Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal solid waste generation: a case study in Granada city (Spain).

The 2020 coronavirus pandemic has involved a series of political and social measures that have been adapted to the spread of the disease. Apart from the severe effects on health sector, the most effects of the pandemic have been felt in households and day-to-day life. Consequently, COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the generation of not only medical and health care waste but also of municipal solid waste production and composition. In this context, this work studied the implications of COVID-19 for municipal solid waste generation in Granada, Spain. Granada is a city where the economy is based mainly on the services sector, tourism and the University. Therefore, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected the city and it can be analyzed through the municipal solid waste generation. For the study of the incidence of COVID-19 in the generation of waste a period that goes from March 2019 to February 2021 has been chosen. The results show that, in the global calculation, a decrease in the generation of waste in the city is observed in this last year, reaching - 13.8%. Regarding the organic-rest fraction, the decrease in the COVID year represents - 11.7%. However, bulky waste has shown an increase in the COVID year which may be related to higher home furnishings renovation rates than in other years. Finally, glass is the waste flow that best indicates the effect of COVID in the service sector. In leisure areas, a significant reduction in the collection of glass is observed (- 45%). Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10163-023-01671-2.

COVID-19 personal protective equipment (PPE) contamination in coastal areas of Granada, Spain.

The use of disposable personal protective equipment (PPE) as a control measure to avoid transmission against COVID-19 has generated a challenge to the waste management and enhances plastic pollution in the environment. The research aims to monitor the presence of PPE waste and other plastic debris, in a time interval where the use of face mask at specific places was still mandatory, on the coastal areas of Granada (Spain) which belongs to the Mediterranean Sea. Four beaches called La Rijana, La Charca, La Rábita and Calahonda were examined during different periods. The total amount of sampled waste was 17,558 plastic units. The abundance, characteristics and distribution of PPE and other plastic debris were determined. Results showed that the observed amount of total plastic debris were between 2.531·10-2 and 24.487·10-2 units per square meter, and up to 0.136·10-2 for PPE debris, where face masks represented the 92.22 % of the total PPE debris, being these results comparable to previous studies in other coastal areas in the world. On the other hand, total plastic debris densities were in the range from 2.457·10-2 to 92.219·10-2 g/m2 and densities were up to 0.732·10-2 for PPE debris. PPE debris supposed 0.79 % of the weight of total waste and the 0.51 % of total items. Concerning non-PPE plastic waste: cigarettes filters, food containers and styrofoam were the most abundant items (42.95, 10.19 and 16.37 % of total items, respectively). During vacation periods, total plastic debris amount increased 92.19 % compared to non-vacation periods. Regarding type of beaches, the presence of plastic debris was significantly higher on touristic/recreational than in fishing beaches. Data showed no significant differences between accessible and no-accessible beaches, but between periods with restrictive policy about mask face use and periods with non-restrictive policy data suggest significant differences between densities (g/m2) for PPE litter. The amount of PPEs debris is also correlated with the number of cigarettes filters (Person's r = 0.650), food containers (r = 0.782) and other debris (r = 0.63). Finally, although interesting results were provided in this study, further research is required to better understand the consequences of this type of pollution and to provide viable solutions to this problem.

Facilitators of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in Grenada: a qualitative study.

Objectives: To identify the factors contributing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy in Grenada. Methods: A phenomenological study was conducted using semi-structured interviews at vaccination and pop-up testing clinics during a spike in COVID-19 cases on the island. Interview questions were developed using the health belief model related to perceived threat of COVID-19, perceived benefits of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination, and cues to action. Data were analyzed using a deductive approach to identify themes, categories, and subcategories. Results: Twenty-five interviews were transcribed and coded. In all, 68% of participants were unvaccinated, 12% were partially vaccinated, and 20% were fully vaccinated. Data analysis revealed two main themes: facilitators and barriers. Factors more likely to encourage vaccination (facilitators) included trust in medical advice and vaccine efficacy, social responsibility, and vaccine mandates for travel, employment, and social activities. Factors hindering vaccination (barriers) included: perceived low threat of COVID-19; preference for natural remedies; concerns about contraindications because of underlying health conditions; fear; mistrust of vaccines and related messaging; vaccine accessibility; and the many different information sources. Conclusions: Overcoming vaccine hesitancy is key to combating the detrimental effects of COVID-19 in Grenada. Public health interventions and policies that address barriers and capitalize on facilitators can increase vaccine uptake.

