Two new species of dactylogyrids (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) infecting the gill filaments of fishes in the southern Peruvian Amazon.

Two new dactylogyrid species were found infecting the gill filaments of two freshwater fishes collected in the Amazon River basin around Madre de Dios, Peru, namely, Demidospermus wilveri n. sp. from Loricaria sp. (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), and Notozothecium agusti n. sp. from Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz) (Characiformes: Bryconidae). Demidospermus wilveri n. sp. is characterized by having the following combination of characteristics: (1) a male copulatory organ (MCO) with 1½ rings and a spoon-shaped distal end, (2) an accessory piece with expanded distal end, (3) dorsal and ventral bars with broadly V-shaped and expanded ends, and (4) hooks similar in size. Notozothecium agusti n. sp. differs from its ten congeners by the following combination of characteristics: (1) a coiled MCO with 1½ rings and a sinuous accessory piece with kidney-shaped distal end, (2) an rod-shaped and straight dorsal bar, (3) and anchors with robust superficial roots. Demidospermus wilveri n. sp. represents the thirty-second species in the genus, the eighth from Peru and the fifth parasitising a loricariid catfish from the Peruvian Amazon. Notozothecium agusti n. sp. is the second species of the genus described in Peru and the first species infecting a bryconid host.

Local intensity of artisanal gold mining drives mercury accumulation in neotropical oxbow lake fishes.

Driven by surges in global gold prices and additional socio-economic factors, artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in the Global South is increasing and driving emissions of significant quantities of mercury (Hg) into the air and freshwater. Hg can be toxic to animal and human populations and exacerbate the degradation of neotropical freshwater ecosystems. We examined drivers of Hg accumulation in fish that inhabit oxbow lakes of Peru's Madre de Dios, a region with high biodiversity value and increasing human populations that depend on ASGM. We hypothesized that fish Hg levels would be driven by local ASGM activities, by environmental Hg exposure, by water quality, and by fish trophic level. We sampled fish in 20 oxbow lakes spanning protected areas and areas subject to ASGM during the dry season. Consistent with previous findings, Hg levels were positively associated with ASGM activities, and were higher in larger, carnivorous fish and where water had lower dissolved oxygen levels. In addition, we found a negative relationship between fish mercury levels associated with ASGM and the occurrence of the piscivorous giant otter. The link between fine-scale quantification of spatial ASGM activity and Hg accumulation, as indicated by the result that in the lotic environment, localized effects of gold mining activities are stronger drivers (77 % model support) of Hg accumulation than environmental exposure (23 %) constitutes a novel contribution to a growing body of literature on Hg contamination. Our findings provide additional evidence of high Hg exposure risks to neotropical human and top carnivore populations subject to the impacts of ASGM, which depend on freshwater ecosystems undergoing gradual degradation. The documented spatial variation in Hg accumulation and increased Hg levels in carnivorous fish should serve as a warning to human communities in Madre de Dios to avoid the proximity of high-intensity gold mining areas and minimize local carnivorous fish consumption.

Risk of lead exposure from wild game consumption from cross-sectional studies in Madre de Dios, Peru.

Background: Studies have shown elevated blood lead levels (BLL) in residents of remote communities in the Amazon, yet sources of lead exposure are not fully understood, such as lead ammunition consumed in wild game. Methods: Data was collected during two cross-sectional studies that enrolled 307 individuals in 26 communities. Regression models with community random effects were used to evaluate risk factors for BLLs, including diet, water source, smoking, sex, age, and indigenous status. The All-Ages Lead Model (AALM) from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to estimate background and dose from wild game consumption. Findings: Indigenous status and wild game consumption were associated with increased BLLs. Indigenous participants had 2.52 µg/dL (95% CI: 1.95-3.24) higher BLLs compared to non-indigenous. Eating wild game was associated with a 1.41 µg/dL (95% CI: 1.20-1.70) increase in BLLs. Two or more portions per serving were associated with increased BLLs of 1.66 µg/dL (95% CI: 1.10-2.57), compared to smaller servings. Using the AALM, we estimate background lead exposures to be 20 µg/day with consumption of wild game contributing 500 µg/meal. Lastly, we found a strong association between BLLs and mercury exposure. Interpretation: Consumption of wild game hunted with lead ammunition may pose a common source of lead exposure in the Amazon. Communities that rely on wild game and wild fish may face a dual burden of exposure to lead and mercury, respectively.

Aborto espontáneo en estudiantes universitarias en Pamplona Norte de Santander, Colombia en el periodo 2007-2016. Un estudio transversal / Miscarriage in University Students in Pamplona (Norte de Santander, Colombia) during 2007-2016. A Cross Sectional Study / Aborto espontâneo em estudantes universitárias em Pamplona (Norte de Santander, Colômbia) no período 2007-2016. Um estudo de corte transversal

