Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 12 de 12
Filtrar
1.
Environ Int ; 162: 107155, 2022 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35278800

RESUMEN

Poor ventilation and polluting cooking fuels in low-income homes cause high exposure, yet relevant global studies are limited. We assessed exposure to in-kitchen particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) employing similar instrumentation in 60 low-income homes across 12 cities: Dhaka (Bangladesh); Chennai (India); Nanjing (China); Medellín (Colombia); São Paulo (Brazil); Cairo (Egypt); Sulaymaniyah (Iraq); Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Akure (Nigeria); Blantyre (Malawi); Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) and Nairobi (Kenya). Exposure profiles of kitchen occupants showed that fuel, kitchen volume, cooking type and ventilation were the most prominent factors affecting in-kitchen exposure. Different cuisines resulted in varying cooking durations and disproportional exposures. Occupants in Dhaka, Nanjing, Dar-es-Salaam and Nairobi spent > 40% of their cooking time frying (the highest particle emitting cooking activity) compared with âˆ¼ 68% of time spent boiling/stewing in Cairo, Sulaymaniyah and Akure. The highest average PM2.5 (PM10) concentrations were in Dhaka 185 ± 48 (220 ± 58) µg m-3 owing to small kitchen volume, extensive frying and prolonged cooking compared with the lowest in Medellín 10 ± 3 (14 ± 2) µg m-3. Dual ventilation (mechanical and natural) in Chennai, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah reduced average in-kitchen PM2.5 and PM10 by 2.3- and 1.8-times compared with natural ventilation (open doors) in Addis Ababa, Dar-es-Salam and Nairobi. Using charcoal during cooking (Addis Ababa, Blantyre and Nairobi) increased PM2.5 levels by 1.3- and 3.1-times compared with using natural gas (Nanjing, Medellin and Cairo) and LPG (Chennai, Sao Paulo and Sulaymaniyah), respectively. Smaller-volume kitchens (<15 m3; Dhaka and Nanjing) increased cooking exposure compared with their larger-volume counterparts (Medellin, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah). Potential exposure doses were highest for Asian, followed by African, Middle-eastern and South American homes. We recommend increased cooking exhaust extraction, cleaner fuels, awareness on improved cooking practices and minimising passive occupancy in kitchens to mitigate harmful cooking emissions.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire Interior , Aerosoles , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Bangladesh , Brasil , Ciudades , Culinaria , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Etiopía , India , Kenia , Material Particulado/análisis
2.
Ann Glob Health ; 85(1): 140, 2019 12 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31871903

RESUMEN

Air pollution is a major, preventable and manageable threat to people's health, well-being and the fulfillment of sustainable development. Air pollution is estimated to contribute to at least 5 million premature deaths each year across the world. No one remains unaffected by dirty air, but the adverse impacts of air pollution fall most heavily upon vulnerable populations, such as children, women, and people living in poverty - groups to whom States have special obligations under international human rights law. The National Academies of Sciences and Medicine of South Africa, Brazil, Germany and the United States of America are calling upon government leaders, business and citizens to take urgent action on reducing air pollution throughout the world - to the benefit of human health and well-being, to the benefit of the environment and as a condition towards sustainable development. Air pollution is a cross-cutting aspect of many UN Sustainable Development Goals.


Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire/prevención & control , Política de Salud , Desarrollo Sostenible , Biomasa , Brasil , Culinaria , Combustibles Fósiles , Alemania , Calefacción , Humanos , Instalaciones Industriales y de Fabricación , Minería , Centrales Eléctricas , Política Pública , Sudáfrica , Transportes , Estados Unidos , Administración de Residuos
3.
Cien Saude Colet ; 24(8): 3079-3088, 2019 Aug 05.
Artículo en Portugués, Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31389554

RESUMEN

Indoor air pollution is exacerbated by the burning of firewood in rustic stoves and poorly ventilated environments. Exposure to the pollutants emitted by this type of fuel results in increased morbidity and mortality. In Brazil, studies and estimates regarding these conditions are scarce. In order to understand this problem, the objective of this work was to investigate the use of firewood using the data series of government agencies to estimate the number of exposed people. The results indicated that firewood is the second most used fuel for cooking, being used by a significant portion of the population, more than 30 million Brazilians. A decisive factor in the increased use of this fuel is the socioeconomic level of the population associated with the price of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The studies carried out in the country recorded high concentrations of particles during firewood burning, exceeding the limits suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Associations were also observed between the exposure to the pollutants generated by the burning and the aggravation of health problems, among them respiratory diseases and cancer. Replacing fuelwood and other solid fuels with cleaner fuels should be the government's goal to minimize health costs.


