COVID-19 fatality and DALYs, and associated metabolic disorders and ambient air pollutants in pre-Omicron era of the pandemic: an international comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Air pollution and a number of metabolic disorders have been reported to increase the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. This study explored the association between severe COVID-19 outcomes, metabolic disorders and environmental air pollutants, at regional level, across 38 countries. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study using COVID-19 data related to countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), with an estimated population of 1.4 billion. They were divided into 3 regions: 1. Europe & Middle east; 2. Americas (north, central & south America); 3. East-Asia & West Pacific. The outcome variables were: COVID-19 case-fatality rate (CFR) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) at regional level. Freely accessible datasets related to regional DALYs, demographics and other environmental pollutants were obtained from OECD, WHO and the World in Data websites. Generalized linear model (GLM) was performed to determine the regional determinants of COVID-19 CFR and DALYs using the aggregate epidemiologic data (Dec. 2019-Dec. 2021). RESULTS: Overall cumulative deaths were 65,000 per million, for mean CFR and DALYs of 1.31 (1.2)% and 17.35 (2.3) years, respectively. Globally, GLM analysis with adjustment for elderly population rate, showed that COVID-19 CFR was positively associated with atmospheric PM2.5 level (beta = 0.64(0.0), 95%CI: 0.06-1.35; p < 0.05), diabetes prevalence (beta = 0.26(0.1), 95%CI: 0.12-0.41; p < 0.001). For COVID-19 DALYs, positive associations were observed with atmospheric NOx level (beta = 0.06(0.0), 95%CI: 0.02-0.82; p < 0.05) and diabetes prevalence (beta = 0.32(0.2), 95%CI: 0.04-0.69; p < 0.05). At regional level, adjusted GLM analysis showed that COVID-19 CFR was associated with atmospheric PM2.5 level in the Americas and East-Asia & Western Pacific region; it was associated with diabetes prevalence for countries of Europe & Middle east and East-Asia & Western Pacific region. Furthermore, COVID-19 DALYs were positively associated with atmospheric PM2.5 and diabetes prevalence for countries of the Americas only. CONCLUSION: These findings confirm that diabetes and air pollution increase the risk of disability and fatality due to COVID-19, with disparities in terms of their impact. They suggest that efficient preventive and management programs for diabetes and air pollution countermeasures would have curtailed severe COVID-19 outcome rates.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 11 (22 March 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four Epidemiological Weeks (EWs), the Americas region has experienced intermediate levels of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) activity, showing a decreasing trend. Concurrently, there has been a decline in Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) activity, currently at low levels. Both ILI and SARI activities have been associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been notably influenced by moderate activity in North America and the Caribbean, while SARI activity has been particularly impacted by trends in North America. Regarding respiratory virus circulation, regional SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased after an observed increase in previous weeks, although it remains moderate compared to previous epidemic waves. Additionally, an epidemic activity of influenza has been observed for this time of year, alongside a declining activity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), which is currently at low levels. North America: Despite a slight decline in previous EWs, ILI cases have maintained medium-high levels, primarily attributed to influenza. SARI cases and respiratory virus-related hospitalizations have continued to decline. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic levels, showing a slight decrease over the past four EWs. Predominant influenza viruses during this period have been type A , with A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) circulating concurrently, along with lesser circulation of influenza B/Victoria. RSV activity has declined over the past four EWs, maintaining moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the same period to low levels compared to previous waves. By countries: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has significantly decreased over the past four EWs to medium-low levels. Influenza activity has remained epidemic, gradually declining, while RSV activity has also decreased to moderate levels. In Mexico, influenza circulation has fluctuated at epidemic levels over the past four EWs, with SARS-CoV-2 circulation remaining at intermediate levels compared to previous waves. In the United States, influenza activity has consistently remained above the epidemic threshold, while RSV and SARSCoV- 2 activities have decreased to low levels. ILI cases have remained stable at medium levels. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown a downward trend over the past four EWs after reaching similar elevated levels as the previous season. Caribbean: Following a previous increase, ILI cases have markedly decreased over the past four weeks, primarily attributed to influenza. SARI cases have continued to decline, with most positive cases associated with influenza. Influenza activity has decreased over the past four EWs, reaching low circulation levels. Predominant viruses during this period have been influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria to a lesser extent. RSV activity has remained low, and SARS-CoV-2 activity has also declined to low levels. By countries: Increased influenza activity has been observed in Suriname and the Cayman Islands. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in Dominica, Saint Lucia, Guyana, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Central America: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, primarily attributed to influenza. SARI cases have shown a slight increase but remain at low levels, with most positive cases attributed to influenza. Influenza activity has increased to intermediate levels over the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has also remained at low levels. By countries: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the past four EWs to low levels, while SARI activity has remained at epidemic levels. In Guatemala, an increase in ILI cases associated with influenza has been observed, reaching moderate levels, while SARI cases have remained at epidemic levels, primarily associated with influenza. In Honduras, there has been a new increase in SARI cases, reaching epidemic levels, associated with a rise in positive cases for influenza. In Nicaragua, activity for both RSV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 has decreased to low levels. In Panama, influenza activity has shown a pronounced increase to moderate levels over the past four EWs, while ILI and SARI cases have remained low. have continued to decline to low levels, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. Influenza activity has remained at low levels over the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the decline to moderate levels. By countries: In Bolivia, an increase in ILI and SARI cases has been observed, reaching levels around the epidemic threshold associated with positive cases for influenza. Influenza has shown a marked increase in activity, surpassing the elevated threshold. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the last four EWs to medium-low levels; SARI activity has been around the epidemic threshold during these last four EWs, with positive cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. In Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased to medium-high levels, influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold, and RSV activity has remained at moderate levels over the last four EWs. SARI activity has fluctuated around the moderate threshold, with positive SARI cases attributable to influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and, to a lesser extent, RSV. In Peru, after a marked increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity in previous weeks, a decrease has been observed in the last four EWs to low levels. In Venezuela, fluctuating influenza activity has been observed below the epidemic threshold over the last four EWs. Brazil and Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity have remained at low levels over the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has shown an increase over the last four EWs, reaching levels around the epidemic threshold in some countries. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the decline with elevated levels. By countries: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positivity, although remaining at moderate levels, has shown a marked decrease over the last four EWs, and influenza activity is below the epidemic threshold. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at elevated levels, albeit decreasing, and influenza activity has shown an increase during the last four EWs, surpassing the epidemic threshold. In Chile, an increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed over the last four EWs at moderate levels, along with an increase in influenza activity, which has surpassed the epidemic threshold. ILI cases have shown a pronounced increase with epidemic levels; SARI cases have slightly surpassed the epidemic threshold, with the majority of positive cases for both ILI and SARI attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and to a lesser extent, influenza. In Paraguay, the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 has shown a decrease over the last four EWs, reaching low levels, while influenza and RSV activity have remained low. ILI and SARI activity have remained below the epidemic threshold. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued below the epidemic threshold, albeit with a slight increase in the last four weeks, with the majority of the few positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE) se han observado niveles intermedios en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, con una tendencia decreciente. A su vez se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos la actividad observada se ha asociado a casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en Norteamérica y Caribe, mientras que la actividad de IRAG se ha visto especialmente influenciada por la actividad detectada en Norteamérica. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional tras un ascenso observado en semanas previas, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido, aunque que se mantiene moderada en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año, y una actividad en descenso del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que se encuentra actualmente en niveles bajos. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, tras un ligero descenso en SE previas, se han mantenido en niveles medio-altos con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG y hospitalizaciones asociadas a virus respiratorios se han mantenido un descenso. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación mostrando un ligero descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A, circulando de forma concurrente influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 e influenza A(H3N2), y con circulación en menor medida de influenza B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un decremento en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles bajos en comparación con ola previas. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un marcado descenso en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles mediobajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con un descenso paulatino y la actividad del VRS ha mantenido un descenso encontrándose en niveles medios. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, y la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles intermedios en comparación con olas previas. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido constante por encima del umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS y del SARS-CoV-2 han mantenido un descenso hasta niveles bajos. Los casos de ETI se han mantenido estables en niveles medios. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados similares a la temporada previa han presentado una tendencia a la baja en las cuatro últimas SE. Caribe: Tras el incremento observado en SE previas, los casos de ETI han mostrado un marcado descenso en las cuatro últimas semanas hasta niveles bajos. Los casos de IRAG han permanecido en descenso, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles bajos de circulación. Durante las cuatro últimas SE, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, y se ha observado circulación concurrente en menor medida de influenza tipo A(H3N2) y B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en descenso hasta niveles bajos. Por países: Se ha observado una actividad elevada de influenza en Surinam y las Islas Caimán. Se ha observado una actividad elevada de SARS-CoV-2 en Dominica, Santa Lucia, Guyana y San Vicente y las Granadinas. América Central: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG han presentado un ligero incremento, aunque se mantiene en niveles bajos, siendo la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento situándose en niveles intermedios en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación concurrente de A(H3N2) y en menor medida de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha permanecido en niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 has descendido durante las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles bajos y la actividad de IRAG se encuentra en torno a niveles epidémicos. En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI asociados a influenza, encontrándose en niveles de actividad moderados; en cuanto a los casos de IRAG se mantienen en niveles epidémicos, siendo la mayoría asociados a su vez a influenza. En Honduras, se ha observado de nuevo un incremento en los casos de IRAG que se encuentran en niveles epidémicos, asociado a un ascenso en los casos positivos a influenza. En Nicaragua, la actividad tanto del VRS, influenza y SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido hasta niveles bajos. En Panamá, la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un pronunciado incremento hasta niveles moderados en las cuatro últimas SE, los casos de ETI e IRAG se han mantenido bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG se han mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos siendo la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV- 2 e influenza. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación concurrente de A(H3N2) y en menor medida de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles medios. Por países: En Bolivia, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI e IRAG asociado a casos positivos a influenza y con niveles en torno al umbral epidémico. La influenza ha mostrado un marcado incremento en la actividad, superando el umbral elevado. En Colombia, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles medio-bajos; la actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en descenso en torno al umbral epidémico durante estas últimas cuatro SE, con los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2 y VRS. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un incremento en la actividad situándose en niveles medio-altos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles medios en las cuatro últimas SE. La actividad de IRAG ha fluctuado en torno al umbral moderado, los casos IRAG positivos han sido atribuibles a influenza, SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a VRS. En Perú tras un marcado incremento en la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 en semanas previas, se ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles bajos. En Venezuela durante las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de influenza por debajo del umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI ha permanecido y en niveles bajos en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha mostrado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE con niveles en torno al umbral epidémico en algunos países. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09 seguidos de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles elevados. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. El porcentaje de positividad de SARS-CoV-2, aunque permanece con niveles moderados, ha mostrado un marcado descenso en las cuatro últimas SE y la actividad de influenza se encuentra por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados, aunque en descenso, y la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un ascenso durante la cuatro últimas SE superando el umbral epidémico. En Chile, se ha observado un incremento en la actividad del SARS.CoV-2 en las cuatro últimas SE con niveles moderados, y a su vez se ha observado un ascenso en la actividad de influenza que ha superado el umbral epidémico. Los casos de ETI han presentado un ascenso pronunciado con niveles epidémicos; los casos de IRAG han superado ligeramente el umbral epidémico, la mayoría de los casos positivos tanto de ETI como de IRAG son atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza. En Paraguay, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, encontrándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza y VRS se han mantenido bajas. La actividad de IRAG y ETI se han mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado con niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, aunque con un ligero incremento en las cuatro últimas semanas siendo la mayoría de los escasos casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 8 (1 March 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four Epidemiological Weeks (EWs), there has been a decline in lnfluenza-Like lllness (ILI) activity in the Americas region, stabilizing at medium levels. Similarly, a decrease has been observed in the activity of Severe Acute Respiratory lnfection (SARI), currently at low leveis. ln both cases, the observed activity has been associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been mainly linked to moderate activity observed in North America, which showed a mild decrease in the past four weeks. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained moderate at the regional level compared to previous epidemie waves. Influenza activity has decreased over the period; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity, while remaining moderate, has also declined. North America: ILI cases have remained at medium-high levels, with most cases attributable to influenza, although showing a decline in this proportion. SARI cases have decreased, with most cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at epidemie levels after a slight decrease in recent EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H 1 N 1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of influenza A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, influenza B/Victoria. RSV activity has declined in the last four EWs, remaining at moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 positivity has decreased in the last four EWs and remains below late 2023 levels. By countries: ln Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has markedly decreased in the last four EWs to medium leveis. Influenza activity remains at epidemie levels, and RSV activity has declined during this period. ln Mexico, influenza circulation has remained fluctuating at epidemie levels in the last four EWs, while an increase in SARS-CoV-2 circulation has been observed. ln the United States, influenza activity has decreased in the past four EWS and remained above the epidemie threshold, RSV activity has decreased to moderate levels, and although SARS-CoV-2 has remained at high levels, it has shown a decreasing trend. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, after reaching similar high levels to the previous season, have shown a downward trend in the last four EWs. Caribbean: ILI cases have declined from high levels in preceding weeks to moderate levels in the most recent EW associated with decreases in positive influenza and SARS-Co-V-2 cases; SARI cases have remained on the decline. Influenza activity has increased in the last four EWs, reaching low circulation levels. During the last four EWs, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1 N1)pdm09, followed by A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has declined to moderate levels, continuing to show a decreasing trend. By countries: Elevated influenza activity has been observed in Suriname. Central America: ILI and SARI cases have decreased in the last four weeks, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARSCoV- 2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. Influenza activity has decreased in the last four EWs, with an increase noted in the most recent EW, however remaining at low levels. During this period, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1 N1)pdm09, followed by A(H3N2) and B/Victoria. RSV activity has decreased to low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity further declined and remained at low levels. By countries: ln EI Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity continued to decline over the past four EWs. ln Guatemala, ILI cases were sustained at high levels and SARI cases while declining to moderate levels showed increasing positivity for SARS-Co-V-2 and influenza. ln Honduras, both ILI and SARI cases increased slightly in the past four EWs, however both remain below epidemie levels. Influenza activity continued at epidemie leveis. ln Nicaragua, RSV activity has continued to decline; both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 levels have remained low. After reaching high levels in early January 2024 in Panama, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased. However, after fluctuating around the epidemie threshold in the last four EWs, influenza activity levels have increased to epidemie levels. ILI and SARI cases, have declined in the last four EWs. Andean: ILI activity has remained stable at iow levels, and SARI casesremaineda t high levels, with the highest proportion of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at low leveis in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H1 N1)pdm09, with circulation of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria to a lesser extent. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has declined over the past four EWs. By countries: ln Bolivia, influenza circulation has increased in recent EWs with influenza A(H3N2) dominating. SARI and ILI numbers have, however, remained low. ln Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity have declined after an initial increase in mid-January 2024. ln Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 has shown an increase in activity in the past EW; influenza activity has continued to decline and has remained beneath epidemie thresholds for the past four EWs, and RSV activity has declined. SARI cases have also decreased. ln Peru, SARSCoV- 2 activity has steadily declined over the past four EWs. Influenza activity in Venezuela has increased over the past four EWs with A(H1N1)pdm09 dominating followed by influenza A(H3N2), and influenza B/Victoria. Brazil and the Southem Cone: SARI and ILI activity has remained low in the last four EWs, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at low circuiation levels during the last four EWs, with a slight increase in the last two EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 positivity has remained at high levels, however the number of positives has declined. By countries: ln Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemie threshold. After an initial inerease in the positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 in late January, a decline has been observed, remaining at high ievels. ln Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased in the past four EWs, remaining at high levels. ln Chile, after a marked deerease, SARS-CoV-2 activity has reeently increased again in the last four EWs, with ILI cases remaining above epidemie levels, however, SARI cases remained just below the epidemie threshold, mostly attributable to SARS-CoV-2. ln Paraguay, SARS-CoV-2 cireulation has shown a decrease in the last three EWs, reaching moderate leveis, and influenza aetivity has increased above the epidemie threshold, while SARI activity has been below epidemie leveis, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. ln Uruguay, SARI activity has continued at levels below the epidemie threshold, with most of the few positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE), ha habido una disminución en la actividad de Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, estabilizándose en niveles medios. De igual forma, se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de la lnfección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos, la actividad observada se ha asociado con casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en América dei Norte, que mostrá una leve disminución en las últimas cuatro semanas. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, la actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido moderada a nivel regional en comparación con oleadas epidémicas anteriores. La actividad de la influenza ha disminuido durante el período; La actividad dei virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS), aunque sigue siendo moderada, también ha disminuido. América dei Norte: los casos de ETI se han mantenido en niveles medio-altos, y la mayoría de los casos son atribuibles a la influenza, aunque muestran una disminución en esta proporción. Los casos de IRAG han disminuido, y la mayoría de los casos son atribuibles a la influenza y, en menor medida, ai SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de la influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos después de una ligera disminudón en las SE redentes. Durante este período, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1 N1)pdm09, con circulación concurrente de influenza A(H3N2) y, en menor medida, influenza BNictoria. La actividad dei VRS ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La positividad dei SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE y se mantiene por debajo de los niveles de finales de 2023. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido notablemente en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles medias. La actividad de la influenza se mantiene en niveles epidémicos y la actividad dei VRS ha disminuido durante este período. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuando a niveles epidémicos en las últimas cuatro SE, mientras que se observa un aumento en la circuladón de SARS-CoV-2. En los Estados Unidos, la actividad de la influenza disminuyó en los últimos cuatro SE y se mantuvo por encima dei umbral epidémico, la actividad dei VRS disminuyó a niveles moderados y, aunque el SARS-CoV-2 se mantuvo en niveles altos, mostrá una tendenda decreciente. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2, luego de alcanzar niveles similares a los de la temporada anterior, han mostrado una tendencia a la baja en las últimas cuatro SE. Caribe: Los casos de ETI han disminuido desde niveles altos en las semanas anteriores a niveles moderados en la SE más redente asodado con disminuciones en los casos positivos de influenza y SARS-Co-V-2; Los casos de IRAG han seguido disminuyendo. La actividad de influenza ha aumentado en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles bajos de drculación. Durante las últimas cuatro SE, los virus predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido dei A(H3N2) y, en menor medida, el BNictoria. La actividad dei VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido a niveles moderados y continúa mostrando una tendencia decreciente. Por países: Se ha observado una elevada actividad de influenza en Surinam. Centroamérica: Los casos de ETI e IRAG han disminuido en las últimas cuatro semanas, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles ai SARS-CoV-2 y, en menor medida, a la influenza. La actividad de influenza ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE, observándose un aumento en la SE más redente, aunque se mantiene en niveles bajos. Durante este período los virus predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, seguido dei A(H3N2) y BNictoria. La actividad dei VRS ha disminuido a niveles bajos. La actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 siguió disminuyendo y se mantuvo en niveles bajos. Por países: En EI Salvador, la actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 continuá disminuyendo durante las últimas cuatro SE. En Guatemala, los casos de ETI se mantuvieron en niveles altos y los casos de IRAG, aunque disminuyeron a niveles moderados, mostraron una positividad creciente para el SARS-Co-V-2 y la influenza. En Honduras, tanto los casos de ETI como de IRAG aumentaron ligeramente en las últimas cuatro SE, sin embargo, ambos permanecen por debajo de los niveles epidémicos. La actividad gripal continuá a niveles epidémicos. En Nicaragua, la actividad dei VRS ha seguido disminuyendo; Tanto los niveles de influenza como de SARS-CoV- 2 se han mantenido bajos. Después de alcanzar niveles elevados a principies de enero de 2024 en Panamá, la actividad dei SARSCoV- 2 ha disminuido. Sin embargo, después de fluctuar alrededor dei umbral epidémico en las últimas cuatro SE, los niveles de actividad de la influenza han aumentado a niveles epidémicos. Los casos de ETI e IRAG han disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE. Andino: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos y los casos de IRAG se mantuvieron en niveles altos, siendo la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles ai SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles bajos en las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este período, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1 N1)pdm09, con circulación de A(H3N2) y BNictoria en menor medida. La actividad dei VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE. Por países: En Bolivia la circulación de influenza ha aumentado en las últimas SE, predominando la influenza A(H3N2). Sin embargo, las cifras de IRAG y ETI se han mantenido bajas. En Colombia, la actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido luego de un aumento inicial a mediados de enero de 2024. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un aumento en la actividad en la pasada SE; la actividad de la influenza ha seguido disminuyendo y se ha mantenido por debajo de los umbrales epidémicos durante las últimas cuatro SE, y la actividad dei VRS ha disminuido. Los casos de IRAG también han disminuido. En Perú, la actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido constantemente durante las últimas cuatro SE. La actividad de influenza en Venezuela ha aumentado en las últimas cuatro SE, con A(H1N1)pdm09 dominando seguido de influenza A(H3N2) e influenza BNictoria. Brasil y Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI se ha mantenido baja en las últimas cuatro SE, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles ai SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles de circulación bajos durante las últimas cuatro SE, con un ligero aumento en las últimas dos SE. Durante este período, los vírus de influenza predominantes han sido el tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09, seguidos por el BNictoria. La actividad dei VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La positividad dei SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados, sin embargo, el número de positivos ha disminuido. Por países: En Argentina los niveles de ETI e IRAG se han mantenido por debajo dei umbral epidémico. Tras un aumento inicial de la tasa de positividad dei SARS-CoV-2 a finales de enero, se ha observado un descenso, manteniéndose en niveles elevados. En Brasil, la actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 ha aumentado en las últimas cuatro SE y se mantiene en niveles elevados. En Chile, después de una marcada disminución, la actividad dei SARS-CoV-2 recientemente aumentá nuevamente en las últimas cuatro SE, y los casos de ETI se mantuvieron por encima de los niveles epidémicos; sin embargo, los casos de IRAG se mantuvieronjusto por debajo dei umbral epidémico, en su mayoría atribuibles ai SARS-CoV-2. En Paraguay, la circulación de SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado una disminución en las últimas tres SE, alcanzando niveles moderados, y la actividad de influenza ha aumentado por encima dei umbral epidémico, mientras que la actividad de IRAG ha estado por debajo de los niveles epidémicos, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles ai SARS-CoV-2. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado en niveles por debajo dei umbral epidémico, y la mayoría de los pocos casos positivos son atribuibles ai SARS-CoV-2.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 9 (8 March 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past tour Epidemiological Weeks (EWs), there has been a decline in lnfluenza-Like lllness (ILI) activity in the Americas region, stabilizing at medium levels. Similarly, a decrease has been observed in the activity of Severe Acute Respiratory lnfection (SARI), currently at low levels. In both cases, the observed activity has been associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been mainly linked to moderate activity observed in North America, which showed a mild decrease in the past tour weeks. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained moderate at the regional level compared to previous epidemic waves. Influenza activity has decreased over the period; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity, while remaining moderate, has also declined. North America: ILI cases have remained at medium-high levels, with most cases attributable to influenza, although showing a decline in this proportion. SARI cases have decreased, with most cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic levels after a slight decrease in recent EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H 1 N 1 )pdm09, with concurrent circulation of influenza A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, influenza B/Victoria. RSV activity has declined in the last tour EWs, remaining at moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 positivity has decreased in the last tour EWs and remains below late 2023 levels. By countries: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has markedly decreased in the last tour EWs to medium levels. Influenza activity remains at epidemic levels, and RSV activity has declined during this period. In Mexico, influenza circulation has remained fluctuating at epidemic levels in the last tour EWs, while an increase in SARS-CoV-2 circulation has been observed. In the United States, influenza activity has decreased in the past tour EWS and remained above the epidemic threshold, RSV activity has decreased to moderate levels, and although SARS-CoV-2 has remained at high levels, it has shown a decreasing trend. Hospitalization rates tor influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, after reaching similar high levels to the previous season, have shown a downward trend in the last tour EWs. Caribbean: ILI cases have declined from high levels in preceding weeks to moderate levels in the most recent EW associated with decreases in positive influenza and SARS-Co-V-2 cases; SARI cases have remained on the decline. Influenza activity has increased in the last tour EWs, reaching low circulation levels. During the last tour EWs, the predominant viruses have been type A(H1 N1)pdm09, tollowed by A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has declined to moderate levels, continuing to show a decreasing trend. By countries: Elevated influenza activity has been observed in Suriname. Central America: ILI and SARI cases have decreased in the last tour weeks, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARSCoV- 2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. Influenza activity has decreased in the last tour EWs, with an increase noted in the most recent EW, however remaining at low levels. During this period, the predominant viruses have been type A(H 1 N 1 )pdm09, tollowed by A(H3N2) and B/Victoria. RSV activity has decreased to low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity further declined and remained at low levels. By countries: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity continued to decline over the past tour EWs. In Guatemala, ILI cases were sustained at high levels and SARI cases while declining to moderate levels showed increasing positivity tor SARS-Co-V-2 and influenza. In Honduras, both ILI and SARI cases increased slightly in the past tour EWs, however both remain below epidemic levels. Influenza activity continued at epidemic levels. In Nicaragua, RSV activity has continued to decline; both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 levels have remained low. After reaching high levels in early January 2024 in Panama, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased. However, after fluctuating around the epidemic threshold in the last tour EWs, influenza activity levels have increased to epidemic levels. ILI and SARI cases, have declined in the last tour EWs. Andean: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, and SARI casesremaineda t high levels, with the highest proportion of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at low levels in the last four EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H 1 N 1 )pdm09, with circulation of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria to a lesser extent. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has declined over the past four EWs. By countries: In Bolivia, influenza circulation has increased in recent EWs with influenza A(H3N2) dominating. SARI and ILI numbers have, however, remained low. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity have declined after an initial increase in mid-January 2024. In Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 has shown an increase in activity in the past EW; influenza activity has continued to decline and has remained beneath epidemic thresholds far the past four EWs, and RSV activity has declined. SARI cases have also decreased. In Peru, SARSCoV- 2 activity has steadily declined over the past four EWs. Influenza activity in Venezuela has increased over the past four EWs with A(H1 N1)pdm09 dominating followed by influenza A(H3N2), and influenza B/Victoria. Brazil and the Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity has remained low in the last four EWs, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has remained at low circulation levels during the last four EWs, with a slight increase in the last two EWs. During this period, the predominant influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and A(H1 N1)pdm09, followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 positivity has remained at high levels, however the number of positives has declined. By countries: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. After an initial increase in the positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 in late January, a decline has been observed, remaining at high levels. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased in the past four EWs, remaining at high levels. In Chile, after a marked decrease, SARS-CoV-2 activity has recently increased again in the last four EWs, with ILI cases remaining above epidemic levels, however, SARI cases remained just below the epidemic threshold, mostly attributable to SARS-CoV-2. In Paraguay, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has shown a decrease in the last three EWs, reaching moderate levels, and influenza activity has increased above the epidemic threshold, while SARI activity has been below epidemic levels, with most positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued at levels below the epidemic threshold, with most of the few positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE), ha habido una disminución en la actividad de Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, estabilizándose en niveles medios. De igual forma, se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de la Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos, la actividad observada se ha asociado con casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en América del Norte, que mostró una leve disminución en las últimas cuatro semanas. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido moderada a nivel regional en comparación con oleadas epidémicas anteriores. La actividad de la influenza ha disminuido durante el período; La actividad del virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS), aunque sigue siendo moderada, también ha disminuido. América del Norte: los casos de ETI se han mantenido en niveles medio-altos, y la mayoría de los casos son atribuibles a la influenza, aunque muestran una disminución en esta proporción. Los casos de IRAG han disminuido, y la mayoría de los casos son atribuibles a la influenza y, en menor medida, al SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de la influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos después de una ligera disminución en las SE recientes. Durante este período, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1 N1)pdm09, con circulación concurrente de influenza A(H3N2) y, en menor medida, influenza B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La positividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE y se mantiene por debajo de los niveles de finales de 2023. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido notablemente en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles medios. La actividad de la influenza se mantiene en niveles epidémicos y la actividad del VRS ha disminuido durante este período. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuando a niveles epidémicos en las últimas cuatro SE, mientras que se observa un aumento en la circulación de SARS-CoV-2. En los Estados Unidos, la actividad de la influenza disminuyó en los últimos cuatro SE y se mantuvo por encima del umbral epidémico, la actividad del VRS disminuyó a niveles moderados y, aunque el SARS-CoV-2 se mantuvo en niveles altos, mostró una tendencia decreciente. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2, luego de alcanzar niveles similares a los de la temporada anterior, han mostrado una tendencia a la baja en las últimas cuatro SE. Caribe: Los casos de ETI han disminuido desde niveles altos en las semanas anteriores a niveles moderados en la SE más reciente asociado con disminuciones en los casos positivos de influenza y SARS-Co-V-2; Los casos de IRAG han seguido disminuyendo. La actividad de influenza ha aumentado en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles bajos de circulación. Durante las últimas cuatro SE, los virus predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1 N1)pdm09, seguido del A(H3N2) y, en menor medida, el B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido a niveles moderados y continúa mostrando una tendencia decreciente. Por países: Se ha observado una elevada actividad de influenza en Surinam. Centroamérica: Los casos de ETI e IRAG han disminuido en las últimas cuatro semanas, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2 y, en menor medida, a la influenza. La actividad de influenza ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE, observándose un aumento en la SE más reciente, aunque se mantiene en niveles bajos. Durante este periodo los virus predominantes han sido el tipo A(H 1 N 1 )pdm09, seguido del A(H3N2) y B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS ha disminuido a niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 siguió disminuyendo y se mantuvo en niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 continuó disminuyendo durante las últimas cuatro SE. En Guatemala, los casos de ETI se mantuvieron en niveles altos y los casos de IRAG, aunque disminuyeron a niveles moderados, mostraron una positividad creciente para el SARS-Co-V-2 y la influenza. En Honduras, tanto los casos de ETI como de IRAG aumentaron ligeramente en las últimas cuatro SE, sin embargo, ambos permanecen por debajo de los niveles epidémicos. La actividad gripal continuó a niveles epidémicos. En Nicaragua, la actividad del VRS ha seguido disminuyendo; Tanto los niveles de influenza como de SARS-CoV- 2 se han mantenido bajos. Después de alcanzar niveles elevados a principios de enero de 2024 en Panamá, la actividad del SARSCoV- 2 ha disminuido. Sin embargo, después de fluctuar alrededor del umbral epidémico en las últimas cuatro SE, los niveles de actividad de la influenza han aumentado a niveles epidémicos. Los casos de ETI e IRAG han disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE. Andino: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos y los casos de IRAG se mantuvieron en niveles altos, siendo la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles bajos en las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este período, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido el tipo A(H1 N1)pdm09, con circulación de A(H3N2) y B/Victoria en menor medida. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido en las últimas cuatro SE. Por países: En Bolivia la circulación de influenza ha aumentado en las últimas SE, predominando la influenza A(H3N2). Sin embargo, las cifras de IRAG y ETI se han mantenido bajas. En Colombia, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido luego de un aumento inicial a mediados de enero de 2024. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un aumento en la actividad en la pasada SE; la actividad de la influenza ha seguido disminuyendo y se ha mantenido por debajo de los umbrales epidémicos durante las últimas cuatro SE, y la actividad del VRS ha disminuido. Los casos de IRAG también han disminuido. En Perú, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha disminuido constantemente durante las últimas cuatro SE. La actividad de influenza en Venezuela ha aumentado en las últimas cuatro SE, con A(H1N1)pdm09 dominando seguido de influenza A(H3N2) e influenza B/Victoria. Brasil y Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI se ha mantenido baja en las últimas cuatro SE, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles de circulación bajos durante las últimas cuatro SE, con un ligero aumento en las últimas dos SE. Durante este período, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido el tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1 N1)pdm09, seguidos por el B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La positividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados, sin embargo, el número de positivos ha disminuido. Por países: En Argentina los niveles de ETI e IRAG se han mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico. Tras un aumento inicial de la tasa de positividad del SARS-CoV-2 a finales de enero, se ha observado un descenso, manteniéndose en niveles elevados. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha aumentado en las últimas cuatro SE y se mantiene en niveles elevados. En Chile, después de una marcada disminución, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 recientemente aumentó nuevamente en las últimas cuatro SE, y los casos de ETI se mantuvieron por encima de los niveles epidémicos; sin embargo, los casos de IRAG se mantuvieron justo por debajo del umbral epidémico, en su mayoría atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2. En Paraguay, la circulación de SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado una disminución en las últimas tres SE, alcanzando niveles moderados, y la actividad de influenza ha aumentado por encima del umbral epidémico, mientras que la actividad de IRAG ha estado por debajo de los niveles epidémicos, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado en niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, y la mayoría de los pocos casos positivos son atribuibles al SARS-CoV-2.