Introducción: El aborto espontáneo se refiere al fenómeno por el cual un embrión o feto se descarga automática-mente del cuerpo de la madre por alguna razón involuntaria, generalmente a las 20 semanas del embarazo. Entre el 15 % y el 20 % de todos los embarazos tienen riesgo de aborto espontáneo y alrededor de un 10 % terminarán siendo abortos espontáneos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal con intención analítica. Se tomaron los datos de 207 historias clíni-cas del archivo del hospital público de Pamplona (Norte de Santander, Colombia) de mujeres gestantes universita-rias, correspondientes al periodo 2007-2016. Se consideró aborto espontáneo la variable reportada en la historia clínica. Se estimó la frecuencia de aborto espontáneo y se exploró la asociación con diferentes variables clínicas y sociodemográficas en estudiantes universitarias. Se construyeron modelos de regresión binomial simple y multiva-riable, para estimar la asociación entre las variables. Resultados: Se reportaron 15 abortos espontáneos (7,5 %). Aquellas quienes no se habían aplicado la vacuna anti-tetánica y quienes no se realizaron citología durante los 12 meses previos presentaron los mayores porcentajes de abortos espontáneos (16,7 % y 15,2 %, respectivamente). Las mujeres que acusaron haber estado hospitalizadas (RP: 4,01; IC95 %: 1,69-9,49) y haber tenido abortos previamente (RP: 7,53; IC95 %: 3,02-18,77) mostraron aso-ciación con el aborto espontáneo. Conclusión: Se pudo estimar que la proporción de abortos espontáneos es similar a lo reportado en otros estu-dios; no obstante, son necesarias investigaciones adicionales que evalúen la relación entre el aborto espontáneo y factores individuales y contextuales para generar estrategias que disminuyan estas cifras.

Introduction: Miscarriage refers to the phenomenon among an embryo or fetus is automatically discharged from the mother's body for some involuntary reason, generally at 20 weeks of pregnancy. Between 15 and 20% of all pregnancies are at risk of miscarriage, about 10% will end in miscarriages. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study, data were obtained from 207 medical records of university pregnant women from the archive of the Public Hospital of Pamplona, Norte de Santan-der corresponding to the periods 2007-2016. Misscarriage was considered when it was reported in medical history. The frequency of spontaneous abortion was estimated and the association with diffe-rent clinical and sociodemographic variables in university students was explored. Results: 15 spontaneous abortions were reported (7.5%), those who did not apply tetanus and those who did not undergo cytology during the previous 12 months, presented the highest percentages of spontaneous abortions (16.7% and 15.2%), respectively. Women who reported having been hospi-talized (RP: 4.01; 95 % CI: 1.69-9.49) and having previously abortions (RP: 7.53; 95% CI: 3.02-18.77) had an association with miscarriage. A description of miscarriage was made for each of the variables. Simple and multivariate binomial regression models were estimated to explore association between the variables. Conclusion: The proportion of spontaneous abortions is like that reported in other studies, however, it is necessary to generate additional research that evaluates the relationship between this phenome-non and individual and contextual factors for generating strategies that reduce this quantity

ntrodução: O aborto espontâneo refere-se ao fenômeno pelo qual um embrião ou feto é automa-ticamente liberado do corpo da mãe por alguma razão involuntária, geralmente às 20 semanas da gravidez. Entre o 15 % - 20 % de todas as gravidezes estão em risco de aborto espontâneo e cerca de 10 % acabarão como abortos espontâneos. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal com intenção analítica. Os dados foram retirados de 207 fichas médicas do arquivo do hospital público de Pamplona (Norte de Santander, Colômbia) de mul-heres universitárias gravidas, correspondentes ao período 2007-2016. O aborto espontâneo foi con-siderado a variável relatada na história clínica. Foi estimada a frequência de abortos espontâneos e foi explorada a associação com diferentes variáveis clinicas e sóciodemográficas em estudantes uni-versitárias. Modelos simples de regressão binomial e multivariavel, foram construídos para estimar a associação entre as variáveis. Resultado: Foram relatados 15 abortos espontâneos (7,5 %). Aquelas que não receberam a vacinação contra o tétano e aquelas que não fizeram a citologia nos 12 meses anteriores tiveram as maiores porcentagens de abortos espontâneos (16,7 % e 15,2 % respetivamente). As mulheres que relataram ter sido hospitalizadas (RP: 4,01; IC95 %: 1,69-9,49) e ter feito abortos anteriores (RP: 7,53; IC95 %: 3,02-18,77) foram associadas com abortos espontâneos. Conclusão: Foi estimado que a proporção de abortos espontâneos é semelhante à relatada em outros estudos; no entanto, são necessárias mais pesquisas para avaliar a relação entre abortos espontâneos e os fatores individuais e contextuais, a fim de gerar estratégias para reduzir esses números.

CoNaMad-Cohorte de Nacimiento de Madre de Dios/Madre de Dios Birth Cohort to Study Effects of in-utero Trace Metals Exposure in the Southern Peruvian Amazon.

Background: In-utero exposure to mercury and other trace metals pose a significant threat to child health and development, but exposures and health impacts in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) environments are poorly defined. Objectives: We describe the CONAMAD study design, a prospective birth cohort consisting of multiparous women (18 and over) living in rural and peri-urban Peruvian Amazon communities exposed to ASGM. Methods: Pregnant women are enrolled from health posts across four zones of Madre de Dios, Peru. Data are collected at enrollment, childbirth, and (planned) 36-48 months. At enrollment, hair samples for mercury assessment, demographic and clinical data are obtained. At birth, we obtain venous and cord blood, placenta, hair, toenails, and saliva. Findings: Two hundred seventy mothers were enrolled at an average 20 weeks gestational age with no differences in maternal characteristics across zones. Two hundred fifteen mothers were successfully followed at birth. We obtained 214 maternal and cord blood samples, 211 maternal and 212 infant hair samples, 212 placenta samples, 210 infant saliva samples, and 214 infant dried blood spots. Data collected will allow for testing our primary hypotheses of maternal malnutrition modifying ratios of cord:maternal blood total mercury (tHg), cord blood:maternal hair tHg, and infant:maternal hair tHg, and whether chemical mixtures (Hg, Pb, Cd) have synergistic effects on infant neurodevelopment. Conclusions: CONAMAD is designed to collect and store samples for future processing and hypothesis testing associated with in-utero mercury exposure and child development. We have completed the exposure assessments and will conduct a follow-up of mothers to evaluate early child development outcomes, including developmental delay and growth. These data offer insights into disease mechanisms, exposure prevention, and policy guidance for countries where ASGM is prevalent.

