Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 81
Filtrar
1.
Violence Against Women ; 31(1): 125-145, 2025 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39311677

RESUMO

We explore the implications of the concept of territorio cuerpo-tierra for conducting research on women's resilience to trauma and post-COVID-19 pandemic recovery in El Salvador, Central America. Cuerpo-territorio forces a reconceptualization of women's realities as bound to the embodiment of the geo-politics of gender, body, and land as territories, and thus, their realities as bound to the histories and temporality of those as territories. Through a series of despartares decoloniales (decolonial awakenings), we postulate that resilience research reproduces narrowly defined understanding of women's realities and responses to both the symbolic and physical conditions and adversities of their lives.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Resiliência Psicológica , Humanos , El Salvador , Feminino , COVID-19/psicologia , SARS-CoV-2
2.
BMC Public Health ; 24(1): 2122, 2024 Aug 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39107696

RESUMO

Understanding health-seeking behaviors and their drivers is key for governments to manage health policies. A growing body of research explores the role of cognitive biases and heuristics in health and care-seeking behaviors, but little is known about how a context of heightened anxiety and uncertainty might influence these behavioral drivers. This study analyzes the association between four behavioral predictors-internal locus of control, impatience, optimism bias, and aspirations-and healthcare decisions among low-income women in El Salvador, controlling for other factors. We find positive associations between internal locus of control and preventive health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, a one standard deviation increase in locus of control is associated with a 10% increase in an index measuring the use of masks, distancing, hand washing, and vaccination. Locus of control was also associated with women's use of preventive health services (one standard deviation improves the likelihood of having a hypertension test in the last six months by 5.8 percentage points). In a sub-sample of mothers, we find significant relationships between the four behavioral drivers and the decisions the mothers make for their children. However, we find these associations are less robust compared to the decisions they make for themselves. Some associations were stronger during the pandemic, suggesting that feelings of uncertainty and stress could amplify behavioral drivers' influence on health-related behaviors. This novel finding is relevant for designing policy responses for future shocks. JEL CODES: I12, D10, D91, I30.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Tomada de Decisões , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Pobreza , Humanos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/psicologia , Feminino , Adulto , El Salvador , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Controle Interno-Externo , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Mães/psicologia , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , SARS-CoV-2 , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde
3.
Alerta (San Salvador) ; 7(2): 161-168, jul. 26, 2024. ttab. graf.
Artigo em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1563154

RESUMO

La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa (RT-PCR) es el estándard de oro para el diagnóstico de enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2. En el contexto de la pandemia con accesibilidad limitada a esta prueba, las imágenes diagnósticas aportaron hallazgos que sustentan la sospecha diagnóstica, evitando retrasos en atención médica. Objetivo. Determinar la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de las imágenes diagnósticas y su concordancia respecto al resultado de RT-PCR. Metodología. Estudio transversal analítico. Se comparó el resultado del reporte por imágenes con los resultados de RT-PCR en 138 pacientes. Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo para los rayos X de tórax y tomografía computarizada para el diagnóstico de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Se utilizó el índice Kappa de Cohen y el factor de Bayes para medir la concordancia y fuerza de asociación entre las variables. Resultados. La tomografía computarizada presentó una sensibilidad de 92,9 %, una especificidad del 64 %, un valor predictivo positivo de 92,1 % y un valor predictivo negativo de 66,7 %; mientras que, los rayos X presentaron una sensibilidad del 86 %, una especificidad del 52,9 %, un valor predictivo positivo de 92,9 % y un valor predictivo negativo del 34,6 %. Conclusión. La tomografía mostró concordancia diagnóstica moderada; su utilidad es mayor en casos de sospecha clínica moderada-alta, discrepancia diagnóstica o confirmación de complicaciones. Los rayos X mostraron concordancia diagnóstica baja; este método es de utilidad en casos de alta sospecha clínica, pero necesita comprobación con RT-PCR para un diagnóstico definitivo.


Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard method for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 disease. However, due to limited accessibility to this test during the pandemic, diagnostic imaging was used to support diagnostic suspicion and avoid delays in medical care. Objective. Determine the accuracy of diagnostic imaging (chest X-ray and computed tomography) in diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to RT-PCR result. Methodology.An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. The imaging reports of 138 patients were compared with their RT-PCR results to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for both chest X-ray and computed tomography. Concordance between the imaging results and RT-PCR was measured using Cohen's Kappa index and Bayes factor. Results. Computed tomography showed a sensitivity of 92.9 %, a specificity of 64 %, a positive predictive value of 92.1 %, and a negative predictive value of 66.7 %. On the other hand, X-rays showed a sensitivity of 86 %, a specificity of 52.9 %, a positive predictive value of 92.9 %, and a negative predictive value of 34.6 %. Conclusion. Computed tomography showed moderate diagnostic concordance and is particularly useful in cases of moderate to high clinical suspicion, diagnostic discrepancy, or the need to confirm complications. On the other hand, X-rays showed low diagnostic concordance and should be used in combination with RT-PCR for a definitive diagnosis, especially in cases of high clinical suspicion


Assuntos
Doenças Torácicas , El Salvador
4.
Infect Dis Rep ; 16(3): 531-542, 2024 Jun 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38920896

RESUMO

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a highly pathogenic emerging infectious disease. Healthcare personnel (HCP) are presumably at higher risk of acquiring emerging infections because of occupational exposure. The prevalence of COVID-19 in HCP is unknown, particularly in low- to middle-income countries like El Salvador. The goal of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCP in El Salvador just prior to vaccine rollout in March 2021. We evaluated 2176 participants from a nationally representative sample of national healthcare institutions. We found 40.4% (n = 880) of the study participants were seropositive for anti-spike protein antibodies. Significant factors associated with infection included younger age; living within the central, more populated zone of the country; living in a larger household (≥7 members); household members with COVID-19 or compatible symptoms; and those who worked in auxiliary services (i.e., housekeeping and food services). These findings provide insight into opportunities to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 risk and other emerging respiratory pathogens in HCP in El Salvador.

5.
Clin Exp Vaccine Res ; 13(1): 35-41, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38362366

RESUMO

Purpose: The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination schemes and the combination of vaccines of various platforms for administering booster doses is still being studied since it will depend on the population's response to vaccines. We aimed to evaluate the safety, protection, and immunogenicity of the Salvadorean population's third dose booster COVID-19 vaccine and the potential benefit of homologous vs. heterologous regimens. Materials and Methods: This is an analytical observational cohort study in a population aged 18 to 65 years that was primarily vaccinated with AstraZeneca, Sinovac, or Pfizer/BioNTech. Volunteers were recruited (n=223) and followed up for 3 months after receiving the 3rd vaccine (BNT162b2) as a booster. Adverse reactions were monitored, serum anti-spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) was assessed by chemiluminescence, and a polymerase chain reaction was carried out when subjects developed clinical signs. Results: The cohorts finally included 199 participants, and we observed only mild adverse effects in all cohorts. A significant increase in specific IgG levels was found after the booster dose in all cohorts. The heterologous scheme with Sinovac showed the greatest increase in antibody titer, and a decrease was observed in all participants after 3 months. During the follow-up period, 30 participants showed symptomatology compatible with COVID-19, but only four were laboratory-confirmed and they showed mild clinical signs. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the booster doses used were safe and promoted an immediate increase in immunogenicity, which decreased over time. The heterologous regimen showed stronger immunogenicity compared to the messenger RNA-based homologous scheme.

6.
San Salvador; MINSAL; feb.07, 2024. 38 p. ilus.
Não convencional em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1531308

RESUMO

El objetivo general de los presentes lineamientos es establecer las disposiciones técnicas para la realización de las acciones para continuar la vacunación de la población contra el SARS-CoV-2. La priorización vacunal es una estrategia para proteger poblaciones de riesgo, evitando caer en el error de no vacunar a otros grupos cuyo riesgo puede ser bajo, pero que pueden generar enfermedad severa, complicaciones, hospitalizaciones y muerte asociada a COVID-19. En razón de lo anterior se actualizan los esquemas de vacunación frente a COVID-19, a partir de priorización de grupos poblacionales


The general objective of these guidelines is to establish technical provisions for the implementation of actions to continue the vaccination of the population against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine prioritization is a strategy to protect at-risk populations, avoiding the error of not vaccinating other groups whose risk may be low, but which can lead to severe disease, complications, hospitalizations and death associated with VOCID-19. In view of the foregoing, vaccination schemes against VOCID-19 are updated, based on the prioritization of population groups