National, regional, and global estimates of low birthweight in 2020, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Low birthweight (LBW; <2500 g) is an important predictor of health outcomes throughout the life course. We aimed to update country, regional, and global estimates of LBW prevalence for 2020, with trends from 2000, to assess progress towards global targets to reduce LBW by 30% by 2030. METHODS: For this systematic analysis, we searched population-based, nationally representative data on LBW from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2020. Using 2042 administrative and survey datapoints from 158 countries and areas, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical regression model incorporating country-specific intercepts, time-varying covariates, non-linear time trends, and bias adjustments based on data quality. We also provided novel estimates by birthweight subgroups. FINDINGS: An estimated 19·8 million (95% credible interval 18·4-21·7 million) or 14·7% (13·7-16·1) of liveborn newborns were LBW worldwide in 2020, compared with 22·1 million (20·7-23·9 million) and 16·6% (15·5-17·9) in 2000-an absolute reduction of 1·9 percentage points between 2000 and 2020. Using 2012 as the baseline, as this is when the Global Nutrition Target began, the estimated average annual rate of reduction from 2012 to 2020 was 0·3% worldwide, 0·85% in southern Asia, and 0·59% in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly three-quarters of LBW births in 2020 occurred in these two regions: of 19 833 900 estimated LBW births worldwide, 8 817 000 (44·5%) were in southern Asia and 5 381 300 (27·1%) were in sub-Saharan Africa. Of 945 300 estimated LBW births in northern America, Australia and New Zealand, central Asia, and Europe, approximately 35·0% (323 700) weighed less than 2000 g: 5·8% (95% CI 5·2-6·4; 54 800 [95% CI 49 400-60 800]) weighed less than 1000 g, 9·0% (8·7-9·4; 85 400 [82 000-88 900]) weighed between 1000 g and 1499 g, and 19·4% (19·0-19·8; 183 500 [180 000-187 000]) weighed between 1500 g and 1999 g. INTERPRETATION: Insufficient progress has occurred over the past two decades to meet the Global Nutrition Target of a 30% reduction in LBW between 2012 and 2030. Accelerating progress requires investments throughout the lifecycle focused on primary prevention, especially for adolescent girls and women living in the most affected countries. With increasing numbers of births in facilities and advancing electronic information systems, improvements in the quality and availability of administrative LBW data are also achievable. FUNDING: The Children's Investment Fund Foundation; the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction; and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Comparative analysis of gender disparity in academic positions based on U.S. region and STEM discipline.