Deforestation Due to Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Exacerbates Soil and Mercury Mobilization in Madre de Dios, Peru.

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is a significant contributor of mercury (Hg) contamination and deforestation across the globe. In the Colorado River watershed in Madre de Dios, Peru, mining and deforestation have increased exponentially since the 1980s, resulting in major socioeconomic shifts in the region and two national state of emergency (2016 and 2019) in response to concerns for wide-scale mercury poisoning by these activities. This research employed a watershed-scale soil particle detachment model and environmental field sampling to estimate the role of land cover change and soil erosion on river transport of Hg in a heavily ASGM-impacted watershed. The model estimated that observed decreases in forest cover increased soil mobilization by a factor of two in the Colorado River watershed during the 18 year period and by 4-fold in the Puquiri subwatershed (the area of most concentrated ASGM activity). If deforestation continues to increase at its current exponential rate through 2030, the annual mobilization of soil and Hg may increase by an additional 20-25% relative to 2014 levels. While, the estimated total mass of Hg transported by rivers is substantially less than the estimated tons of Hg used with ASGM in Peru, this research shows that deforestation associated with ASGM is an additional mechanism for mobilizing naturally occurring and anthropogenic Hg from terrestrial landscapes to aquatic environments in the region, potentially leading to bioaccumulation in fish and exposure to communities downstream.

A new species of Polietina (Diptera: Muscidae) from South America, with an updated phylogeny of the genus and a review of species' identity in GenBank.

After a 20 years hiatus, we describe a new species, Polietina ponti sp. nov., from Madre de Dios, Tambopata River, Peru. Additionally, we propose Polietina nigra Couri Carvalho, 1996 as a junior synonym of Polietina prima (Couri Medeiros, 1990). A previous phylogenetic hypothesis was updated with the inclusion of the new taxon described here, which yielded a single most parsimonious tree that is similar to a previously published hypothesis (Pyrellina marsya (Pyrellina distincta (Deltotus facetus ((Polietina steini (Polietina ponti sp. nov., P. prima (P. bicolor, P. minor, P. univittata)(P. flavithorax, P. major)))(P. flavidicincta (P. rubella (P. concinna (P. orbitalis, P. wulpi)))))))). The identity of Polietina vouchers with nucleotide sequences registered in the GenBank were also verified and corrected.

A new species of Sturisoma (Loricariidae: Loricariinae) from the Madre de Dios River basin, Peru, with a key to all congeners and comments on the type series of Sturisoma rostratum.

A new species of the genus Sturisoma from the Madre de Dios River, upper Madeira, Peru, is described. The new species can be differentiated from its congeners by the following characteristics: dorsolateral stripe reaching to less than half, or only half length of caudal peduncle (v. absence of dorsolateral stripe or, if present, spanning more than half caudal-peduncle length); premaxillary teeth longer than dentary teeth (v. dentary teeth longer); sexually mature adult males having well-developed odontodes on the sides of the head and a broader snout (v. adult males lacking well-developed hypertrophied odontodes or, if present, rostrum is same width as females' or immature males'); by having the ventral portion of the rostrum conspicuously darker than ventral surface of the body (v. rostrum light, with same colour as ventral portion of body, except in Sturisoma barbatum); by lacking the lateral process of the sphenotic (v. lateral process of sphenotic well-developed, except in Sturisoma tenuirostre); a dark spot on the first three branched pectoral-fin rays (v. brown spot absent, except in S. barbatum); and the frontal bone contributing less than half of dorsal border of the orbital ridge (v. extensive participation of the frontal, except in Sturisoma guentheri). Furthermore, the new species has 18-20 plates in the median series, which differentiates it from Sturisoma rostratum (21-22), and Sturisoma monopelte (21); and 14-15 coalescent plates, which differentiates it from S. tenuirostre (16-17). It is further differentiated from Sturisoma brevirostre by presence of an enlarged rostrum (v. rostrum not enlarged). A discussion regarding status of the type series and geographic distribution of Sturisoma rostratum is offered, and an identification key for all Sturisoma species is presented.

Gestión de los servicios de salud con enfoque intercultural para comunidades nativas del departamento de Madre de Dios- 2018 / Management of health services with an intercultural approach for native communities of the department of Madre de Dios- 2018