Assuntos
El Salvador
7.
Alerta (San Salvador) ; 7(1): 88-95, ene. 26, 2024.
Artigo em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1526720

RESUMO

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) define el estrés laboral como una reacción que puede manifestarse ante exigencias y presiones laborales que ponen a prueba la capacidad que tiene cada persona para afrontar ciertas situaciones y que se agravan en el personal de salud que atiende pacientes con la COVID-19. Es decir, lo que resulta del desequilibrio entre las presiones y exigencias a las que se enfrenta el individuo, por una parte, y los conocimientos adquiridos por otra parte. El Síndrome de desgaste profesional, conocido también como síndrome de agotamiento emocional o psicológico, o por el anglicismo burnout, es un tipo de estrés laboral que engloba un estado de agotamiento físico, emocional y mental que conlleva a consecuencias individuales y sociales. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es identificar los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo del Síndrome de desgaste profesional en el personal de salud relacionado con la atención de pacientes con la COVID-19. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed, se incluyeron artículos originales, estudios aleatorizados, revisiones sistemáticas y otros textos en español e inglés, publicados durante el periodo 2020-2023. Los principales factores de riesgo identificados en la literatura para el desarrollo de Síndrome de desgaste profesional fueron la juventud, sexo femenino, la soltería, la carga de trabajo y el nivel de satisfacción laboral de los profesionales.


The WHO defines occupational stress as a reaction that may occur when a person is faced with work-related demands and pressures that test the individual's ability to cope with certain situations, and it exacerbates in healthcare personnel who provide care to patients with COVID-19. That is, what results from the imbalance between the pressures and demands that the individual faces, on the one hand, and the knowledge acquired on the other hand. Burnout syndrome is a type of work-related stress that encompasses a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion that leads to individual and social consequences. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the risk factors for the development of Burnout Syndrome in health personnel related to the care of patients with COVID-19. A search was carried out in the PubMed database, including original articles, randomized studies, systematic reviews, and textbooks in Spanish and English, published during the period 2020-2023. The main risk factors for the development of Burnout Syndrome identified in the literature were youth, female sex, singleness, workload and the level of job satisfaction of the professionals


Assuntos
El Salvador
8.
Cureus ; 15(10): e46524, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37927772

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the relationship between prevention measures and protective barriers in dental practice in El Salvador and Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted from June 2020 to December 2021, involving 1,719 dentists divided into four groups based on location and year. A 20-question survey in Spanish was utilized and validated with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.84. RESULTS: The use of phone triage (OR = 1.3), thermometers (OR = 1.4), physical distancing (OR = 1.7), and face shields (OR = 2.6) was significantly associated with dental practice in both countries during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: During 2020 and 2021, dental care in El Salvador and Mexico was significantly linked to COVID-19 preventive measures. Phone triage, thermometers, distancing, and face shields positively correlated with dental services. National health agencies should promote the use of minimum preventive measures in dental care, preparing for potential reinfections or new pandemics from emerging virus variants.

9.
J Affect Disord ; 339: 838-846, 2023 10 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37481127

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the correlates of mental health, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in lower income countries. Using data from almost the entire population of graduating high school students in El Salvador, we examine the associations between depression and anxiety symptoms and potentially protective factors including peer and family relationships, health behaviours and artistic leisure activities. METHODS: Data comes from the AVANZO survey conducted in El Salvador with 42,314 graduating high school students aged 15-21 in November 2020. Participants completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale and Socioemotional Skills Scale. Using a structural equation modelling framework, we tested the associations between these variables and whether these associations varied by sex. RESULTS: Participants who experienced more positive family relationships reported fewer symptoms of depression (ß = -0.304, p < .001) and anxiety (ß = -0.103, p < .001). Similar results were found between health behaviours and symptoms of depression (ß = -0.398, p < .001), and anxiety (ß = -0.312, p < .001). Peer relationships were non-significantly associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. Associations were similar for boys and girls. LIMITATIONS: Students undertook the mental health survey as part of an academic test, which might have increased mental stress. The Socioemotional Skills Scales is newly developed, and results are cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide insight into the experiences of an understudied population during the pandemic and identify positive family relationships and health behaviours as important correlates of mental health during this time.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Humanos , Adolescente , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Depressão/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , El Salvador/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Relações Familiares , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde
10.
Alerta (San Salvador) ; 6(2): 149-156, jul. 19, 2023. tab.
Artigo em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1442688