Despite a move toward gender parity in the United States (U.S.) workforce, a large gender gap persists in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); this is particularly true for academic (i.e., instructor and tenure track) STEM positions. This gap increases as women advance through the traditional steps of academia, with the highest degree of gender disparity in tenured positions. As policies, politics, and culture, which all contribute to gender equity across the world, vary across regions in the United States, we expect that the gender gap in STEM might also vary across geographic regions. Here, we evaluated over 20,000 instructor and tenure track positions in university STEM departments across the U.S. to evaluate whether and how the geographic region of a university might determine its proportion of women in STEM academic positions. Similar to previous research, regardless of geographic region, more men were employed in both tenure track and instructor positions across STEM fields. However, variation existed regionally within the U.S., with the Mountain region employing the lowest proportion of women in tenure track positions and the East North Central and Pacific regions employing the greatest proportion. We expect this regional variation could be caused by differences in state and local policies, regional representation, and mentorship, resulting in inconsistent support for women, leading to differences in work environments, hiring, and job retention rates across the country. A better understanding of which geographic areas within the U.S. have more equal distributions of women in the STEM field will help us to identify the specific mechanisms that facilitate more equal and inclusive opportunities for women and other underrepresented groups across all levels of STEM academia.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms among Hispanic/Latino ethnic subgroups during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hispanic/Latino populations experienced disproportionate exposure to depression risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. While aggregated data confirm the risks of depressive symptoms among Hispanic/Latino individuals, little research uses disaggregated data to investigate these risks based on ethnic subgroups. Using the "Understanding the Impact of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Social Distancing on Physical and Psychosocial (Mental) Health and Chronic Diseases" survey, which was distributed nationally between May 13, 2021, and January 9, 2022 (N = 5413), we estimated the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Hispanic/Latino ethnic subgroups during the pandemic. We performed descriptive analysis on a 116-item survey, which collected disaggregated data from Hispanic/Latino individuals aged ≥ 18 years (n = 1181). About one-third of the participants reported depressive symptoms (31.3%), with those who self-identified as other Hispanic/Latino/Spanish origin (40.2%) reporting the highest depressive symptom prevalence. Among participants who reported depression treatment before the pandemic, the highest reports of treatment were among Puerto Rican (81.8%) participants. More than one-third of participants receiving prior depression treatment (38.7%) reported treatment interference by the pandemic, mostly among Central American individuals (50.0%). This study highlights the need for integrating more disaggregated data into public health approaches which seek to target population subgroups and reduce racial/ethnic mental health disparities.