La problemática que enfrentan los pueblos indígenas asentados en comunidades nativas en el departamento de Madre de Dios en relación a la salud, parte de la falta de reconocimiento de sus necesidades, de sus percepciones, conocimientos y prácticas culturales respecto a la salud y enfermedad, comprender que existen poblaciones con sus propios sistemas de salud, de atención de la enfermedad a través de sus curanderos, parteras y el uso de la medicina tradicional; en ese contexto el rol del estado en el marco de la Ley de Modernización de la Gestión del Estado, orientado a mejorar la gestión pública y construir un estado "democrático, descentralizado y al servicio del ciudadano" debe ofertar servicios públicos con enfoque intercultural. Un servicio con capacidad de articular los sistemas de salud convencional y tradicional. En ese sentido la presente investigación tiene como objetivo, determinar el estado actual de la "Gestión de los servicios de salud con enfoque intercultural para comunidades nativas del departamento de Madre de Dios El diseño de la investigación es no experimental, descriptivo y transversal. La población en estudio está compuesta por trabajadores de la Dirección Regional de Salud de Madre de Dios ­ DIRESA MDD (Directivos, Coordinadores, funcionarios públicos y personal administrativo), para el estudio se ha considerado como muestra a 45 trabajadores y el tipo de muestreo fue el probabilístico. Los instrumentos de recopilación de información tienen una validez de Juicio de Expertos de Muy Bueno y alcanzó un nivel de confiabilidad de Muy Confiable (coeficiente alfa = 0.70). Los datos fueron procesados a través del programa estadístico SPSS ­ V22. Los resultados de la investigación, muestran que la Gestión de los Servicios de Salud con Enfoque Intercultural para Comunidades Nativas del Departamento de Madre de Dios es deficiente (60%), sólo el 11.1% de los recursos humanos de la DIRESA presentan capacidades suficientes en salud intercultural. Más del 88% de los entrevistados señalan que la planificación y asignación de presupuesto se realiza de forma deficiente o regular Un servicio de Salud con pertinencia intercultural, es aquel que reconoce, valora y respeta la diversidad cultural, utilizando la lengua de los usuarios (as), respetando los rituales propios de cada cultura, informando sobre la enfermedad con respeto a sus interpretaciones, adecuando la señalización en los establecimientos de salud en su idioma. Actualmente, la atención intercultural en los servicios de salud brindado por los establecimientos de Salud que coberturan población de Comunidades Nativas es calificado por los entrevistados como deficiente (73.3%).Finalmente, el estudio revela que solo el 20% del personal de la DIRESA ­ MDD califica la infraestructura, equipamiento y mobiliario de los establecimientos de salud como adecuado para brindar los servicios de salud con enfoque intercultural para las comunidades nativas en el departamento de Madre de Dios.

Suporte social de gestantes com HIV: revisão narrativa / Social support for pregnant women with HIV: narrative review

Objetivo: Identificar, na produção científica, as fontes e repercussões de suportesocial das gestantes com HIV. Método: Revisão narrativa nas bases de dados: LiteraturaLatino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, National Library of Medicine/NationalInstitutes of Health e SciVerse Scopus. O levantamento dos dados ocorreu em fevereiro de2016, quando foram incluídos 20 estudos submetidos à análise temática com categorizaçãoteórica de suporte social (instrumental e emocional). Resultados: As principais fontes dosuporte instrumental foram: participação em programas de prevenção, acolhimento eeducação em saúde pela equipe; e do suporte emocional foram o companheiro, amigos,familiares e Deus. As principais repercussões foram na revelação do diagnóstico e adesão àprofilaxia da transmissão vertical. Conclusão: A falta de articulação entre as fontes desuporte social pode implicar no abandono dos cuidados em saúde materno e infantil.

Aim: to identify, in scientific production, the sources and repercussions ofsocial support for pregnant women with HIV. Method: narrative review in the databases:Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, National Library of Medicine /National Institutes of Health and SciVerse Scopus. The data were collected in February 2016,when 20 studies were submitted to the thematic analysis with the theoretical categorization ofsocial support (instrumental and emotional). Results: The main instrumental support sourceswere: participation in prevention programs, reception and health education by the team; Andemotional support were from the life partner, friends, family and God. The mainrepercussions were related to the disclosure of diagnosis and to the adherence to prophylaxisof vertical transmission. Conclusion: the lack of articulation among the sources of socialsupport may result in the abandonment of maternal and child health care.

Objetivo: Identificar en la producción científica las fuentes y las repercusionessociales de apoyo a las mujeres con VIH. Método: revisión narrativa en bases de datos: AméricaLatina y el Caribe Ciencias de la Salud, Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina/Institutos Nacionalesde Salud y SciVerse Scopus. La recolección de datos ocurrió en febrero de 2016, cuando fueronincluidos 20 estudios sometidos a análisis temático con la categorización teórica de apoyo social(instrumental y emocional). Resultados: Las principales fuentes de apoyo instrumental fueron: la participación en programas de prevención, atención y educación para la salud; y el apoyoemocional de los compañeros, amigos, familia y Dios. Las principales repercusiones fueron en eldesarrollo del diagnóstico y en la adhesión de la profilaxis para la prevención de la transmisiónvertical. Conclusión: La falta de articulación entre las fuentes de apoyo social puede llevar alabandono de la atención de salud de la madre y del niño.

Distribución y estado poblacional del lobo de río (Pteronura brasiliensis) en la cuenca del río Madre de Dios, sureste del Perú

Se presenta información del estado poblacional y distribución geográfica del lobo de río (Pteronura brasiliensis) en la región Madre de Dios durante los años 2014 y 2015. La población registrada fue de 128 individuos para ambos años, agrupados en 22 grupos familiares en el año 2014 y 20 grupos en el año 2015. Los sectores con mayores abundancias fueron el Parque Nacional del Manu con 2.2 ind/10 km, seguido del Parque Nacional Bahuaja Sonene con 1.43 ind/10 km. La mayor población de lobo de río fuera de las áreas naturales protegidas (ANP) fue registrada en la cuenca del río Las Piedras con una abundancia de 0.5 ind/10 km, seguido de la cuenca de Los Amigos con 0.43 ind/10 km. Las poblaciones dentro de ANP se muestran estables y protegidas (17 grupos familiares en ambos años), mientras que fuera de ANP se registraron solamente 5 grupos en el año 2014 y 2 grupos en el 2015. Actualmente, las mayores amenazadas para las poblaciones de lobo de río en Madre de Dios y la causa de la degradación de sus hábitats la minería aluvial, agricultura y ganadería cerca de los cauces de ríos. Esta situación sugiere la urgente necesidad del establecimiento de iniciativas de conservación en toda la cuenca del río Madre de Dios, en especial fuera de ANP

Population status and geographic distribution of the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) from Madre de Dios Region (south-eastern Peru) of 2014 and 2015 periods are presented. Population census for each period were 128 individuals, grouped in 22 and 20 resident groups during 2014 and 2015 periods respectively. The Manu National Park (2.2 ind/10 km) and Bahuaja Sonene National Park (1.43 ind/10 km.) were the sectors with the greatest abundance of giant otters inside the natural protected areas (ANP), while, Las Piedras and Los Amigos rivers were the sectors, outside the ANP, with highest value of abundance: 0.5 and 0.43 ind/10 km respectively. The populations inside ANP show more stable and protected (17 resident groups), while outside ANP are more vulnerable, where we registered only five (2014) and two (2015) giant otter groups. Currently, the main threats for giant other populations from Madre de Dios and the cause of the environmental degradation of its habitats are the gold mining, agriculture and logging. This situation suggests the urgent need to establish a conservation program throughout the region, especially outside ANP

Uncovering the diversity in the Amazophrynella minuta complex: integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) from southern Peru.