RESUMO

Las trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (NET, por sus siglas en inglés) han surgido recientemente como un vínculo potencial entre la inmunidad y la inflamación, que podría cumplir un papel clave en la patogénesis de las infecciones de vías respiratorias. El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar su rol como marcador pronóstico en enfermedades infecciosas de vías respiratorias. Para la elaboración de este artículo de revisión narrativa se consultaron las publicaciones disponibles a través de una búsqueda automatizada en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus y Embase. Las concentraciones elevadas de trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (cfADN, complejos de mieloperoxidasas-ADN) en pacientes con cuadro clínico grave por infecciones de vías respiratorias, se relacionan con una estancia hospitalaria más larga, periodo prolongado de administración de antibióticos, aumento del riesgo de ingreso a la UCI, necesidad de ventilación mecánica, disfunción orgánica e incluso la muerte (p ≤ 0,05). A pesar de no contar con un parámetro de medición estandarizado, el exceso de trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos se corresponde con la gravedad del daño tisular observado en pacientes con infecciones de vías respiratorias, esto revela el importante rol pronóstico de la respuesta de los neutrófilos y del proceso de la NETosis en las enfermedades infecciosas pulmonares


Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) have recently emerged as a potential link between immunity and inflammation, which could play a key role in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections. This review aims to determine the role of neutrophil extracellular traps as prognostic markers in respiratoria tract infectious diseases. For this article a literature review was undertaken, consulting available publications through an automated search in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. High concentrations of neutrophil extracellular traps (cfDNA, Myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes) in patients with severe clinical presentation due to respiratory tract infections are related to a longer length of hospital stay, prolonged period of antibiotic administration and increased risk of admission to the ICU, need for mechanical ventilation, organ dysfunction and even death (p ≤ 0.05). Despite not having a standardized measurement parameter, the excess of neutrophil extracellular traps corresponds to the severity of tissue damage observed in patients with respiratory tract infections, revealing the important prognostic role of the neutrophil response and NETosis process in pulmonary infectious diseases


Assuntos
El Salvador
11.
EPJ Data Sci ; 12(1): 18, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37305560

RESUMO

Adherence to the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) put in place to mitigate the spreading of infectious diseases is a multifaceted problem. Several factors, including socio-demographic and socio-economic attributes, can influence the perceived susceptibility and risk which are known to affect behavior. Furthermore, the adoption of NPIs is dependent upon the barriers, real or perceived, associated with their implementation. Here, we study the determinants of NPIs adherence during the first wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Colombia, Ecuador, and El Salvador. Analyses are performed at the level of municipalities and include socio-economic, socio-demographic, and epidemiological indicators. Furthermore, by leveraging a unique dataset comprising tens of millions of internet Speedtest® measurements from Ookla®, we investigate the quality of the digital infrastructure as a possible barrier to adoption. We use mobility changes provided by Meta as a proxy of adherence to NPIs and find a significant correlation between mobility drops and digital infrastructure quality. The relationship remains significant after controlling for several factors. This finding suggests that municipalities with better internet connectivity were able to afford higher mobility reductions. We also find that mobility reductions were more pronounced in larger, denser, and wealthier municipalities. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5.

12.
Washington, D.C.; PAHO; 2023-05-03. (PAHO/PHE/EMO/COVID-19/23-0011).
em Inglês | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-57427

RESUMO

This document outlines PAHO’s regional priorities for the year 2023 to sustain and scale up health emergency and humanitarian assistance in the Americas, with a focus on five priority countries currently facing a prolonged humanitarian crisis and recovering from recent acute emergencies: Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). These goals align with and build on the World Health Organization’s Global Health Emergency Appeal for 2023, its principles, priorities, and strategies.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Emergências , Doenças Preveníveis por Vacina , Colômbia , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Venezuela
13.
Horiz. sanitario (en linea) ; 22(1): 199-205, Jan.-Apr. 2023. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1528705