Long-term HIV care outcomes under universal HIV treatment guidelines: A retrospective cohort study in 25 countries.

BACKGROUND: While national adoption of universal HIV treatment guidelines has led to improved, timely uptake of antiretroviral therapy (ART), longer-term care outcomes are understudied. There is little data from real-world service delivery settings on patient attrition, viral load (VL) monitoring, and viral suppression (VS) at 24 and 36 months after HIV treatment initiation. METHODS AND FINDINGS: For this retrospective cohort analysis, we used observational data from 25 countries in the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium's Asia-Pacific, Central Africa, East Africa, Central/South America, and North America regions for patients who were ART naïve and aged ≥15 years at care enrollment between 24 months before and 12 months after national adoption of universal treatment guidelines, occurring 2012 to 2018. We estimated crude cumulative incidence of loss-to-clinic (CI-LTC) at 12, 24, and 36 months after enrollment among patients enrolling in care before and after guideline adoption using competing risks regression. Guideline change-associated hazard ratios of LTC at each time point after enrollment were estimated via cause-specific Cox proportional hazards regression models. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risks of retention, VL monitoring, and VS at 12, 24, and 36 months after ART initiation. There were 66,963 patients enrolling in HIV care at 109 clinics with ≥12 months of follow-up time after enrollment (46,484 [69.4%] enrolling before guideline adoption and 20,479 [30.6%] enrolling afterwards). More than half (54.9%) were females, and median age was 34 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 27 to 43). Mean follow-up time was 51 months (standard deviation: 17 months; range: 12, 110 months). Among patients enrolling before guideline adoption, crude CI-LTC was 23.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 23.4, 24.2) at 12 months, 31.0% (95% CI [30.6, 31.5]) at 24 months, and 37.2% (95% [CI 36.8, 37.7]) at 36 months after enrollment. Adjusting for sex, age group, enrollment CD4, clinic location and type, and country income level, enrolling in care and initiating ART after guideline adoption was associated with increased hazard of LTC at 12 months (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.25 [95% CI 1.08, 1.44]; p = 0.003); 24 months (aHR 1.38 [95% CI 1.19, 1.59]; p < .001); and 36 months (aHR 1.34 [95% CI 1.18, 1.53], p < .001) compared with enrollment before guideline adoption, with no before-after differences among patients with no record of ART initiation by end of follow-up. Among patients retained after ART initiation, VL monitoring was low, with marginal improvements associated with guideline adoption only at 12 months after ART initiation. Among those with VL monitoring, VS was high at each time point among patients enrolling before guideline adoption (86.0% to 88.8%) and afterwards (86.2% to 90.3%), with no substantive difference associated with guideline adoption. Study limitations include lags in and potential underascertainment of care outcomes in real-world service delivery data and potential lack of generalizability beyond IeDEA sites and regions included in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, adoption of universal HIV treatment guidelines was associated with lower retention after ART initiation out to 36 months of follow-up, with little change in VL monitoring or VS among retained patients. Monitoring long-term HIV care outcomes remains critical to identify and address causes of attrition and gaps in HIV care quality.

Current knowledge of human Mpox viral infection among healthcare workers in Cameroon calls for capacity-strengthening for pandemic preparedness.