Facilitators of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in Grenada: a qualitative study

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To identify the factors contributing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy in Grenada. Methods. A phenomenological study was conducted using semi-structured interviews at vaccination and pop-up testing clinics during a spike in COVID-19 cases on the island. Interview questions were developed using the health belief model related to perceived threat of COVID-19, perceived benefits of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination, and cues to action. Data were analyzed using a deductive approach to identify themes, categories, and subcategories. Results. Twenty-five interviews were transcribed and coded. In all, 68% of participants were unvaccinated, 12% were partially vaccinated, and 20% were fully vaccinated. Data analysis revealed two main themes: facilitators and barriers. Factors more likely to encourage vaccination (facilitators) included trust in medical advice and vaccine efficacy, social responsibility, and vaccine mandates for travel, employment, and social activities. Factors hindering vaccination (barriers) included: perceived low threat of COVID-19; preference for natural remedies; concerns about contraindications because of underlying health conditions; fear; mistrust of vaccines and related messaging; vaccine accessibility; and the many different information sources. Conclusions. Overcoming vaccine hesitancy is key to combating the detrimental effects of COVID-19 in Gre- nada. Public health interventions and policies that address barriers and capitalize on facilitators can increase vaccine uptake.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Determinar cuáles son los factores que contribuyen con la reticencia a la vacunación contra la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 (COVID-19) en Granada. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio fenomenológico utilizando entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en pues- tos transitorios de prueba y vacunación durante un aumento en el número de casos de COVID-19 en la isla. Se elaboraron las preguntas de la entrevista según el modelo de creencias de salud en relación con la amenaza percibida respecto de la COVID-19, los obstáculos y los beneficios percibidos respecto de la vacunación contra la COVID-19 y los incentivos para la acción. Los datos se analizaron mediante un enfoque deductivo con el fin de determinar los principales temas, categorías y subcategorías. Resultados. Se transcribieron y codificaron veinticinco entrevistas. En total, el 68% de los participantes no estaban vacunados, el 12% estaban parcialmente vacunados y el 20% tenían el esquema completo de vacu- nación. El análisis de los datos reveló dos temas principales: los factores facilitadores y los obstáculos. Entre los factores con mayores probabilidades de incentivar la vacunación (factores facilitadores) se encuentran la confianza en el asesoramiento médico y la eficacia de la vacuna, la responsabilidad social y los mandatos de vacunación para viajes, empleo y actividades sociales. Entre los factores que obstaculizan la vacunación (obstáculos) se encuentran la percepción de que la COVID-19 no es una amenaza grave; la preferencia por los remedios naturales; las preocupaciones por las contraindicaciones debido a afecciones de salud subya- centes; el miedo; la desconfianza en las vacunas y los mensajes relacionados; la accesibilidad a las vacunas; y las muy diferentes fuentes de información. Conclusiones. Es necesario superar la reticencia a la vacunación para combatir los efectos nocivos de la COVID-19 en Granada. Las políticas e intervenciones de salud pública que abordan los obstáculos y capital- izan los factores facilitadores pueden aumentar el uso efectivo de las vacunas.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Identificar os fatores que contribuem para a hesitação em relação à vacina contra a doença por coronavírus 2019 (covid-19) em Granada. Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo fenomenológico com entrevistas semiestruturadas em clínicas de vaci- nação e testagem rápida durante um pico de casos de covid-19 na ilha. As perguntas da entrevista foram elaboradas com base no modelo de crenças em saúde relacionado à percepção de ameaça da covid-19, à percepção de benefícios e barreiras relativos à vacinação contra a covid-19, e aos estímulos para ação. Os dados foram analisados por um método dedutivo para identificar temas, categorias e subcategorias. Resultados. Vinte e cinco entrevistas foram transcritas e codificadas. No total, 68% dos participantes não eram vacinados, 12% eram parcialmente vacinados e 20% eram totalmente vacinados. A análise dos dados evidenciou dois temas principais: facilitadores e barreiras. Os fatores mais propensos a incentivar a vaci- nação (facilitadores) foram confiança na orientação médica e na eficácia da vacina, responsabilidade social e exigência de vacinação em viagens, no emprego e em atividades sociais. Entre os fatores que impediam a vacinação (barreiras) estavam: percepção de baixa ameaça da covid-19; preferência por remédios naturais; preocupação com contraindicações em razão de problemas de saúde preexistentes; medo; desconfiança das vacinas e mensagens relacionadas; acessibilidade da vacina; e as muitas diferentes fontes de informação. Conclusões. Superar a hesitação vacinal é imprescindível para combater as consequências negativas da covid-19 em Granada. As intervenções e políticas de saúde pública que afastam barreiras e promovem facil- itadores podem aumentar a aceitação da vacina.