RESUMO

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to measure students' sleep disorders 12 months after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 693 students from three universities in El Salvador, Mexico, and the United States using the Student Health Behavior Inventory. Results: Sleep disorders were identified in the sample with those in the US reporting higher levels of sleep disorders and those in El Salvador reported the least. Differences were also observed by gender with females reporting more sleep disorders one year into the pandemic than males. Conclusions: The global pandemic related to COVID-19 has had a profound impact on the mental and physical wellbeing of students. Sudden changes in learning modalities, modifications to work schedules, and potential loss of loved ones have contributed to sleep disorders in this population group. Universities need to take steps to address the evolving needs of college students as they cope with this pandemic.


Resumen Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio transversal fue medir los trastornos de sueño de los estudiantes, 12 meses después del principio de la pandemia de COVID. Materiales y Métodos: Se recolectaron datos de 693 estudiantes de tres universidades en El Salvador, México y los Estados Unidos, utilizando el Inventario de Conducta de Salud del Estudiante. Resultados: Se identificaron síntomas de trastornos del sueño; los universitarios de EUA informaron niveles más altos de trastornos del sueño y los de El Salvador menos. También, se observaron diferencias por género, ya que las mujeres reportaron más trastornos del sueño un año después de la pandemia que los hombres. Conclusiones: La pandemia relacionada con COVID-19 ha tenido un profundo impacto en el bienestar mental y físico de los estudiantes. Los cambios repentinos en las modalidades de aprendizaje, las modificaciones en los horarios de trabajo y la posible pérdida de seres queridos han contribuido a los trastornos del sueño en este grupo poblacional. Las universidades deben tomar medidas para abordar las necesidades cambiantes de los estudiantes universitarios a raíz de la pandemia.

14.
Psicol Reflex Crit ; 36(1): 9, 2023 Mar 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36988703

RESUMO

Thousands of people have died of COVID-19 in El Salvador. However, little is known about the mental health of those who are mourning the loss of a loved one to COVID-19. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the dysfunctional grief associated with COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults. A sample of 435 Salvadorans (M = 29 years; SD = 8.75) who lost a family member or loved one to COVID-19 completed a digital survey using the Google Forms platform, during April 2 and 28, 2022. The results revealed that 35.1% reported clinically elevated symptoms of dysfunctional grief and among those mourners, and 25.1% also exhibited clinical levels of coronavirus anxiety. A binary logistic regression revealed that predictor variables such as COVID-19 anxiety (p = .003), depression (p = .021), and COVID-19 obsession (p = .032) were significant (χ2 = 84.31; Nagelkerke R2 = .242) and predict a 24.2% chance of dysfunctional bereavement.

15.
San Salvador; MINSAL; ene, 16,2023. 9 p.
Não convencional em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1414045

RESUMO

El término Covid persistente fue utilizado por primera vez por la Dra. Elisa Perego, como un hashtag de Twitter en mayo de 2020. Describía su propia experiencia de una condición cíclica multifásica, que difería de la evolución clínica característica de Covid-19 tanto en sintomatología como en tiempo. El término Covid persistente o 'Long Covid' tiene varios nombres dependiendo de la literatura consultada: 'secuelas post-agudas de Covid-19', 'Covid¬-19 en curso', 'síndrome crónico de Covid', 'Covid de larga distancia' (Long haulers) y 'condición post-Covid-19', esta última es la utilizada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y todas son consideradas por los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) como 'condiciones pos Covid. Aún no existe consenso en cuanto al reconocimiento de Covid persistente como entidad clínica, así como tampoco en cuanto a su nombre y criterios diagnósticos. Sin embargo, dada la alta prevalencia de la sintomatología a la que se le asocia, es imperativo que los servicios y las políticas de salud prioricen su atención. A la vez, es necesario efectuar estudios a futuro para identificar en detalle los diferentes subtipos de Covid persistente y, permitir así, su atención médica estratificada sin que los servicios de salud no se vean abrumados.