A new species of the genus Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) is described from the departments of Madre de Dios, Cusco and Junin in Peru. An integrative taxonomy approach is used. A morphological diagnosis, morphometrics comparisons, description of the advertisement call, and the phylogenetic relationships of the new species are provided. Amazophrynella javierbustamantei sp. n. differs from other species of Amazophrynella by: intermediate body-size (snout-vent length 14.9 mm in males, n = 26 and 19.6 mm in females, n = 20), tuberculate skin texture of body, greatest hand length of the Amazophrynella spp. (3.6 mm in males, n = 26 and 4.6 mm in females, n = 20), venter coloration yellowish, tiny rounded black points covering the venter, and thirteen molecular autapomorphies in the 16S RNA gene. Its distribution varies from 215 to 708 m a.s.l. This discovery highlights the importance of the remnant forest in preserving the biodiversity in Peru, and increase in seven the species formally described in the genus Amazophrynella.

ResumenDescribimos una nueva especie del género Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) del Perú de los Departamentos de Madre de Dios, Cusco y Junin de Peru. Utilizamos un método de taxonomía integrativa. Obtuvimos la diagnosis morfológica, comparaciones morfométricas, descripción del canto de reproducción y las relaciones filogenéticas de la nueva especie. Amazophrynella javierbustamanteisp. n. difiere de las otras Amazophrynella spp. por poseer tamaño medio (Hocico-cloaca en machos 16.9 mm, n = 26 y en hembras 19.6 mm, n = 20); textura de la piel tuberculada; tamaños de las manos mayores (3.6 mm en machos, n = 26 y 4.6 mm en hembras, n = 20); coloración ventral amarillento-pálida, pequeños puntos redondos de color negro en el vientre y por trece autopomorfias moleculares en el gen 16S RNA. Su distribución varía desde 215 m hasta 708 m a.s.n.m. Este descubrimiento resalta la importancia de los remanentes de la selva Peruana en términos de conservación, e incrementa en siete las especies formalmente descritas en del género Amazophrynella.

ResumoDescrevemos uma nova espécie do gênero Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) dos departamentos de Madre de Dios, Cusco e Junin do Peru. Utilizamos um método de taxonomia integrativa. Apresentamos a diagnose morfológica, comparações morfométricas, descrevemos o canto de anúncio e geramos uma hipótese filogenética da nova espécie. Amazophrynella javierbustamanteisp. n. difere das outras Amazophrynella spp. por possuir tamanho médio (Comprimento rostro-cloacal 16.9 mm em machos, n = 26 e 19.6 mm em fêmeas, n=20); textura da pele tuberculada; tamanhos das mãos maiores (3.6 mm em machos, n = 26 e 4.6 mm em fêmeas, n = 20); coloração ventral amarelo-clara, coberta por pequenos pontos redondos pretos e por treze autapomorfias moleculares no gene 16S RNA. Sua distribuição varia entre os 215 m até os 708 m a.n.m. Nossa descoberta aumenta a importância dos remanescentes da floresta Peruana em termos de conservação e incrementa em sete as espécies formalmente descritas no gênero Amazophrynella.

Tropical rainforest palm communities in Madre de Dios in Amazonian Peru / Comunidades de palmas en los bosques tropicales de Madre de Dios de la Amazonía Peruana

We studied palm communities, in particular species-richness and abundance, in the tropical rainforests in southeastern Peru in 54 transects (5×500m) covering an area of 13.5 hectares in flood plain, terra firme, terrace and premontane hills. We found 42 palm species in 18 genera in the transects. Terra firme forest had the highest species richness (38 species) followed by floodplain and premontane hills with 27 species and terrace forests with 26 species. The highest palm abundances were found in premontane hill forest which had 3243 palms per hectare and terra firme forest which had 2968 palms per hectare. The floodplain forests were intermediate in palm abundance with 2647 and the terrace forests had the lowest abundance with 1709 palms per hectare. Intermediate sized palms were the most common being represented by 18 species, while large palms were represented with 16 species. There were only eight species of small palms of which one was acaulescent. Only one species of liana palm was registered. Of the 42 species observed in the 54 transects, 20 were cespitose, 21 solitary and two had colonial growth. Seven species were found 40-320 km outside of their previously known range.