Temporal trends in ambient fine particulate matter and the impacts of COVID-19 on this pollutant in Grenada, West Indies.

Most Caribbean islands do not have air pollution surveillance programs. Those who live in these countries are exposed to ambient air pollution from a variety of sources including motor vehicles, ocean-going vessels, and Saharan dust. We conducted an air sampling exposure study in Grenada to describe daily changes in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution, and during Saharan dust episodes. Further, we assessed the impacts of COVID-19 public health interventions on PM2.5 concentrations in 2020. Four fixed-site PurpleAir monitors were installed throughout Grenada, and one on the neighboring island of Carriacou. PM2.5 was measured between January 6 and December 31, 2020. We classified each of these days based on whether COVID-19 public health mitigation measures were in place or not. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize fluctuations in PM2.5, and we assessed the impacts of public health restrictions on PM2.5 using multivariate regression. The mean daily PM2.5 concentration in 2020 was 4.4 µg/m3. During the study period, the minimum daily PM2.5 concentration was 0.7 µg/m3, and the maximum was 20.4 µg/m3. Daily mean PM2.5 concentrations more than doubled on Saharan dust days (8.5 vs 3.6 µg/m3; p < 0.05). The daily mean PM2.5 concentrations were estimated to be 1.2 µg/m3 lower when COVID-19 restrictions were in effect. Ambient PM2.5 concentrations in Grenada are relatively low compared to other countries; however, Saharan dust episodes represent an important source of exposure. Low-cost sensors provide an opportunity to increase surveillance of air pollution in the Caribbean, however their value could be enhanced with the development of correction algorithms that more closely approximate values from reference-grade monitors.Implications: This study describes daily fluctuations in ambient PM2.5 concentrations in Grenada in 2020. Overall, concentrations of PM2.5 were low; however, we found that Saharan dust events cause daily exceedances in PM2.5 above the current 24-hr limits of the World Health Organization. Moreover, the constructed models suggest that public health interventions to reduce the spread of COVID-19 reduced PM2.5 concentrations by 27%.

Facilitators of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in Grenada: a qualitative study / Factores que facilitan u obstaculizan la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en Granada: estudio cualitativo / Facilitadores e barreiras para a vacinação contra a covid-19 em Granada: um estudo qualitativo