The term persistent Covid was used for the first time by Dr. Elisa Perego, as a Twitter hashtag in May 2020. It described her own experience of a multiphasic cyclical condition, which differed from the characteristic clinical evolution of Covid-19 both in symptomatology as in time The term persistent Covid or 'Long Covid' has several names depending on the literature consulted: 'post-acute sequelae of Covid-19', 'Covid¬-19 in progress', 'chronic Covid syndrome', 'Long-distance Covid ' (Long haulers) and 'post-Covid-19 condition', the latter is the one used by the World Health Organization (WHO) and all are considered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as ' post covid conditions. There is still no consensus regarding the recognition of persistent Covid as a clinical entity, nor regarding its name and diagnostic criteria. However, given the high prevalence of the symptoms to which it is associated, it is imperative that health services and policies prioritize care. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out future studies to identify in detail the different subtypes of persistent Covid and, thus, allow their stratified medical care without the health services being overwhelmed.


Assuntos
Pesquisa , COVID-19 , Sinais e Sintomas , Tempo , Evolução Clínica , Consenso , El Salvador
16.
San Salvador; MINSAL; ene, 05, 2023. 84 p. ilus, graf.
Não convencional em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1412602

RESUMO

La prevención y control de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, constituye uno de los elementos claves en la atención integral en salud, tendientes a disminuir las tasas de morbimortalidad en la población y grupos prioritarios de riesgo en El Salvador. Ante la necesidad apremiante de brindar alternativas esperanzadoras para el control de la mortalidad por dicha enfermedad, en nuestro país están por introducirse las vacunas que han mostrado la más alta eficacia, considerando los resultados prometedores de estudios existentes al momento. Este hecho, marca la necesidad, de diseñar los Lineamientos técnicos para la vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2, a fin de establecer las disposiciones técnicas al personal de salud del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud en los procesos de conservación, transporte y aplicación de la vacuna a la población objetivo


The prevention and control of immunopreventable diseases constitutes one of the key elements in comprehensive health care, tending to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in the population and priority risk groups in El Salvador. Given the pressing need to provide hopeful alternatives for the control of mortality from this disease, the vaccines that have shown the highest efficacy are about to be introduced in our country, considering the promising results of existing studies at the moment. This fact marks the need to design the Technical Guidelines for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, in order to establish the technical provisions for health personnel of the National Integrated Health System in the processes of conservation, transport and application of the vaccine to the target population


Assuntos
Vacinação , SARS-CoV-2 , Assistência Integral à Saúde , El Salvador
17.
J Int Migr Integr ; 24(1): 349-368, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35370476

RESUMO

Economic and social conditions have deteriorated worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. Migration theory and international organizations indicate that these increasingly fragile social conditions represent powerful incentives to migrate. Normally, studies addressing international migration and COVID-19 focus on transit and destination countries, with substantially less literature centered on origin nations. Trying to close that gap, the present article aims to identify and quantify economic determinants that explain the intention of Salvadorians to migrate abroad. Using a probabilistic sample and a logistic model, a number of renowned economic variables for migration studies were used to investigate Salvadorian's intention to emigrate. Results demonstrated a stark reduction in migration intentions in 2020. Moreover, the risk of losing one's job is by far the most prominent factor explaining the intention to migrate. Other aspects, such as employment and salaries, also showed statistically significant values. Additionally, results report women being less likely to migrate and age to have a negligible effect. The text concludes by indicating some public initiatives that could be implemented to support people who choose to act upon their intentions and embark on emigration.

18.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 36: 9, 2023. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, Index Psicologia - Periódicos | ID: biblio-1440801

RESUMO

Abstract Thousands of people have died of COVID-19 in El Salvador. However, little is known about the mental health of those who are mourning the loss of a loved one to COVID-19. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the dysfunctional grief associated with COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults. A sample of 435 Salvadorans ( M = 29 years; SD = 8.75) who lost a family member or loved one to COVID-19 completed a digital survey using the Google Forms platform, during April 2 and 28, 2022. The results revealed that 35.1% reported clinically elevated symptoms of dysfunctional grief and among those mourners, and 25.1% also exhibited clinical levels of coronavirus anxiety. A binary logistic regression revealed that predictor variables such as COVID-19 anxiety ( p = .003), depression ( p = .021), and COVID-19 obsession ( p = .032) were significant ( χ 2 = 84.31; Nagelkerke R 2 = .242) and predict a 24.2% chance of dysfunctional bereavement.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Luto , Depressão/epidemiologia , COVID-19/psicologia , Comportamento Obsessivo/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , El Salvador
19.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 46: e209, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36532894