Estudiamos las comunidades de palmas de los bosques pluviales tropicales del sur de Perú, con especial énfasis en su riqueza de especies y abundancia, utilizando 54 transectas (5×500m), que cubrieron un área de 13.5 hectáreas en planicie inundable, terra firme, terraza y colinas premontanas. Encontramos 42 especies de palmas en las transectas. En el bosque de terra firme se encontró la mayor riqueza de especies (38 especies), seguido por la planicie inundable y las colinas premontanas con 27 especies y los bosques de terraza con 26 especies. Las mayores abundancias se encontraron en el bosque de colinas premontanas, con 3243 palmas por hectárea, y en el bosque de terra firme con 2968 palmas por hectárea. Los bosques de la planicie inundable presentaron una abundancia intermedia con 2647 palmas por hectárea y los bosques de terraza presentaron la menor abundancia con 1709. Las palmas de tamaño intermedio fueron las más comunes, estando representadas por 18 especies, mientras que las palmas grandes estuvieron representadas por 16 especies. Se encontraron solamente ocho especies de palmas pequeñas, una de las cuales era acaulescente. Sólo se registró una especie de palma trepadora. De las 42 especies observadas en las 54 transectas, 20 fueron cespitosas, 21 solitarias y dos presentaron crecimiento colonial. Siete especies se encontraron 40-320 km fuera del rango de distribución conocido previamente.

A new species of Panaqolus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Madeira basin with remarkable intraspecific color variation

The rio Madeira is the largest white-water tributary of the Amazon, and is currently the river drainage with the highest fish species diversity in the world. A new species of Panaqolus was recognized from the middle Madeira and Mamoré rivers (Brazil) and from the Madre de Dios drainage (Peru) and it is described herein. This new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the large number of white dots distributed all over the body and by its remarkable amplitude of color pattern variation, ranging from a pale, light brown, to dark brown and almost black background coloration. The new species closely resembles P. albomaculatus but has more and smaller dots on the body, a smaller orbital diameter (12.5-16.8% head length vs. 16.0-20.0%) and longer maxillary barbels (9.7-19.6% head length vs. 1.6-8.9%). The new species is the second of the genus Panaqolus described for a Brazilian location after nearly 80 years of the description of P. purusiensis.

O rio Madeira é o maior afluente de água branca do rio Amazonas e é atualmente o rio com o maior número de espécies do mundo. Uma nova espécie de Panaqolusfoi reconhecida do médio rio Madeira, do rio Mamoré (ambos no Brasil) e da bacia do Río Madre de Dios (Peru) e é descrita aqui. Esta nova espécie se distingue de suas congêneres pela grande quantidade de pontos brancos espalhados pelo corpo e grande variabilidade na sua coloração, variando de um fundo branco a marrom claro até marrom escuro e quase preto. A espécie se assemelha a P. albomaculatus da qual se distingue por ter mais manchas de menor tamanho no corpo, olhos menores (12,5-16,8% do comprimento da cabeça vs. 16,0-20,0%) e barbilhões maxilares mais compridos (9,7-19,6% comprimento da cabeça vs. 1,6-8,9%). A nova espécie é a segunda de Panaqolus descrita para uma localidade no Brasil, aproximadamente 80 anos após a descrição de P. purusiensis.

[Historical review of the distribution of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Peruvian Amazon]. / Revisión histórica de la distribución de Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) en la amazonía peruana.

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi has been reported since 1931 in border areas of the department of Loreto, mainly along the borders with Brazil and Colombia. In 1994, during an outbreak of malaria, An. darlingi was found in neighboring towns to Iquitos. At present, its distribution has expanded considerably in Loreto. This paper reviews literature available for all possible information on the distribution of mosquitoes, particularly anopheline in the Amazon region of the country, with special emphasis on An darlingi. Entomological collections were also conducted in the departments of Madre de Dios and Ucayali in order to know and verify the distribution of An. darlingi. At present, the distribution of the species is confined to localities in southeastern Peru with Bolivia border towns, in a town near the Abujao River in the department of Ucayali, and widely in the northeastern region of the Amazon basin of Loreto in Peru.

Revisión histórica de la distribución de Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) en la amazonía peruana / Historical review of the distribution of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Peruvian Amazon

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi ha sido reportado desde 1931 en áreas fronterizas del departamento de Loreto, principalmente a lo largo de las fronteras con Brasil y Colombia. En 1994, durante un brote de malaria, An. darlingi fue encontrado en localidades vecinas a Iquitos. En la actualidad, su distribución se ha expandido considerablemente en Loreto. Para los objetivos de este trabajo se realizó una revisión de las referencias bibliográficas disponibles para obtener toda la información posible sobre la distribución de los mosquitos, en particular de los anofelinos en la región Amazónica del país, con énfasis especial en An. darlingi. También se realizaron colectas entomológicas en los departamentos de Madre de Dios y Ucayali con la finalidad de conocer y verificar la distribución de An. darlingi. En la actualidad, la distribución de la especie está circunscrita a localidades al sureste del Perú en localidades fronterizas con Bolivia, en una localidad del río Abujao del departamento de Ucayali, y ampliamente en la región noreste de la cuenca amazónica del departamento de Loreto.

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi has been reported since 1931 in border areas of the department of Loreto, mainly along the borders with Brazil and Colombia. In 1994, during an outbreak of malaria, An. darlingi was found in neighboring towns to Iquitos. At present, its distribution has expanded considerably in Loreto. This paper reviews literature available for all possible information on the distribution of mosquitoes, particularly anopheline in the Amazon region of the country, with special emphasis on An darlingi. Entomological collections were also conducted in the departments of Madre de Dios and Ucayali in order to know and verify the distribution of An. darlingi. At present, the distribution of the species is confined to localities in southeastern Peru with Bolivia border towns, in a town near the Abujao River in the department of Ucayali, and widely in the northeastern region of the Amazon basin of Loreto in Peru.

Frecuencia de casos de Malaria y los factores contribuyentes en el distrito de Huepetuhe, Madre de Dios, Perú / Frequency of and risk factors for malaria in the District of Huepetuhe, Madre de Dios, Peru

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de casos de Malaria en pacientes febriles y los factores condicionantes en el distrito de Huepetuhe, Madre de Dios. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal. Se incluyeron 170 pacientes febriles atendidos en el Laboratorio del Centro de Salud de Huepetuhe. Se utilizó el examen de la gota gruesa y la prueba rápida de cromatografía, para el diagnóstico y tipificación del Plasmodium. Se realizaron visitas de campo para evaluar la existencia de condiciones epidemiológicas que favorecen el desarrollo de la malaria. Resultados: Se encontraron 124 (72,9%) pacientes positivos para malaria, todos correspondieron a P. vivax. El 75% fue varón y 64,5% tenía entre 20 y 59 años. Más de la mitad de los pacientes procedía de Alto Puquiri (27,4%) y Tranquera (26,6%). Conclusiones: La malaria es endémica en los centros poblados de Alto Puquiri y Tranquera, zonas periféricas del distrito de Huepetuhe, donde se realiza minería informal.

Objective: To determine the frequency of and risk factors for malaria in the District of Huepetuhe, Madre de Dios, Peru. Methods: Cross sectional study that included 170 febrile patients attended at the Huepetuhe´s Peripheral Health Care Centre Laboratory. Thick smears and rapid diagnostic tests were performed to diagnose and speciate Plasmodium parasites. Field visits were carried-out to evaluate risk factors for malaria acquisition. Results: 124 (72.9%) patients tested positive for malaria, all of them were infected with P. vivax; 75% were males; 64.5% had between 20 and 59 years of age. More than half of the patients came from Alto Puquiri (27.4%) and Tranquera (26.2%). Conclusions: Malaria is endemic in Alto Puquiri and Tranquera were illegal mining is performed.

A revision of Metaleptobasis Calvert (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) with seven synonymies and the description of eighteen new species from South America.

Examination of over 1,400 specimens of the neotropical genus Metaleptobasis Calvert, 1907, including primary types or paratypes of 18 of the 20 currently available species names and large series of specimens including pairs in tandem and copula, allowed me to unequivocally associate older names with species, distinguish between specific and intraspecific variability, associate both sexes for each species, and recognize the existence of female polymorphism. As a result, seven names are found to be junior synonyms: Metaleptobasis mauritia Williamson, 1915 junior synonym of M. bicornis (Selys, 1877), M. manicaria Williamson, 1915 and M. fernandezi Rácenis, 1955 junior synonyms of M. diceras (Selys, 1877), M. westfalli Cumming, 1954 junior synonym of M. foreli Ris, 1915, and M. tetragena Calvert, 1947, M. weibezahni Rácenis, 1955, and M. incisula De Marmels, 1989 junior synonyms of M. brysonima Williamson, 1915. Lectotypes are designated for M. amazonica and Leptobasis diceras. Eighteen new species of Metaleptobasis are described: M. brevicauda (Holotype ♂, Peru, Huánuco Dep., Shapajilla, jungle, 11 v 1939, F. Woytkowski leg., in UMMZ); M. falcifera (Holotype ♂, Peru, Madre De Dios Dep., Pakitza, Reserved Zone, Manu National Park, T2 to R2 to T1 to base camp, 11°55'48''S, 71°15'18''W, 250 m, 17 ix 1989, J.A. Louton leg., in USNM); M. furcifera (Holotype ♂, Peru, Loreto Dep., Iquitos, iii 1936, G.G. Klug leg., in BMNH); M. gabrielae (Holotype ♂, Peru, Loreto Dep., Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve, forest interior (4°23'40''S, 73°14'56''W), 27 vii 2009, T. Faasen leg., in RMNH); M. guillermoi (Holotype ♂, Peru, Loreto Dep., Yarinacocha, temporary forest stream (8°17'S, 74°37'W, 145 m), 2 vi 1972, D.L. Pearson leg., in FSCA); M. inermis (Holotype ♂, Brazil, Pará State, Jacareacanga, vii 1969, F.R. Barbosa leg., in UMMZ); M. leniloba (Holotype ♂, Peru, Loreto Dep., Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Santa Luisa trail (5°15'S, 74°40'W), 10 vi 2008, C. Beatty, A. Cordero & J. Hoffmann leg., in FSCA); M. longicauda (Holotype ♂, Brazil, Mato Grosso State, C. Teles Pires, Alto Tapajos, 1-31 viii 1956,  Sick leg., in MNRJ); M. orthogonia (Holotype ♂, Peru, Loreto Dep., San Juan, Río Amazonas, near Iquitos, viii 1939, J. Schunke leg., in FSCA); M. paludicola (Holotype ♂, Peru, Loreto Dep., Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve, swamp, 4°23'49''S, 73°14'57''W, 27 ii 2009, T. Faasen leg., in RMNH); M. panguanae (Holotype ♂, Peru, Huánuco Dep., Biological Station Panguana, E side Río Yuyapichis, 9°37'S, 74°57'W, 6-17 iv 2003, H.J. & E.-G. Burmeister leg., in ZSM); M. peltata (Holotype ♂, Peru Loreto Dep., Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve, 4°21'22''S, 73°11'0''W, 19 ii 2010, T. Faasen leg., in RMNH); M. prostrata (Holotype ♂, Peru, Junín Dep., Satipo, v 1945, P. Paprzycki leg., in UMMZ); M. silvicola (Holotype ♂, Peru, Madre de Dios Dep., Explorer's Inn on Río Tambopata, 30 km SW Puerto Maldonado, main trail, 1 viii 1979, M. Perkins & P. Donahue leg., in FSCA); M. spatulata (Holotype ♂, Peru, Huánuco Dep., 10 km N of Cucharas, confluence of Huallaga and Pacay rivers, viii 1954, F. Woytkowski leg., in UMMZ); M. tridentigera (Holotype ♂, Brazil, Rondônia State, Porto Velho, Area Abunan, T11 Aleatorio, 8°46'S, 63°54'W, 86 m, 16 v 2010, Nogueira & Mendes leg., in MZUSP); M. truncata (Holotype ♂, Brazil, Pará State, Jacareacanga, xi 1969, F.R. Barbosa leg., in UMMZ); and M. turbinata (Holotype ♂, Peru, Loreto Dep., Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve, forest swamp (4°24'18''S, 73°14'38''W), 25 ii 2010, T. Fassen leg., in RMNH). Illustrations, keys, diagnoses, and distribution maps for all 31 currently known species are provided. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Metaleptobasis are analyzed based on 33 adult morphological characters, including the 31 currently described species of Metaleptobasis and eleven outgroup taxa of other Coenagrionidae of the subfamily Teinobasinae. The cladistic analysis recovered Metaleptobasis as monophyletic, and as sister group of Aceratobasis Kennedy, a teinobasine genus some of the species of which possess an articulated spur on base of male cercus. Hypothesized relationships among its species are discussed. 