ABSTRACT Objectives. To identify the factors contributing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy in Grenada. Methods. A phenomenological study was conducted using semi-structured interviews at vaccination and pop-up testing clinics during a spike in COVID-19 cases on the island. Interview questions were developed using the health belief model related to perceived threat of COVID-19, perceived benefits of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination, and cues to action. Data were analyzed using a deductive approach to identify themes, categories, and subcategories. Results. Twenty-five interviews were transcribed and coded. In all, 68% of participants were unvaccinated, 12% were partially vaccinated, and 20% were fully vaccinated. Data analysis revealed two main themes: facilitators and barriers. Factors more likely to encourage vaccination (facilitators) included trust in medical advice and vaccine efficacy, social responsibility, and vaccine mandates for travel, employment, and social activities. Factors hindering vaccination (barriers) included: perceived low threat of COVID-19; preference for natural remedies; concerns about contraindications because of underlying health conditions; fear; mistrust of vaccines and related messaging; vaccine accessibility; and the many different information sources. Conclusions. Overcoming vaccine hesitancy is key to combating the detrimental effects of COVID-19 in Grenada. Public health interventions and policies that address barriers and capitalize on facilitators can increase vaccine uptake.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar cuáles son los factores que contribuyen con la reticencia a la vacunación contra la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 (COVID-19) en Granada. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio fenomenológico utilizando entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en puestos transitorios de prueba y vacunación durante un aumento en el número de casos de COVID-19 en la isla. Se elaboraron las preguntas de la entrevista según el modelo de creencias de salud en relación con la amenaza percibida respecto de la COVID-19, los obstáculos y los beneficios percibidos respecto de la vacunación contra la COVID-19 y los incentivos para la acción. Los datos se analizaron mediante un enfoque deductivo con el fin de determinar los principales temas, categorías y subcategorías. Resultados. Se transcribieron y codificaron veinticinco entrevistas. En total, el 68% de los participantes no estaban vacunados, el 12% estaban parcialmente vacunados y el 20% tenían el esquema completo de vacunación. El análisis de los datos reveló dos temas principales: los factores facilitadores y los obstáculos. Entre los factores con mayores probabilidades de incentivar la vacunación (factores facilitadores) se encuentran la confianza en el asesoramiento médico y la eficacia de la vacuna, la responsabilidad social y los mandatos de vacunación para viajes, empleo y actividades sociales. Entre los factores que obstaculizan la vacunación (obstáculos) se encuentran la percepción de que la COVID-19 no es una amenaza grave; la preferencia por los remedios naturales; las preocupaciones por las contraindicaciones debido a afecciones de salud subyacentes; el miedo; la desconfianza en las vacunas y los mensajes relacionados; la accesibilidad a las vacunas; y las muy diferentes fuentes de información. Conclusiones. Es necesario superar la reticencia a la vacunación para combatir los efectos nocivos de la COVID-19 en Granada. Las políticas e intervenciones de salud pública que abordan los obstáculos y capitalizan los factores facilitadores pueden aumentar el uso efectivo de las vacunas.

RESUMO Objetivos. Identificar os fatores que contribuem para a hesitação em relação à vacina contra a doença por coronavírus 2019 (covid-19) em Granada. Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo fenomenológico com entrevistas semiestruturadas em clínicas de vacinação e testagem rápida durante um pico de casos de covid-19 na ilha. As perguntas da entrevista foram elaboradas com base no modelo de crenças em saúde relacionado à percepção de ameaça da covid-19, à percepção de benefícios e barreiras relativos à vacinação contra a covid-19, e aos estímulos para ação. Os dados foram analisados por um método dedutivo para identificar temas, categorias e subcategorias. Resultados. Vinte e cinco entrevistas foram transcritas e codificadas. No total, 68% dos participantes não eram vacinados, 12% eram parcialmente vacinados e 20% eram totalmente vacinados. A análise dos dados evidenciou dois temas principais: facilitadores e barreiras. Os fatores mais propensos a incentivar a vacinação (facilitadores) foram confiança na orientação médica e na eficácia da vacina, responsabilidade social e exigência de vacinação em viagens, no emprego e em atividades sociais. Entre os fatores que impediam a vacinação (barreiras) estavam: percepção de baixa ameaça da covid-19; preferência por remédios naturais; preocupação com contraindicações em razão de problemas de saúde preexistentes; medo; desconfiança das vacinas e mensagens relacionadas; acessibilidade da vacina; e as muitas diferentes fontes de informação. Conclusões. Superar a hesitação vacinal é imprescindível para combater as consequências negativas da covid-19 em Granada. As intervenções e políticas de saúde pública que afastam barreiras e promovem facilitadores podem aumentar a aceitação da vacina.