RESUMO

Objective: This study sought to quantify the prevalence of food insecurity among Salvadorian households, to identify the determinants of food insecurity and to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity. Methods: A nationwide, representative random sample of 2358 households was used for this cross-sectional study. The Household Hunger Scale (HHS) was used to assess the prevalence of food insecurity during a 30-day period. For comparison, three items were used from the Household Food Insecurity Experience Scale (HFIES), which measures hunger occurring during a 12-month time frame. For determinant analysis, binary logistic regression was used for the HHS and ordered logistic regression for the HFIES. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity was 6.45% (152/2356) among Salvadorian households when the HHS was used, affecting 5.48% (129/2356) to a moderate degree and 0.98% (23/2356) to a severe degree. The prevalence significantly increased when the HFIES scale items were used, with 35.41% (835/2358) of households being affected, a figure closer to the national poverty level. Determinants of food insecurity according to the HHS included agricultural problems (P = 0.00, odds ratio [OR] =1.69), the household's prepandemic income (P = 0.00, OR = 0.48) and higher educational levels (i.e. having a secondary education [P = 0.00, OR = 0.31], technical [P = 0.03, OR = 0.24] or university education [P = 0.00, OR = 0.05]). When using the HFIES, the determinants were similar (i.e. income, agricultural problems, educational level). In more than 94% (744/785) of households, participants reported that food insecurity was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: When compared with other relevant international studies, the prevalence of food insecurity identified using the HHS - only 6.45% - was low for El Salvador. However, when using the HFIES scale, the prevalence rose to 35.41% of households. Some determinants align with previous studies, namely income, educational level and agricultural problems. The COVID-19 pandemic appeared to have direct effects on food insecurity.

20.
Artigo em Inglês | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-56840

RESUMO

[ABSTRACT]. bjective. This study sought to quantify the prevalence of food insecurity among Salvadorian households, to identify the determinants of food insecurity and to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity. Methods. A nationwide, representative random sample of 2358 households was used for this cross-sectional study. The Household Hunger Scale (HHS) was used to assess the prevalence of food insecurity during a 30-day period. For comparison, three items were used from the Household Food Insecurity Experience Scale (HFIES), which measures hunger occurring during a 12-month time frame. For determinant analysis, binary logistic regression was used for the HHS and ordered logistic regression for the HFIES. Results. The prevalence of food insecurity was 6.45% (152/2356) among Salvadorian households when the HHS was used, affecting 5.48% (129/2356) to a moderate degree and 0.98% (23/2356) to a severe degree. The prevalence significantly increased when the HFIES scale items were used, with 35.41% (835/2358) of house- holds being affected, a figure closer to the national poverty level. Determinants of food insecurity according to the HHS included agricultural problems (P = 0.00, odds ratio [OR] =1.69), the household’s prepandemic income (P = 0.00, OR = 0.48) and higher educational levels (i.e. having a secondary education [P = 0.00, OR = 0.31], technical [P = 0.03, OR = 0.24] or university education [P = 0.00, OR = 0.05]). When using the HFIES, the determinants were similar (i.e. income, agricultural problems, educational level). In more than 94% (744/785) of households, participants reported that food insecurity was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions. When compared with other relevant international studies, the prevalence of food insecurity identified using the HHS – only 6.45% – was low for El Salvador. However, when using the HFIES scale, the prevalence rose to 35.41% of households. Some determinants align with previous studies, namely income, educational level and agricultural problems. The COVID-19 pandemic appeared to have direct effects on food insecurity