Introduction: An increased incidence of human Monkeypox (Mpox) cases was recently observed worldwide, including in Cameroon. To ensure efficient preparedness and interventions in the health system, we sought to assess the knowledge of Mpox's transmission, prevention, and response among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among HCWs in Cameroon using 21-item questions adapted from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US-CDC) standard questionnaire on Mpox. The overall knowledge of Mpox was assessed by cumulative score and categorized as excellent (≥80%, 17/21) or good (≥70%, ≥15/21) knowledge. The regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of Mpox knowledge. Results: The survey enrolled 377 participants, but only responses from 342 participants were analyzed. Overall, 50.6% were female participants, and 59.6% aged 30 years or younger. The majority of the participants were medical doctors (50.3%); most worked in central-level hospitals (25.1%) and had 1-5 years of experience (70.7%). A total of up to 92.7% were aware of Mpox, with social media (58.7%) and radio/television (49.2%) as the main sources. The mean knowledge score was 14.0 ± 3.0 (4 to 20), with only 12.9% having excellent knowledge (≥80%) and 42.1% having good knowledge of Mpox. Younger age (26-30 years old) was associated with good knowledge, while workplace type was associated with excellent knowledge of Mpox (aOR [95% CI]: 4.01 [1.43-11.24]). Knowledge of treatment/management of Mpox was generally poor across the different professional categories. Conclusion: Knowledge of Mpox among HCWs is substandard across different professionals. Thus, for optimal preparedness and immediate interventions for Mpox and similar emerging pathogens, capacity-strengthening programs should be organized for HCWs while encouraging scientific literature and organizational social media websites.

A scoping review and narrative synthesis of neonatal skin injury severity scales.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical force skin injuries are common for critical care patients, especially neonates. Currently, identification and severity assessments of injuries are dependent on clinical experience and/or utilization of severity tools. Compared with adults, neonates sustain skin injuries in different anatomical locations and have decreased layers of healthy tissue (from 0.9 to 1.2 mm) creating questions around direct application of adult injury severity scales reliant on visual assessment. AIMS: The aim of this scoping review (ScR) was to investigate severity scales used to report hospital acquired skin injuries for neonates. METHODS: This study utilized the 2015 Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews extension. PubMed, CINAHL, COCHRANE Central, Scopus, and the reference lists of included studies were searched for studies published between 2001 and 2023, that included severity scales use within neonatal population. Two authors independently identified studies for full review, data extraction, and quality assessment. RESULTS: A systematic database search returned 1163 records. After full test review of 109 studies, 35 studies were included. A majority of studies included were cohort or action research and conducted in the United States of America. Most studies (57%, n = 20) reported skin injuries acquired throughout the body, 14 (40%) of the studies reported the nasal area alone and one study reported no anatomical location. A total of nine severity scales or combination of scales were utilized within studies (n = 31) and four studies did not report a scale. Various versions of scales from the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (n = 16), European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (n = 8) or Neonatal Skin Condition Score (n = 4) were reported, compared with locally developed classifications/scales (n = 4). Scales were predominantly of ordinal grouping (74%, n = 26) or categorical assessment (14%, n = 5). Only one scale from 2004 was validated for neonates. CONCLUSION: Neonatal skin injuries will continue to be reported subjectively until severity scales are consistently applied or other measurements are identified to support assessment. Additionally, without skin injury assessment uniformity, critical examination of effectiveness of skin care treatment practices will have subjective comparison. This review suggests there is a need for consistent skin assessment and severity scales that are valid for the neonatal population and their unique skin considerations.

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus.

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by either VS New Jersey virus or VS Indiana virus. The disease circulates endemically in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico and only occasionally causes outbreaks in the United States. During the past 20 years, VS outbreaks in the southwestern and Rocky Mountain regions occurred periodically with incursion years followed by virus overwintering and subsequent expansion outbreak years. Regulatory response by animal health officials prevents spread from lesioned animals and manages trade impacts. Recent US outbreaks highlight potential climate change impacts on insect vectors or other transmission-related variables.

First report of Apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum godetiae in Ontario.

Bitter rot is an emerging disease of apple (Malus domestica) fruit in Ontario in part due to changing weather conditions. The disease was mostly documented in warm and humid regions such as the southern USA, and Central and South America. Thirteen Ontario orchards in the fall of 2019 and 15 in 2020 were scouted for bitter rot based on their previous history of the disease. 100 fruit were collected from ten asymptomatic trees per cultivar and two susceptible cultivars, 'Empire' and 'Ambrosia' were scouted per orchard. If an orchard did not have either one of these cultivars, 'Honeycrisp' or 'Gala' were used. The fruit was stored at 4-5 oC for five months and then left at 22 oC for two weeks and assessed thereafter for bitter rot symptoms. Monoconidial cultures of Colletrotrichum spp. were established from the symptomatic fruit using potato dextrose agar media with antibiotics at 22 oC 14-hour light cycles. The fungal isolates were divided into two groups based on colony morphology observations seven days after culturing. The first group showed light grey, cottony, aerial mycelium on top and a pink to dark red color on the reverse of the plate. The second group showed light to dark grey, cottony mycelium on top and dark green colonies on the reverse of the plate. It is difficult to identify Colletrotricuhum species solely based on morphology, therefore the representative isolates from each group were used for multilocus gene sequencing and species identification. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit according to the manufacturer's protocols. The ITS region was amplified and sequenced using the primers ITS-1F (Grades & Bruns 1993) and ITS-4 (White et al. 1990). Primers T1 and T2 (O'Donnell & Cigelnik 1997) were used to amplify and sequence the 750 bp region of the TUB gene. Primers GDF1 and GDR1 (Guerber et. al. 2003) were used to amplify a 280 bp region of the GADPH gene. Following an NCBI nucleotide blast search, the isolates from group 1 were identified as C. fioriniae.The ITS sequences of group 2 isolates were matched 100% to the Colletotrichum godetiae type strain CBS133.44 and they were 99% matched to the closest species C. Johnstonii CBS128532. The TUB sequences matched 100% identity to 20 sequences belonging to C. godetiae, 99.59 % identity to C. godetiae type strain CBS133.44, and 97.75% to C. Johnstonii CBS128532. The GADPH sequences matched with 100% identity to C. godetiae ON241087.1 or MT816329.1 and 99-99.5% identity to the type strain CBS133.44 and 98.61-99% identity to CBS128532. Based on the blast results the group 2 isolates were identified as C. godetiae and their sequences were submitted to GenBank with ID OP702962 for ITS and OP972240 and OP972241 for GADPH and OP972242 for the TUB gene. Out of 50 isolates collected in this work, 94% belonged to group 1 and 6% belonged to group 2. Koch's postulates were performed on selected isolates by artificial inoculation of 5 healthy detached fruits of the cultivar, 'Empire.' Fruit surfaces were wiped with 70% ethanol, dried, wounded with a sterile needle, and then inoculated with a 10 µl of spore suspension containing 1x10^6 spores /ml. Inoculated fruits were incubated in a humid chamber at 22°C in dark. Symptoms started to appear at 5 days post-inoculation and looked like small brown circular lesions which developed orange spore masses as they grew into larger lesions. The non-inoculated control fruit did not develop lesions. Fungal colonies were established from the spores collected from the inoculated fruit and found to have identical morphological characteristics to the original isolates. C. godetiae has previously been reported to cause bitter rot in apples from various countries in Europe (Baroncelli et al. 2014; Munda, 2014; Wenneker et al. 2016). C. fioriniae has previously been reported as the dominant species causing bitter rot in apples although other species including C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense have also been reported as causal agents from the Eastern USA (Khodadadi et al. 2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Colletotrichum godetiae causing the bitter rot of apples in Ontario, Canada.

Infection, delirium, and risk of dementia in patients with and without white matter disease on previous brain imaging: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The increased risk of dementia after delirium and infection might be influenced by cerebral white matter disease (WMD). In patients with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke, we assessed associations between hospital admissions with delirium and 5-year dementia risk and between admissions with infection and dementia risk, stratified by WMD severity (moderate or severe vs absent or mild) on baseline brain imaging. METHODS: We included patients with TIA and minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Score <3) from the Oxford Vascular Study (OXVASC), a longitudinal population-based study of the incidence and outcomes of acute vascular events in a population of 94 567 individuals, with no age restrictions, attending eight general practices in Oxfordshire, UK. Hospitalisation data were obtained through linkage to the Oxford Cognitive Comorbidity, Frailty, and Ageing Research Database-Electronic Patient Records (ORCHARD-EPR). Brain imaging was done using CT and MRI, and WMD was prospectively graded according to the age-related white matter changes (ARWMC) scale and categorised into absent, mild, moderate, or severe WMD. Delirium and infection were defined by ICD-10 coding supplemented by hand-searching of hospital records. Dementia was diagnosed using clinical or cognitive assessment, medical records, and death certificates. Associations between hospitalisation with delirium and hospitalisation with infection, and post-event dementia were assessed using time-varying Cox analysis with multivariable adjustment, and all models were stratified by WMD severity. FINDINGS: From April 1, 2002, to March 31, 2012, 1369 individuals were prospectively recruited into the study. Of 1369 patients (655 with TIA and 714 with minor stroke, mean age 72 [SD 13] years, 674 female and 695 male, and 364 with moderate or severe WMD), 209 (15%) developed dementia. Hospitalisation during follow-up occurred in 891 (65%) patients of whom 103 (12%) had at least one delirium episode and 236 (26%) had at least one infection episode. Hospitalisation without delirium or infection did not predict subsequent dementia (HR 1·01, 95% CI 0·86-1·20). In contrast, hospitalisation with delirium predicted subsequent dementia independently of infection in patients with and without WMD (2·64, 1·47-4·74; p=0·0013 vs 3·41, 1·91-6·09; p<0·0001) especially in those with unimpaired baseline cognition (cognitive test score above cutoff; 4·01, 2·23-7·19 vs 3·94, 1·95-7·93; both p≤0·0001). However, hospitalisation with infection only predicted dementia in those with moderate or severe WMD (1·75, 1·04-2·94 vs 0·68, 0·39-1·20; pdiff=0·023). INTERPRETATION: The increased risk of dementia after delirium is unrelated to the presence of WMD, whereas infection increases risk only in patients with WMD, suggesting differences in underlying mechanisms and in potential preventive strategies. FUNDING: National Institute for Health and Care Research and Wellcome Trust.