Evolution of the COVID-19 Pandemic after the Introduction of School Referral Nurses in the Province of Granada-A Descriptive Study.

The aim of this research is to describe the evolution of the pandemic in a school context, following the introduction of school nurses into the educational setting. BACKGROUND: The first wave of COVID-19 in Spain prevented social interaction by imposing lockdowns on the population. All non-essential activities, including face-to-face education, were interrupted, affecting the school-aged population during the second and third trimester of the 2019/2020 school year. Schools are places where prevention, identification and case management measures should be rapidly implemented. METHODS: This is a prospective and descriptive study using a quantitative method to study the school population of Granada and its province during the school year 2020/2021, from September 2020 to May 2021. The study participants were all schools under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Delegation of Education of Granada, whether public, private, state-subsidised or charter schools, including all educational stages. RESULTS: The confirmation rate in Granada city (11.2%), in contrast to the Andalusian average (6.9%), places Granada as the province with the highest incidence rate. The infection rates among teachers show the same confirmation rate as the general population of Granada (9%); however, among students this rate is lower (7%). There is a higher incidence of outbreaks taking place outside school and a lower incidence of outbreaks occurring within the school environment. Both partial and total outbreaks are more frequent in early childhood education. CONCLUSION: The early identification and management of reported suspected cases of COVID-19 in schools is proving effective in preventing infection in the school population, achieving good pandemic control in schools, and reducing the number of outbreaks and people affected. Schools have been confirmed to be safe. Establishing screening for asymptomatic schoolchildren could be a tool to improve control in schools.

Tratamiento rehabilitador de la infección por COVID: caracterización y seguimiento de pacientes hospitalizados en Granada, España / Rehabilitation and COVID disease: characterization and follow-up of hospitalized patients in Granada, Spain

Objetivo: Caracterización de una muestra de pacientes hospitalizados por complicaciones de la infección COVID-19 con atención a potenciales determinantes pronósticos de su evolución e impacto del tratamiento rehabilitador en el desempeño funcional, motor y respiratorio. Método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal de una cohorte de pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de COVID-19 que requirieron tratamiento rehabilitador en el Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada desde marzo a junio de 2020, evaluados al ingreso, alta y a los tres meses mediante escalas de condición física (IFIS), valoración funcional: general (Rankin, Barthel), respiratoria (mMRC, BORG) y marcha (FAC). Resultados: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes, edad media 62,8 (54-70) años, 80% alguna comorbilidad: hipertensión 66,7%, obesidad 36,7%, diabetes 33,3%. Estancia hospitalaria media de 45,4 días, 86,7% requirió Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) (29,1 días), de ellos 76,7% ventilación mecánica. El 86,7% de los pacientes presentaron alguna complicación, siendo mayor la polineuropatía/miopatía del paciente crítico (83,3% de los pacientes). Al alta, un 80% requirió ayuda para caminar. El índice de funcionalidad mostró una evolución en «U» al ingreso, alta y a los tres meses (Barthel 93,8; 60,0; 91,6, respectivamente). Se encontró un mayor deterioro funcional (Barthel < 60) en pacientes hombres, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), hipertensión arterial (HTA), obesidad y proteína C reactiva (PCR) elevada al ingreso y evolución más favorable en aquellos con dímero D y linfocitos más elevados al ingreso.ConclusiónLos ingresos hospitalarios por COVID-19 implican complicaciones a nivel funcional, respiratorio y de la marcha mayoritariamente graves pero reversibles parcialmente a los tres meses con tratamiento rehabilitador. Se describen factores potencialmente pronósticos que merecen estudios prospectivos.(AU)

Objective: The characterization of a sample of patients hospitalized with complications of the COVID-19 infection regarding potential prognostic factors, clinical evolution, and impact of rehabilitation treatment on functional, motor, and respiratory outcomes. Method: Descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study of a cohort of patients under rehabilitation treatment admitted at Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital in Granada from March to June 2020, assessed upon admission, discharge and at 3 rd month using physical condition scales (IFIS) and functional assessment: general (Rankin, Barthel), respiratory (mMRC, BORG) and gait (FAC). Results: 30 patients with a mean age of 62.8 (54-70) years were included, 80% with comorbidity: hypertension 66.7%, obesity 36.7%, diabetes 33.3%. The mean hospital stay was 45.4 days, with 86.7% requiring ICU (29.1 days) and 76.7% of them required mechanical ventilation. An 86.7% of the patients presented with complications, mostly with polyneuropathy-myopathy of the critical patient (83.3%). At discharge, 80% required walking assistance. The functionality index showed a “U”-evolution at admission, discharge and at 3 rd month (Barthel 93.8; 60.0; 91.6 respectively). A greater functional decline (Barthel < 60) was found in male patients, COPD, HT, obesity, and elevated protein C reactive at admission; and a more favourable evolution in those with elevated D-dimer and lymphocyte values upon admission. Conclusión: Hospital admission for COVID-19 patients involve complications at the functional, respiratory and gait levels that are mostly serious but partially reversible at 3 months with rehabilitation treatment. Potential prognostic factors are described and deserve prospective studies.(AU)

Impact of COVID-19 on Human Resources for Health and Policy Response: the Case of Belize, Grenada, and Jamaica

Health workers are crucial in the preparedness and response to COVID-19, but the pandemic has evidenced the shortage of human resources for health (HRH) in certain countries, reduced or lack of protective equipment, and timely protocols to address occupational, health and safety issues. Health workers have been infected by the virus with consequences in terms of morbidity and mortality. Consequently, available staff workload is expected to increase. While the COVID-19 pandemic has stressed health workforce shortages in countries, it has also led to identifying ways to rapidly hire and train the health workforce. The recognition and understanding of the mechanisms used by countries (such as recruitment processes, type of redeployment, incentives) will provide evidence on ways to address health worker shortages during such outbreaks and therefore implementation gaps will be reduced. This report informs and analyzes the impact of COVID-19 on health workers' occupational health and safety concerns, working conditions, as well as policy responses to address these issues and to increase HRH surge capacity in Belize, Grenada, and Jamaica. The report also describes elements related to HRH and COVID-19 vaccination in selected countries and shares the experiences from Belize, Grenada, and Jamaica (members of CARICOM), which represent different areas of the Caribbean. The report will also inform the HRH Action Task Force and its contribution to technical cooperation and HRH management support. The target audience includes policy-makers, academics, and researchers on addressing health worker issues during health emergencies.

An example of adaptation: experience of virtual clinical skills circuits of internal medicine students at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada (Spain) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The state of alarm declared in Spain in response to the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has had far-reaching consequences in all areas of life. At the University of Granada's (UGR) Faculty of Medicine, online teaching was implemented immediately without any preexisting plan. Second-year undergraduates in medicine, particularly those enrolled in the subject 'Bases of Internal Medicine,' would normally undergo clinical skills circuits in face-to-face group settings. OBJECTIVE: To facilitate undergraduates' acquisition of specific transversal skills by means of an integrated online working system. DESIGN: Before the pandemic, teaching/learning methods consisted of 1) face-to-face group work; 2) teletutoring; 3) written work uploaded to the PRADO online platform for marking by the teletutor; and 4) presentation of written work to the group. As a result of the lockdown, presentations in class were suspended and replaced by online presentations. The means adopted by students in online presentations were freely chosen using various communication techniques: linear projection systems (6); acting/simulation (4); dramatization (1); and role-playing (1). RESULTS: The number of online clinical skills circuits developed was 12, one for each of the clinical skills circuits established for imparting this subject. A total of 12 presentations were made by the 10 groups, each lasting 15 minutes followed by a 5-minute discussion to settle any questions raised. The presentations were marked jointly by the teaching staff, coordinator, and students. CONCLUSIONS: The transference of classroom learning to the online environment proved an essential resource for teaching/learning clinical/practical skills during the lockdown, which have never before been imparted at distance.