[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo cuantificar la prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria en los hogares salvadoreños, determinar cuáles son los determinantes de la inseguridad alimentaria y explorar los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la inseguridad alimentaria. Métodos. En este estudio transversal se utilizó una muestra aleatoria representativa a nivel nacional de 2 358 hogares. Se empleó la escala del hambre en el hogar (HHS, por su sigla en inglés) para evaluar la prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria en un período de 30 días. Para la comparación, se utilizaron tres indicadores de la escala de experiencia de inseguridad alimentaria en el hogar (HFIES, por su sigla en inglés), que mide el hambre durante un período de 12 meses. Para el análisis de los determinantes, se empleó la regresión logística binaria para HHS y la regresión logística ordenada para HFIES. Resultados. La prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria fue de 6,45% (152/2356) en los hogares salvador- eños al emplearse HHS, y afectó moderadamente a 5,48% (129/2356) y gravemente a 0,98% (23/2356). La prevalencia aumentó de forma considerable al utilizarse los indicadores de HFIES, con 35,41% (835/2358) de los hogares afectados, una cifra más cercana al nivel nacional de pobreza. Los determinantes de la inseguri- dad alimentaria según HHS incluyeron problemas agrícolas (P = 0,00, razón de posibilidades [OR] = 1,69), los ingresos familiares previos a la pandemia (P = 0,00, OR = 0,48) y niveles educativos superiores (educación secundaria [P = 0,00, OR = 0,31], formación técnica [P = 0,03, OR = 0,24] o universitaria [P = 0,00, OR = 0,05]). Con HFIES, los determinantes fueron similares (ingresos, problemas agrícolas, nivel educativo). En más de 94% (744/785) de los hogares, los participantes notificaron que la inseguridad alimentaria se agravó por la pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusiones. En comparación con otros estudios internacionales pertinentes, la prevalencia de la insegu- ridad alimentaria mediante HHS –de solo 6,45%– fue baja en El Salvador. Sin embargo, al utilizar HFIES, la prevalencia aumentó a 35,41% de los hogares. Algunos determinantes coinciden con estudios anteriores, como los ingresos, el nivel educativo y los problemas agrícolas. La pandemia de COVID-19 parece tener un impacto directo en la inseguridad alimentaria.


[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Este estudo procurou quantificar a prevalência de insegurança alimentar entre as famílias salvador- enhas, identificar os determinantes de insegurança alimentar e explorar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 sobre a insegurança alimentar. Métodos. Este estudo transversal foi realizado com uma amostra representativa nacional randomizada de 2358 domicílios. Usou-se a Household Hunger Scale (HHS) [escala de fome domiciliar] para avaliar a prevalência de insegurança alimentar durante um período de 30 dias. Para fins de comparação, usaram-se três itens da Household Food Insecurity Experience Scale (HFIES) [escala de experiência de insegurança alimentar domiciliar], que mede a fome durante um período de 12 meses. Para a análise de determinantes, usou-se a regressão logística binária com a HHS e a regressão logística ordenada com a HFIES. Resultados. A prevalência de insegurança alimentar nos domicílios salvadorenhos medida com a HHS foi de 6,45% (152/2356), sendo moderada em 5,48% (129/2356) e grave em 0,98% (23/2356). Quando se usaram os itens da HFIES, a prevalência aumentou consideravelmente, com 35,41% (835/2358) dos domicílios afetados – um número mais próximo do nível nacional de pobreza. Entre os determinantes da insegurança alimentar, de acordo com a HHS, estavam os problemas agrícolas (P = 0,00, razão de chances [RC] = 1,69), a renda familiar pré-pandemia (P = 0,00, RC = 0,48) e a maior escolaridade (ou seja, educação secundária [P = 0,00, RC = 0,31], técnica [P = 0,03, RC = 0,24] ou universitária [P = 0,00, RC = 0,05]). Com a HFIES, os determinantes foram semelhantes (ou seja, renda, problemas agrícolas e escolaridade). Em mais de 94% (744/785) dos domicílios, os participantes relataram exacerbação da insegurança alimentar pela pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusões. Em comparação com outros estudos internacionais pertinentes, a prevalência de insegurança alimentar identificada com uso da HHS – somente 6,45% – foi baixa em El Salvador. Entretanto, quando se usou a HFIES, a prevalência aumentou para 35,41% dos domicílios. Alguns determinantes coincidem com os de estudos anteriores, a saber, renda, escolaridade e problemas agrícolas. Aparentemente, a pandemia de COVID-19 teve efeitos diretos sobre a insegurança alimentar.


Assuntos
América Central , Ingestão de Alimentos , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão , América Central , Ingestão de Alimentos , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão , Ingestão de Alimentos , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA