species, with seven turtles growing at a rate that would increase their body size by more than half per year (51-69% increase in body length). This study also demonstrates the importance of shallow water reef systems for the developmental habitat for juvenile hawksbill turtles. Although growth rates for posthatching turtles in the pelagic, and turtles larger than 61 cm, are not known for this population, the implications of this study are that Caribbean hawksbill turtles in some areas may reach body sizes suggesting sexual maturity in less time than previously considered.

West Nile virus in the British Virgin Islands.

West Nile virus (WNV) first emerged in the US in 1999 and has since spread across the Americas. Here, we report the continued expansion of WNV to the British Virgin Islands following its emergence in a flock of free-roaming flamingos. Histologic review of a single chick revealed lesions consistent with WNV infection, subsequently confirmed with PCR, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Full genome analysis revealed 99% sequence homology to strains circulating in the US over the past decade. This study highlights the need for rapid necropsy of wild bird carcasses to fully understand the impact of WNV on wild populations.

Gene expression profiling in the ovary of Queen conch (Strombus gigas) exposed to environments with high tributyltin in the British Virgin Islands.

Queen conch (Strombus gigas) are listed in CITES Appendix II. Populations may be declining due to anthropogenic inputs that include pollutants from boating activity. In the British Virgin Islands (BVI), some conch exhibit imposex, a condition in which male external genitalia are present in female conch. Previous studies suggest that tributyltin (TBT), an antifouling chemical used in boat paint, is correlated to increased incidence of imposex although the mechanisms leading to imposex are not known. The present study utilized a Queen conch microarray to measure the response of the ovarian transcriptome in conch inhabiting polluted environments with high TBT levels in the BVI. The polluted sites, Road Harbour (RH) and Trellis Bay (TB), are areas with high boating activity while the reference sites, Guana Island (GI) and Anegada (AN), are areas with low boating activity. There were 754 and 898 probes differentially expressed in the ovary of conch collected at RH and TB respectively compared to conch collected at GI. Of the genes that were differentially expressed at both sites, >10% were shared suggesting that these sites have additional environmental factors influencing gene expression patterns. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes of cell proliferation, translation, and oxidative stress were over-represented in the polluted sites. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that transcripts involved in the biological processes of general metabolism, immune, lipid metabolism, and stress were affected in conch from polluted environments. Interestingly, altered stress genes appeared to be more prevalent in conch collected from RH than TB, corresponding to the higher TBT load at RH compared to TB. Our study shows that stress pathways are affected in conch ovary in environments that experience heavy boating activity in the BVIs, although we are unable to directly link changes at the transcriptomics level to high TBT levels.

Cardiovascular risk factors in an eastern Caribbean island: prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases and associated lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the British Virgin Islands.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological transition has seen a trend from communicable to non-communicable diseases in developing countries. At the pinnacle of these chronic diseases is hypertension, pre-hypertension, diabetes and obesity. This leads to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, environmental and behavioural changes such as lifestyle habits represent modifiable risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The Caribbean is not immune to this trend. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted between June and September 2009 and involved individuals 15-74 years of age. Age-gender was weighted to get as close a representative sample of the general population living in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) for more than two years to a total of 301 (n = 301, M: 144, F: 157; CI 95% +/- error 5%). The study was carried out using a handout questionnaire that included variables on age, gender socio-economic status (SES), income level, cigarette smoking, physical activity, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and cholesterol. RESULTS: This study shows a prevalence of hypertension of 16.6%, pre-hypertension--29.9%, diabetes mellitus--10.0% [M: 5.6%, F: 14%, p < 0.01], impaired fasting glucose (IFG)--16.9% [M: 13.9%, F: 19.7%, p < 0.01], overweight--25.6% (M: 19.4%, F: 31.2%, p < 0.001), obesity (body mass index > 30)--23.6% (M: 17.4%, F: 29.3%, p < 0.001) [all significantly higher in women], smoking habits--16.6% and alcohol--51.2% [significantly higher in men: 22.5% and 56.7%, respectively]. Of the respondents, 43.2% had a low/inactive physical activity level. Clustering of greater than one risk factor was more pronounced for women than for men 29.6% (M: 27.1%, F: 31.8%, p < 0.05). Sedentary lifestyle (low/inactive physical activity) and obesity were the only risk factors that had a positive correlation with all four chronic diseases (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The above results indicate that a national strategy needs to be implemented to control cardiovascular diseases, educate the population and promote healthy lifestyle habits with particular attention to low physical inactivity and obesity.