[Rehabilitation and COVID disease: characterization and follow-up of hospitalized patients in Granada, Spain]. / Tratamiento rehabilitador de la infección por COVID: caracterización y seguimiento de pacientes hospitalizados en Granada, España.

OBJECTIVE: The characterization of a sample of patients hospitalized with complications of the COVID-19 infection regarding potential prognostic factors, clinical evolution, and impact of rehabilitation treatment on functional, motor, and respiratory outcomes. METHOD: Descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal study of a cohort of patients under rehabilitation treatment admitted at Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital in Granada from March to June 2020, assessed upon admission, discharge and at 3 rd month using physical condition scales (IFIS) and functional assessment: general (Rankin, Barthel), respiratory (mMRC, BORG) and gait (FAC). RESULTS: 30 patients with a mean age of 62.8 (54-70) years were included, 80% with comorbidity: hypertension 66.7%, obesity 36.7%, diabetes 33.3%. The mean hospital stay was 45.4 days, with 86.7% requiring ICU (29.1 days) and 76.7% of them required mechanical ventilation. An 86.7% of the patients presented with complications, mostly with polyneuropathy-myopathy of the critical patient (83.3%). At discharge, 80% required walking assistance. The functionality index showed a "U"-evolution at admission, discharge and at 3 rd month (Barthel 93.8; 60.0; 91.6 respectively). A greater functional decline (Barthel < 60) was found in male patients, COPD, HT, obesity, and elevated protein C reactive at admission; and a more favourable evolution in those with elevated D-dimer and lymphocyte values upon admission. CONCLUSIóN: Hospital admission for COVID-19 patients involve complications at the functional, respiratory and gait levels that are mostly serious but partially reversible at 3 months with rehabilitation treatment. Potential prognostic factors are described and deserve prospective studies.

Kinetoplastid cell biology and genetics, from the 2020 British Society for Parasitology Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis symposium, Granada, Spain.

The British Society for Parasitology (BSP) holds a biannual symposium devoted to the kinetoplastids, and seeks to cover the full gamut of research into these important organisms, and alternates with the Woods Hole Kinetoplastid Molecular Cell Biology meeting that serves a similar community. While normally embedded within the main BSP Spring meeting, on several occasions the symposium has enjoyed the opportunity of being hosted on mainland Europe. In 2020, the BSP was fortunate to spend some time in Granada in Spain, where a superb meeting with excellent science in a spectacular setting was overshadowed by news of an emerging novel coronavirus. In this editorial, we hope to have captured some of that excellent science and to highlight aspects of the many great papers and reviews in this special issue, as well as provide a few images from the meeting, which we hope for this who attended will bring back some fond memories.

Faculty Perceptions: A Qualitative Study of the Perceived Need, Opportunities, and Challenges of Developing "One Health-One Medicine" in the Medical, Veterinary, and Public Health Curricula.

INTRODUCTION: The conceptual framework of One Health (OH) provides a strategy for promoting collaboration across the nexus of animal, human, and environmental health, which is essential for tackling emerging disease threats, such as COVID-19. However, there is no accreditation requirement for OH to prepare students across the professions for collaborative practice. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of faculty across the medical, veterinary, and public health programs about the need, opportunities, and challenges of developing OH in the curricula. METHODS: In this qualitative study, faculty across the three disciplines were invited to participate in audio-recorded, focus group interviews. Recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using inductive and deductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: All participants recognized the need for OH as a critical concept for preparing students for collaborative practice. Opportunities were identified for shared learning and research across the disciplines, particularly through the use of interprofessional education. The lack of an accreditation mandate for OH in the medical curriculum was perceived to be the greatest challenge, leading to an anticipation of significant resistance among medical educators and students. DISCUSSION: Successful development of OH in all three curricula is vital to prepare students for current and future threats to global health. The role of accreditation bodies in ensuring medical, veterinary, and public health curricula prepare students for these threats is crucial. Implications for practice include strategies for persuading medical educators and medical students to embrace OH in the curriculum and promote a culture of shared learning.