Pharmaceuticals, hazard and ecotoxicity in surface and wastewater in a tropical dairy production area in Latin America.

Pharmaceuticals comprise a complex group of emerging pollutants. Despite the significant number of pharmaceuticals used in veterinary medicine, the input of these compounds into the environment due to livestock activities has been scarcely described. This work assays for the first time in Central America the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in farm wastewater in an area devoted to dairy production, and in the surrounding surface waters. Among 69 monitored pharmaceuticals, a total of eight compounds were detected in wastewater samples collected from seven dairy farms after three sampling campaigns. Six pharmaceuticals were considered either of high (albendazole, lovastatin and caffeine) or intermediate estimated hazard (ciprofloxacin, acetaminophen and ketoprofen) based on the HQ approach, while 26% of the samples were considered of high estimated hazard according to the cumulative ∑HQ approach. Similarly, when ecotoxicological tests were applied, all the samples showed some level of toxicity towards Daphnia magna, and most samples towards Vibrio fischeri and Lactuca sativa. Fourteen pharmaceuticals were detected in surface water samples collected in the surroundings of the dairy production farms, including rural and urban areas. Seven out of these compounds showed high estimated risk (risperidone, diphenhydramine, trimethoprim, fluoxetine, ofloxacin, caffeine and ibuprofen), while three (gemfibrozil, ciprofloxacin and cephalexin) exhibited intermediate estimated risk. In a similar worrisome way, 27% of these samples were estimated to pose high environmental risk according to the pharmaceutical content. Despite being nontoxic for D. magna or V. fischeri, frequent inhibition (>20%) of GI in L. sativa was determined in 34% of surface water samples; such findings raise concern on the apparent inceptive environmental pollution and risk within the area. According to the pharmaceutical content patterns in both kinds of studied matrices, no clear evidence of significant contamination in surface water due to livestock activities could be retrieved, suggesting a main role of urban influence.

Intravenous immunoglobulin for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) causes progressive or relapsing weakness and numbness of the limbs, which lasts for at least two months. Uncontrolled studies have suggested that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) could help to reduce symptoms. This is an update of a review first published in 2002 and last updated in 2013. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin in people with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trials registers on 8 March 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs that tested any dose of IVIg versus placebo, plasma exchange, or corticosteroids in people with definite or probable CIDP. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcome was significant improvement in disability within six weeks after the start of treatment, as determined and defined by the study authors. Our secondary outcomes were change in mean disability score within six weeks, change in muscle strength (Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score) within six weeks, change in mean disability score at 24 weeks or later, frequency of serious adverse events, and frequency of any adverse events. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for our main outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: We included nine RCTs with 372 participants (235 male) from Europe, North America, South America, and Israel. There was low statistical heterogeneity between the trial results, and the overall risk of bias was low for all trials that contributed data to the analysis. Five trials (235 participants) compared IVIg with placebo, one trial (20 participants) compared IVIg with plasma exchange, two trials (72 participants) compared IVIg with prednisolone, and one trial (45 participants) compared IVIg with intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP). We included one new trial in this update, though it contributed no data to any meta-analyses. IVIg compared with placebo increases the probability of significant improvement in disability within six weeks of the start of treatment (risk ratio (RR) 2.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72 to 3.36; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 4, 95% CI 3 to 5; 5 trials, 269 participants; high-certainty evidence). Since each trial used a different disability scale and definition of significant improvement, we were unable to evaluate the clinical relevance of the pooled effect. IVIg compared with placebo improves disability measured on the Rankin scale (0 to 6, lower is better) two to six weeks after the start of treatment (mean difference (MD) -0.26 points, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.05; 3 trials, 90 participants; high-certainty evidence). IVIg compared with placebo probably improves disability measured on the Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) scale (1 to 10, lower is better) after 24 weeks (MD 0.80 points, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.37; 1 trial, 117 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There is probably little or no difference between IVIg and placebo in the frequency of serious adverse events (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.87; 3 trials, 315 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The trial comparing IVIg with plasma exchange reported none of our main outcomes. IVIg compared with prednisolone probably has little or no effect on the probability of significant improvement in disability four weeks after the start of treatment (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.68; 1 trial, 29 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), and little or no effect on change in mean disability measured on the Rankin scale (MD 0.21 points, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.61; 1 trial, 24 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There is probably little or no difference between IVIg and prednisolone in the frequency of serious adverse events (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.04 to 4.69; 1 cross-over trial, 32 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). IVIg compared with IVMP probably increases the likelihood of significant improvement in disability two weeks after starting treatment (RR 1.46, 95% CI 0.40 to 5.38; 1 trial, 45 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). IVIg compared with IVMP probably has little or no effect on change in disability measured on the Rankin scale two weeks after the start of treatment (MD 0.24 points, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.63; 1 trial, 45 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) or on change in mean disability measured with the Overall Neuropathy Limitation Scale (ONLS, 1 to 12, lower is better) 24 weeks after the start of treatment (MD 0.03 points, 95% CI -0.91 to 0.97; 1 trial, 45 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The frequency of serious adverse events may be higher with IVIg compared with IVMP (RR 4.40, 95% CI 0.22 to 86.78; 1 trial, 45 participants, moderate-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from RCTs shows that IVIg improves disability for at least two to six weeks compared with placebo, with an NNTB of 4. During this period, IVIg probably has similar efficacy to oral prednisolone and IVMP. Further placebo-controlled trials are unlikely to change these conclusions. In one large trial, the benefit of IVIg compared with placebo in terms of improved disability score persisted for 24 weeks. Further research is needed to assess the long-term benefits and harms of IVIg relative to other treatments.

How Do Patients and Otolaryngologists Define Dizziness?

OBJECTIVE: To assess for differences in how patients and otolaryngologists define the term dizziness. METHODS: Between June 2020 and December 2022, otolaryngology clinicians and consecutive patients at 5 academic otolaryngology institutions across the United States were asked to define the term "dizziness" by completing a semantics-based questionnaire containing 20 common descriptors of the term within 5 symptom domains (imbalance-related, lightheadedness-related, motion-related, vision-related, and pain-related). The primary outcome was differences between patient and clinician perceptions of dizzy-related symptoms. Secondary outcomes included differences among patient populations by geographic location. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 271 patients and 31 otolaryngologists. Patients and otolaryngologists selected 7.7 ± 3.5 and 7.1 ± 4.3 symptoms, respectively. Most patients (266, 98.2%) selected from more than 1 domain and 17 (6.3%) patients identified symptoms from all 5 domains. Patients and clinicians were equally likely to define dizziness using terms from the imbalance (difference, -2.3%; 95% CI, -13.2%, 8.6%), lightheadedness (-14.1%; -29.2%, 1.0%), and motion-related (9.4; -0.3, 19.1) domains. Patients were more likely to include terms from the vision-related (23.6%; 10.5, 36.8) and pain-related (18.2%; 10.3%, 26.1%) domains. There were minor variations in how patients defined dizziness based on geographic location. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and otolaryngologists commonly described dizziness using symptoms related to imbalance, lightheadedness, and motion. Patients were more likely to use vision or pain-related terms. Understanding of these semantic differences may enable more effective patient-clinician communication.