Cardiovascular risk factors in an eastern Caribbean Island: prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases and associated lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the British Virgin Islands / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una Isla Del Caribe Oriental: prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicas no comunicables y factores de riesgo asociados con el estilo de vida en relación con la morbilidad y la mortalidad cardiovasculares en las Islas Vírgenes Británicas

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological transition has seen a trend from communicable to non-communicable diseases in developing countries. At the pinnacle of these chronic diseases is hypertension, pre-hypertension, diabetes and obesity. This leads to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, environmental and behavioural changes such as lifestyle habits represent modifiable risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The Caribbean is not immune to this trend. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted between June and September 2009 and involved individuals 15 - 74 years of age. Age-gender was weighted to get as close a representative sample of the general population living in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) for more than two years to a total of 301 (n = 301, M: 144, F: 157; CI 95% ± error 5%). The study was carried out using a handout questionnaire that included variables on age, gender, socio-economic status (SES), income level, cigarette smoking, physical activity, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and cholesterol. RESULTS: This study shows a prevalence of hypertension of 16.6%, pre-hypertension - 29.9%, diabetes mellitus - 10.0% [M: 5.6%, F: 14%, p < 0.01], impaired fasting glucose (IFG) - 16.9% [M: 13.9%, F: 19.7%, p < 0.01], overweight - 25.6% (M: 19.4%, F: 31.2%, p < 0.001), obesity (body mass index > 30) - 23.6% (M: 17.4%, F: 29.3%, p < 0.001) [all significantly higher in women], smoking habits - 16.6% and alcohol - 51.2% [significantly higher in men: 22.5% and 56.7%, respectively]. Of the respondents, 43.2% had a low/inactive physical activity level. Clustering of greater than one risk factor was more pronounced for women than for men 29.6% (M: 27.1%, F: 31.8%, p < 0.05). Sedentary lifestyle (low/inactive physical activity) and obesity were the only risk factors that had a positive correlation with all four chronic diseases (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The above results indicate that a national strategy needs to be implemented to control cardiovascular diseases, educate the population and promote healthy lifestyle habits with particular attention to low physical inactivity and obesity.

ANTECEDENTES: La transición epidemiológica ha visto una tendencia a pasar de enfermedades comunicables a enfermedades no comunicables en los países en vías de desarrollo. En la cima de estas enfermedades crónicas se hallan la hipertensión, la pre-hipertensión, la diabetes y la obesidad. Esto conduce al aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad cardiovasculares a nivel mundial. Además, los cambios medioambientales y conductuales tales como los hábitos de estilo de vida, representan factores de riesgo modificables para el desarrollo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. El Caribe no es ajeno a esta tendencia. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal llevado a cabo entre junio y septiembre de 2009, el cual incluyó individuos de 15 - 74 años de edad. Se ponderó la edad-género con el propósito de obtener una muestra tan representativa como fuera posible de la población general que vive en las Islas Vírgenes Británicas (IVB) por más de dos años para un total de 301 (n = 301, M: 144, F: 157; CI 95% error ± 5%). El estudio fue llevado a cabo usando hojas informativas con un cuestionario que incluían las variables: edad, género, estatus socioeconómico (ESE), nivel de ingresos, hábito de fumar, actividad física, peso, altura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), presión sanguínea, y prueba de colesterol y de glucosa en sangre en ayunas. RESULTADOS: Este estudio muestra una prevalencia de hipertensión de 16.6%, pre-hipertensión 29.9%, diabetes mellitus 10.0% [M: 5.6%, F: 14%, p < 0.01], glucosa en ayunas alterada (GAA) 16.9% [M: 13.9%, F: 19.7%, p < 0.01], sobrepeso 25.6% (M: 19.4%, F: 31.2%, p < 0.001), obesidad (índice de masa corporal > 30) 23.6% (M: 17.4%, F: 29.3%, p < 0.001) [todos significativamente más altos en las mujeres], hábito de fumar 16.6% y consumo de alcohol 51.2% [significativamente más altos en los hombres 22.5% y 56.7%, respectivamente]. De los encuestados, el 43.2% tenían un nivel de actividad física inactivo/bajo. La existencia de más de un factor de riesgo fue más pronunciada en las mujeres que en los hombres 29.6% (M: 27.1%, F: 31.8%, p < 0.05). El estilo de vida sedentario (actividad física inactiva/baja) y la obesidad fueron los únicos factores de riesgo que tuvieron una correlación positiva con las cuatro enfermedades crónicas (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados enumerados indican que es necesario implementar una estrategia nacional a fin de controlar las enfermedades cardiovasculares, educar, y promover hábitos de estilo de vida saludables con atención particular a la actividad física baja y la obesidad.