A poluição do ar em ambientes fechados é agravada pela queima de lenha em fogões rústicos e ambientes pouco ventilados. A exposição aos poluentes emitidos por este tipo de combustível resulta no aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade. No Brasil, os estudos e as estimativas são escassos. Visando entender esta problemática, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso de lenha utilizando as séries de dados das agências governamentais para estimar o número de pessoas expostas. Os resultados apontam que a lenha é o segundo combustível mais usado para cozinhar, sendo utilizada por uma parcela significativa da população, em torno de 30 milhões de brasileiros. Um fator decisivo no maior uso deste combustível é o nível socioeconômico da população associada ao preço do gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP). Os estudos realizados no país registraram concentrações altas de partículas durante a queima da lenha, excedendo os limites sugeridos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Também foram observadas associações entre a exposição aos poluentes gerados pela queima e o agravamento dos mais diversos problemas de saúde, dentre eles doenças respiratórias e câncer. A substituição da lenha e outros combustíveis sólidos por combustíveis mais limpos deve ser a meta do governo para minimizar custos com a saúde.


Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Culinaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Brasil/epidemiología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Humanos , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neoplasias/etiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Ventilación/normas , Madera
4.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(8): 3079-3088, ago. 2019. graf
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011896

RESUMEN

Resumo A poluição do ar em ambientes fechados é agravada pela queima de lenha em fogões rústicos e ambientes pouco ventilados. A exposição aos poluentes emitidos por este tipo de combustível resulta no aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade. No Brasil, os estudos e as estimativas são escassos. Visando entender esta problemática, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso de lenha utilizando as séries de dados das agências governamentais para estimar o número de pessoas expostas. Os resultados apontam que a lenha é o segundo combustível mais usado para cozinhar, sendo utilizada por uma parcela significativa da população, em torno de 30 milhões de brasileiros. Um fator decisivo no maior uso deste combustível é o nível socioeconômico da população associada ao preço do gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP). Os estudos realizados no país registraram concentrações altas de partículas durante a queima da lenha, excedendo os limites sugeridos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Também foram observadas associações entre a exposição aos poluentes gerados pela queima e o agravamento dos mais diversos problemas de saúde, dentre eles doenças respiratórias e câncer. A substituição da lenha e outros combustíveis sólidos por combustíveis mais limpos deve ser a meta do governo para minimizar custos com a saúde.


Abstract Indoor air pollution is exacerbated by the burning of firewood in rustic stoves and poorly ventilated environments. Exposure to the pollutants emitted by this type of fuel results in increased morbidity and mortality. In Brazil, studies and estimates regarding these conditions are scarce. In order to understand this problem, the objective of this work was to investigate the use of firewood using the data series of government agencies to estimate the number of exposed people. The results indicated that firewood is the second most used fuel for cooking, being used by a significant portion of the population, more than 30 million Brazilians. A decisive factor in the increased use of this fuel is the socioeconomic level of the population associated with the price of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The studies carried out in the country recorded high concentrations of particles during firewood burning, exceeding the limits suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Associations were also observed between the exposure to the pollutants generated by the burning and the aggravation of health problems, among them respiratory diseases and cancer. Replacing fuelwood and other solid fuels with cleaner fuels should be the government's goal to minimize health costs.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Culinaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Ventilación/normas , Madera , Brasil/epidemiología , Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Neoplasias/etiología , Neoplasias/epidemiología
5.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 23(15): 15605-15, 2016 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27130339

RESUMEN

The present work reports the variation of 31 carbonyl compounds (CC) in an apartment located at Niterói City, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Eight sampling campaigns were conducted through a 1-year period, and three areas (living room, kitchen, and bedroom) were evaluated before, during, and after the renovation activities and reoccupation of the apartment. Samples were collected using SEP-PAK cartridges impregnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and the hydrazones were analyzed using rapid resolution liquid chromatography with UV detection. The lowest total concentration of CC (19.0 ± 1.5 µg m(-3)) was found before the renovation when the apartment was empty, but door varnishing resulted in highest contamination of the apartment (1386 ± 384 µg m(-3)); however, an important dispersion of CC was observed in the subsequent sampling (148 ± 1.8 µg m(-3)). After apartment reoccupation, the indoor contamination seemed to depend on the routine activities taken there, such as household product use and cooking activities, but apparently, local temperature increase favored the vaporization of the volatile CC from the building materials in the apartment. As far as we are concerned, this is the first study comparing the concentrations of 31 CC in residential areas before, during, and after renovation activities taken in Brazil.


Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos/análisis , Brasil , Materiales de Construcción/análisis , Culinaria , Vivienda , Humanos
6.
Environ Res ; 112: 111-7, 2012 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22136759

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The use of biomass for cooking and heating is considered an important factor associated with respiratory diseases. However, few studies evaluate the amount of particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5), symptoms and lung function in the same population. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the respiratory effects of biomass combustion and compare the results with those of individuals from the same community in Brazil using liquefied petroleum gas (Gas). METHODS: 1402 individuals in 260 residences were divided into three groups according to exposure (Gas, Indoor-Biomass, Outside-Biomass). Respiratory symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. Reflectance of paper filters was used to assess particulate matter exposure. In 48 residences the amount of PM2.5 was also quantified. Pulmonary function tests were performed in 120 individuals. RESULTS: Reflectance index correlated directly with PM2.5 (r=0.92) and was used to estimate exposure (ePM2.5). There was a significant increase in ePM2.5 in Indoor-Biomass and Outside-Biomass, compared to Gas. There was a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) for cough, wheezing and dyspnea in adults exposed to Indoor-Biomass (OR=2.93, 2.33, 2.59, respectively) and Outside-Biomass (OR=1.78, 1.78, 1.80, respectively) compared to Gas. Pulmonary function tests revealed both Non-Smoker-Biomass and Smoker-Gas individuals to have decreased %predicted-forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) as compared to Non-Smoker-Gas. Pulmonary function tests data was inversely correlated with duration and ePM2.5. The prevalence of airway obstruction was 20% in both Non-Smoker-Biomass and Smoker-Gas subjects. CONCLUSION: Chronic exposure to biomass combustion is associated with increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms, reduced lung function and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These effects are associated with the duration and magnitude of exposure and are exacerbated by tobacco smoke.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Biocombustibles , Biomasa , Culinaria/métodos , Material Particulado/toxicidad , Trastornos Respiratorios/inducido químicamente , Adulto , Brasil , Tos/inducido químicamente , Disnea/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Ruidos Respiratorios/efectos de los fármacos , Población Rural , Población Urbana , Adulto Joven
9.
J Bras Pneumol ; 33(4): 380-8, 2007.
Artículo en Inglés, Portugués | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17982529

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of signs and symptoms of respiratory disease among pig farmers in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina, Brazil, evaluating the characteristics of swine confinement buildings and identifying potential risk factors. METHODS: An exploratory, cross-sectional, observational study involving interviews and pulmonary function tests (spirometry). Aspects related to job history, work conditions, and environment, as well as to respiratory status and smoking, were evaluated. Odds ratios were used to estimate the chances of exposure when comparing pig farmers according to the signs and symptoms of respiratory disease. RESULTS: The prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of respiratory disease was 84.3%, clinical manifestations of bronchial asthma were detected in 5.6% of the farmers evaluated, and chronic bronchitis was diagnosed in 5.1% of the workers over the age of 40. Only 2.6% used specific individual respiratory protection devices. Respiratory disease was positively associated with low socioeconomic level, low level of education, smoking, the use of wood stoves, and the use of disinfectants. Work load and length of employment were both apparently associated with a lower prevalence of respiratory disease. CONCLUSION: The association between duration of employment and lower prevalence of respiratory disease can be attributed to the healthy worker effect. However, the evident respiratory impairment among pig farmers and the limited use of personal protective equipment draw attention to the need to implement a program to monitor exposure and regulate environmental factors.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/etiología , Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Animales , Asma/epidemiología , Asma/etiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Bronquitis Crónica/epidemiología , Bronquitis Crónica/etiología , Culinaria , Desinfectantes/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Dispositivos de Protección Respiratoria , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Espirometría , Porcinos , Factores de Tiempo
10.
J. bras. pneumol ; 33(4): 380-388, jul.-ago. 2007. ilus, tab
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: lil-466343

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de sinais e sintomas de doença respiratória, avaliar as características do confinamento e identificar potenciais fatores de risco nos suinocultores do município de Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina. MÉTODOS: Um estudo do tipo observacional, de caráter exploratório, com delineamento transversal, em que a coleta de dados foi através de entrevistas e realização de espirometrias. Foram investigados o histórico laborativo, as condições do ambiente e trabalho, a saúde respiratória e o hábito tabágico. Como medida de risco foi utilizada a razão de chances da exposição, ao comparar suinocultores expostos e não expostos aos fatores de interesse de acordo com presença de sinais e sintomas de doença respiratória. RESULTADOS: A prevalência das manifestações de sintomas e sinais respiratórios foi de 84,3 por cento, de asma brônquica foi de 5,6 por cento e de bronquite crônica naqueles acima de 40 anos foi 5,1 por cento. Apenas 2,6 por cento dos suinocultores utilizavam equipamentos de proteção específica para o aparelho respiratório. Manifestações respiratórias entre os suinocultores mostraram-se associadas ao baixo nível socioeconômico, baixa escolaridade, tabagismo, uso de fogão a lenha e uso de desinfetantes. Havia uma aparente associação entre tempo e intensidade de trabalho e os achados de uma menor prevalência de manifestações respiratórias. CONCLUSÃO: O 'fenômeno saúde do trabalhador' pode explicar a associação entre tempo/intensidade de trabalho e a menor prevalência de manifestações respiratórias. Entretanto, o evidente comprometimento do aparelho respiratório entre os suinocultores e a baixa adoção de medidas de proteção específica nesta população apontam para a necessidade de um programa de controle da exposição e regulamentação dos fatores ambientais.


OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of signs and symptoms of respiratory disease among pig farmers in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina, Brazil, evaluating the characteristics of swine confinement buildings and identifying potential risk factors. METHODS: An exploratory, cross-sectional, observational study involving interviews and pulmonary function tests (spirometry). Aspects related to job history, work conditions, and environment, as well as to respiratory status and smoking, were evaluated. Odds ratios were used to estimate the chances of exposure when comparing pig farmers according to the signs and symptoms of respiratory disease. RESULTS: The prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of respiratory disease was 84.3 percent, clinical manifestations of bronchial asthma were detected in 5.6 percent of the farmers evaluated, and chronic bronchitis was diagnosed in 5.1 percent of the workers over the age of 40. Only 2.6 percent used specific individual respiratory protection devices. Respiratory disease was positively associated with low socioeconomic level, low level of education, smoking, the use of wood stoves, and the use of disinfectants. Work load and length of employment were both apparently associated with a lower prevalence of respiratory disease. CONCLUSION: The association between duration of employment and lower prevalence of respiratory disease can be attributed to the healthy worker effect. However, the evident respiratory impairment among pig farmers and the limited use of personal protective equipment draw attention to the need to implement a program to monitor exposure and regulate environmental factors.


Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/etiología , Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Asma/epidemiología , Asma/etiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Bronquitis Crónica/epidemiología , Bronquitis Crónica/etiología , Culinaria , Desinfectantes/efectos adversos , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Dispositivos de Protección Respiratoria , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Espirometría , Porcinos , Fumar/efectos adversos , Factores de Tiempo
11.
Int J Epidemiol ; 27(6): 936-40, 1998 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10024184

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Incidence rates for cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract in Southern Brazil are among the highest in the world. A case-control study was designed to identify the main risk factors for carcinomas of mouth, pharynx, and larynx in the region. We tested the hypothesis of whether use of wood stoves is associated with these cancers. METHODS: Information on known and potential risk factors was obtained from interviews with 784 cases and 1568 non-cancer controls. We estimated the effect of use of wood stove by conditional logistic regression, with adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption and for other sociodemographic and dietary variables chosen as empirical confounders based on a change-in-estimate criterion. RESULTS: After extensive adjustment for all the empirical confounders the odds ratio (OR) for all upper aero-digestive tract cancers was 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 2.2-3.3). Increased risks were also seen in site-specific analyses for mouth (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.8-4.2), pharyngeal (OR = 3.82; 95% CI: 2.0-7.4), and laryngeal carcinomas (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.2-4.7). Significant risk elevations remained for each of the three anatomic sites and for all sites combined even after we purposefully biased the analyses towards the null hypothesis by adjusting the effect of wood stove use only for positive empirical confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The association of use of wood stoves with cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract is genuine and unlikely to result from insufficient control of confounding. Due to its high prevalence, use of wood stoves may be linked to as many as 30% of all cancers occurring in the region.


Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Boca/etiología , Neoplasias de Oído, Nariz y Garganta/etiología , Humo/efectos adversos , Madera , Anciano , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Boca/epidemiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Neoplasias de Oído, Nariz y Garganta/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Población Urbana
12.
Tokai J Exp Clin Med ; 17(3-4): 145-53, 1992 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1300673

RESUMEN

The effects of wood burning stoves on indoor air quality was investigated in a rural community of southern Brazil, during the winter season of 1991. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were assessed in houses with wood stoves and the results compared with levels found in houses with gas stoves. Strikingly higher (p < 0.01) levels of PAHs, and much higher (p = 0.07) levels of SPM were found in the kitchens with wood stoves. In contrast, NO2 concentrations in the kitchen as well in personal exposure, were found to be slightly higher in houses with gas stoves. All these differences were minimally affected by smoking, outdoor air pollution or other emissions from indoor combustion products. These findings appear to support the hypothesis that domestic wood burning stoves are risk factors for some upper digestive and respiratory tract cancers in Brazil.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire Interior , Calefacción/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Brasil , Carcinógenos/análisis , Neoplasias del Sistema Digestivo/etiología , Humanos , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/análisis , Compuestos Policíclicos/análisis , Neoplasias del Sistema Respiratorio/etiología , Madera
SELECCIÓN DE REFERENCIAS
DETALLE DE LA BÚSQUEDA
...