Notes about morphological features of the Western Hemisphere subtribe Ardistomina, and revision of genus Semiardistomis Kult (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaritinae, Clivinini).

Comparisons of structural features (principally mouthparts, elytral-abdominal locking mechanism, and female genitalia) of the ardistomine genera (Aspidoglossa Putzeys, Ardistomis Putzeys, and Semiardistomis Kult) with those features of members of the subtribe Clivinina (Clivina Latreille, Oxydrepanus Putzeys, Schizogenius Putzeys,Ancus Putzeys, Nyctosyles Putzeys, and Obadius Burmeister) confirm the taxonomic validity of the subtribe Ardistomina. Based on morphological features, the ardistomine genera are postulated to be related as follows: [Aspidoglossa [Ardistomis + Semiardistomis]]. Knowledge of this subtribe is further extended by taxonomic treatment of the genus Semiardistomis Kult. Of the 30 valid names of Semiardistomis previously recognized, four were proposed as variety names, and are listed as junior synonyms: Ardistomis labialis picipes Bates, 1881, Ardistomis labialis nanus Bates, 1881, and Ardistomis labialis dilatatus Bates, 1881; and Ardistomis pallipes caerulea Putzeys, 1846. Eight names, treated as specific epithets, are junior synonyms, as follows: Ardistomis (Semiardistomis) balthasari Kult, 1950 = Semiardistomis glabratus (Putzeys, 1866); Ardistomis (Semiardistomis) emdeni Kult, 1950 = Semiardistomis deletus (Putzeys, 1846); Ardistomis aenea Putzeys, 1866, Ardistomis (Semiardistomis) brittoni Kult, 1950, and Ardistomis (Semiardistomis) marani Kult, 1950 = Semiardistomis flavipes (Dejean, 1831); Ardistomis tuspanensis Putzeys, 1846 = Semiardistomis labialis (Chaudoir, 1837); Ardistomis (Semiardistomis) vlastae Kult, 1950 = Semiardistomis subglabra (van Emden, 1949); and Ardistomis striga Putzeys, 1866 = Semiardistomis pallipes (Dejean, 1831). Two new species described are Semiardistomis exspectatussp. n.(type locality PERU, Madre de Dios, Rio Manu, 11°56'47"S, 071°17'00"W), and Semiardistomis majorsp. n. (type locality PERU, Loreto, Rio Samiria, 05°12'S, 75°20'W). The 20 species of Semiardistomis are arranged intwo species-groups here proposed: the puncticollis group, including 12 species; and labialis group, including eight species. The species recognized are keyed, described or redescribed, and notes are provided about their Geographical distribution, habitat and activity. Distribution maps show known geographical ranges, from which are inferred patterns of speciation from a center of radiation in northern South America of both lineages.

Lactancia materna exclusiva en madres de 20 a 49 años del municipio de Puerto Lempira, Gracias a Dios. Honduras. Período Enero a Junio 2011 / Exclusive breast feeding in mothers aged 20 to 49 in the municipality of Puerto Lempira, Gracias a Dios. Honduras. Period January to June 2011

Estudio de tipo descriptivo, cuantitativo.De forma general, se obtuvo que la edad que predominó en las encuestadas fue de 20 a 29 años, presentándose así mismo que de 40 a 49 años también siguen pariendo aumentando el riesgo de complicaciones tanto para ellas como para sus bebes. En cuanto al nivel de conocimiento sobre la Lactancia Materna las madres indicaron en su gran mayoría que han recibido información sobre lactancia, brindándoles esta información el personal de salud, seguido de los medios de comunicación y en menor grado la familia, indicaron también casi en su totalidad que es muy importante dar de mamar a sus hijos, siendo el momento en que recibieron información antes del embarazo así como un grupo que fue durante el embarazo y la minoría que fue durante el puerperio. En el momento de consultarles si recordaban las ventajas de la Lactancia Materna la gran mayoría mencionó menos de cinco ventajas, siendo un conocimiento al darle una escala de bajo o inadecuado, solo un pequeño grupo de ellas menciono más de cinco ventajas siendo su conocimiento adecuado. Al consultarles el tiempo que ellas brindaron a sus hijos Lactancia Materna exclusiva la gran mayoría indicó que lo hizo los seis primeros meses de edad, no presentando las madres ninguna enfermedad para abandonar la lactancia a sus hijos,se incluyo el VIH SIDA no teniendo ninguna madre enferma. Asi mismo, existe un grupo que abandonó la lactancia materna antes de los tres meses de edad y entre las causas de abandono de la lactancia materna tenemos que las madres tienen que trabajar, otro grupo que no era suficiente para el bebe o que no tenían leche, por viajes de la madre etc