First report of Cassava Bacterial Blight caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis in the Amazonian forest of Ecuador.

Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) is a plant pathogenic bacterium known as the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (CBB). CBB is the most limiting bacterial disease affecting cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), characterized by diverse symptoms including angular water-soaked leaf lesions, blight, wilting, stem exudates, stem cankers and dieback. CBB has been reported in most cassava-growing regions around the world, and, under conducive conditions, crop yield losses can reach up to 100% (Zárate-Chaves et al. 2021). While Xpm genetic diversity is remarkably high in South America (Bart et al. 2012) and cassava originates and was domesticated in the Amazon basin (Allem 2002), reports of CBB in the Amazonian region are missing. To fill this gap, in October 2018 we surveyed for CBB symptoms in cassava fields of the Orellana Province, located in the Amazon forest of the Republic of Ecuador. Adult cassava plants exhibiting typical angular, water-soaked leaf lesions were found in polyculture plots, i.e. intercrops of cassava with other species such as plantains and fruit trees (a.k.a. chakras). After surface disinfection with 5% sodium hypochlorite followed by 70% ethanol, white Xpm-like colonies were isolated from diseased leaf tissues of four plants on YPGA medium (yeast extract, 5 g/l; peptone, 5 g/l; glucose, 5 g/l; agar-agar, 15 g/l) supplemented with cephalexin (40 mg/l) and cycloheximide (50 mg/l). Pathogenicity tests were performed on peat-potted, 2-month-old cassava plants of the cultivar 60444. Bacterial suspensions were adjusted to an OD600 of 0.2 (2 × 108 CFU/ml) in sterile 10-mM MgCl2 and syringe infiltrated in fully-expanded leaves. In parallel, 20 µl of each bacterial suspension adjusted to an OD600 of 0.02 (2 × 107 CFU/ml) were inoculated on stems inside a hole previously punched with a sterile needle in the junction of the third-top petiole. Sterile 10-mM MgCl2 was used for mock inoculations in both leaves and stems, and experiments were replicated in three plants. Plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 28 ± 1°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Infiltrated leaves developed watersoaking 3 days post inoculation, while wilted leaves, stem exudates, and dieback were observed 21 days after stem inoculation. Control plants remained symptomless. White Xpm-like colonies were re-isolated from symptomatic leaves (Fig S1). One colony of each of the four Xpm isolates (before and after re-isolation) was assessed using diagnostic PCRs (Bernal-Galeano et al. 2018; Flores et al. 2019), using strain Xam668 as positive control. All four candidates were positive for both diagnostic tools. The sequences of the housekeeping genes atpD, dnaK, efp, glnA, gyrB and rpoD of our isolates were extracted from full genome sequences obtained through Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) (GenBank OR288194 to OR288217) and compared to their homologs in four close Xanthomonas species and a reference Xpm strain (Table S1). The sequences of the tested strains aligned with that of Xpm CIO151 (GCA_004025275.1) (Arrieta-Ortiz et al. 2013) with nucleotide identity above 99.92% (Fig S2). The four strains were named CIX4169, CIX4170, CIX4171 and CIX4172, stored in the IRD Collection of Xanthomonas, where they are available upon request. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CBB in the Amazonian region and in Ecuador, where cassava is a central element for local culture and economy. Further surveys will be necessary to evaluate the distribution and prevalence of CBB in other ecozones of Ecuador where cassava is cultivated.

Incidence of childhood cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean: coverage, patterns, and time trends.

Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of geographical patterns (2001-2010) and time trends (1993-2012) of cancer incidence in children aged 0-19 years in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and interpret the findings in the context of global patterns. Methods: Geographical variations in 2001-2010 and incidence trends over 1993-2012 in the population of LAC younger than 20 years were described using the database of the third volume of the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer study containing comparable data. Age-specific incidence per million person-years (ASR) was calculated for population subgroups and age-standardized (WSR) using the world standard population. Results: Overall, 36 744 unique cases were included in this study. In 2001-2010 the overall WSR in age 0-14 years was 132.6. The most frequent were leukemia (WSR 48.7), central nervous system neoplasms (WSR 23.0), and lymphoma (WSR 16.6). The overall ASR in age group 15-19 years was 152.3 with lymphoma ranking first (ASR 30.2). Incidence was higher in males than in females, and higher in South America than in Central America and the Caribbean. Compared with global data LAC incidence was lower overall, except for leukemia and lymphoma at age 0-14 years and the other and unspecified tumors at any age. Overall incidence at age 0-19 years increased by 1.0% per year (95% CI [0.6, 1.3]) over 1993-2012. The included registries covered 16% of population aged 0-14 years and 10% of population aged 15-19 years. Conclusions: The observed patterns provide a baseline to assess the status and evolution of childhood cancer occurrence in the region. Extended and sustained support of cancer registration is required to improve representativeness and timeliness of data for childhood cancer control in LAC.

Feasibility Study of Developing a Saline-Based Antiviral Nanoformulation Containing Lipid-Soluble EGCG: A Potential Nasal Drug to Treat Long COVID.

A recent estimate indicates that up to 23.7 million Americans suffer from long COVID, and approximately one million workers may be out of the workforce each day due to associated symptoms, leading to a USD 50 billion annual loss of salary. Post-COVID (Long COVID) neurologic symptoms are due to the initial robust replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal neuroepithelial cells, leading to inflammation of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the central nervous system (CNS), and the OE becoming a persistent infection site. Previously, our group showed that Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-palmitate (EC16) nanoformulations possess strong antiviral activity against human coronavirus, suggesting this green tea-derived compound in nanoparticle formulations could be developed as an intranasally delivered new drug to eliminate the persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to restored olfactory function and reduced inflammation in the CNS. The objective of the current study was to determine the compatibility of the nanoformulations with human nasal primary epithelial cells (HNpECs). METHODS: Nanoparticle size was measured using the ZetaView Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) system; contact antiviral activity was determined by TCID50 assay for cytopathic effect on MRC-5 cells; post-infection inhibition activity was determined in HNpECs; and cytotoxicity for these cells was determined using an MTT assay. The rapid inactivation of OC43 (a ß-coronavirus) and 229E (α-coronavirus) viruses was further characterized by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: A saline-based nanoformulation containing 0.1% w/v EC16 was able to inactivate 99.9999% ß-coronavirus OC43 on direct contact within 1 min. After a 10-min incubation of infected HNpECs with a formulation containing drug-grade EC16 (EGCG-4' mono-palmitate or EC16m), OC43 viral replication was inhibited by 99%. In addition, all nanoformulations tested for their effect on cell viability were comparable to normal saline, a regularly used nasal irrigation solution. A 1-min incubation of an EC16 nanoformulation with either OC43 or 229E showed an altered viral structure. CONCLUSION: Nanoformulations containing EC16 showed properties compatible with nasal application to rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 residing in the olfactory mucosa and to reduce inflammation in the CNS, pending additional formulation and safety studies.

Global Prevalence of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions in the General Population on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Understanding the burden of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) in the general population is important for clinicians and policymakers. In this systematic review, we sought to estimate the global prevalence of PCLs using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to investigate factors that contribute to its variation. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central, from database inception through February 2023. We included full-text articles that reported the prevalence of PCLs using MRI in the general population. A proportional meta-analysis was performed, and the prevalence of PCLs was pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Fifteen studies with 65,607 subjects were identified. The pooled prevalence of PCLs was 16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13%-18%; I2 = 99%), most of which were under 10 mm. Age-specific prevalence of PCLs increased from 9% (95% CI, 7%-12%) at 50 to 59 years, to 18% (95% CI, 14%-22%) at 60 to 69 years, 26% (95% CI, 20%-33%) at 70 to 79 years, and 38% at 80 years and above (95% CI, 25%-52%). There was no difference in prevalence between sexes. Subgroup analysis showed higher PCL prevalence when imaging findings were confirmed by independent radiologist(s) (25%; 95% CI, 16%-33%) than when chart review alone was used (5%; 95% CI, 4%-7%; P < .01). There was no independent association of PCL prevalence with geographic location (Europe, North America, or Asia), MRI indication (screening vs evaluation of non-pancreatic pathology), enrollment period, sample size, magnet strength (1.5 vs 3 tesla), and MRI sequence (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography vs no magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography). CONCLUSION: In this systematic review, the global prevalence of PCLs using a highly sensitive noninvasive imaging modality ranged between 13% and 18%.