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2.
Am Surg ; 89(11): 5051-5054, 2023 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36148654

RESUMEN

One of the heroes in American history, Associate Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) sought legal remedies against racial discrimination in education and health care. As director of the Legal Defense Fund (LDF) of NAACP from 1940 to 1961, his success in integrating law schools in Texas led to the first black medical student admitted to a state medical school in the South. Representing doctors and dentists needing a facility to perform surgery, the LDF brought cases before the courts in North Carolina that moved the country toward justice in health care. His ultimate legal victory came in 1954, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. In 1964, the LDF under Jack Greenberg, Marshall's successor as director, won Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, a decision that held that hospitals accepting federal funds had to admit black patients. The two decisions laid the judicial foundation for the laws and administrative acts that changed America's racial history, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Social Security Act Amendments of 1965 that established Medicare and Medicaid. His achievements came during the hottest period of the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Well past the middle of the twentieth century, black Americans were denied access to the full resources of American medicine, locked in a "separate-but-equal" system woefully inadequate in every respect. In abolishing segregation, Marshall initiated the long overdue remedy of the unjust legacies of slavery and Jim Crow.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Atención a la Salud , Educación , Derechos Humanos , Abogados , Decisiones de la Corte Suprema , Anciano , Humanos , Negro o Afroamericano/educación , Negro o Afroamericano/historia , Negro o Afroamericano/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Civiles/historia , Derechos Civiles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Atención a la Salud/etnología , Atención a la Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Educación/historia , Educación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Educación Médica/historia , Educación Médica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Escolaridad , Historia del Siglo XX , Derechos Humanos/historia , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medicare/historia , Medicare/legislación & jurisprudencia , Grupos Raciales , Decisiones de la Corte Suprema/historia , Estados Unidos , Abogados/historia
3.
Ambio ; 52(3): 598-615, 2023 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36583831

RESUMEN

Conservationists speculated on potential benefits to wildlife of lockdown restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic but voiced concern that restrictions impeded nature conservation. We assessed the effects of lockdown restrictions on biodiversity conservation in South Africa, a biodiverse country with economic inequality and reliance on wildlife resources. We solicited expert opinion using the IUCN's Threats Classification Scheme to structure a questionnaire and illustrated responses with individual case studies from government parastatal and non-governmental conservation organisations. The most highly reported threats were biological resource use, residential/commercial developments, invasive species, and human intrusions. The trends reported by 90 survey respondents were supported by case studies using environmental compliance data from parastatal conservation organisations. Lack of tourism revenue and funding were cited as hindrances to conservation. Mechanisms to prevent environmental degradation in the face of global emergencies must be implemented and 'ring-fenced' to ensure conservation is not a casualty during future global crises.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Animales , Humanos , Animales Salvajes , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/prevención & control , Sudáfrica , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
4.
Braz. j. biol ; 83: 1-11, 2023. map, tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468852

RESUMEN

Economic valuation of ecosystem services is a new concept in forest management. Economic valuation provides basis for payment for ecosystem services (PES). Therefore, objective of this study was to evaluate eco-tourism and carbon stock services of the Maindam valley, District Swat, Pakistan. For the carbon stock calculation, a sample size of 155 plots of 0.1 hectare (Ha) was taken using preliminary survey at 95% confidence interval and 10% allowable error. The data for tourism services was collected from owners of all the hotels, 100 tourists and key informants of the area at 10% sampling intensity on pretested questionnaire for twenty years period (1997-2017). Results showed that Miandam valley has carbon stock worth US$ 16,306,000 while the value of eco-tourism was US$ 1,578,458 on annual basis. The results also showed that trend of tourism has drastically declined after the 9/11 incident for foreigners and locals and the situation was further deteriorated during the era of Talibanization or militancy from 2008-2011. This study recommends implementation of PES strategy at the rate of 5%, thus a total of US$ 78,922 can be earned from eco-tourism and carbon crediting in the study area annually, which could play important role in sustainable forest management.


A valoração econômica dos serviços ecossistêmicos é um novo conceito no manejo florestal. A avaliação econômica fornece base para o pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos (PES). Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o ecoturismo e os serviços de estoque de carbono do vale de Miandam, distrito Swat, Paquistão. Para o cálculo do estoque de carbono, um tamanho de amostra de 155 parcelas de 0,1 hectare (ha) foi tirado, usando pesquisa preliminar com intervalo de confiança de 95% e erro admissível de 10%. Os dados para serviços de turismo foram coletados de proprietários de todos os hotéis, 100 turistas e informantes-chave da área em 10% de intensidade de amostragem em questionário pré-testado para um período de 20 anos (1997-2017). Os resultados mostraram que o vale de Miandam tem estoque de carbono no valor de US$ 16.306.000, enquanto o valor do ecoturismo foi de US$ 1.578.458 anualmente. Os resultados também mostraram que a tendência do turismo diminuiu drasticamente para estrangeiros e locais após o incidente de 11 de Setembro, e a situação se agravou ainda mais durante a era da talibanização ou militância de 2008-2011. Este estudo recomenda a implementação da estratégia de PES na taxa de 5%, portanto um total de US$ 78.922 pode ser ganho com ecoturismo e crédito de carbono na área de estudo anualmente, o que pode desempenhar um papel importante no manejo florestal sustentável.


Asunto(s)
Bosques , Turismo/legislación & jurisprudencia
5.
Rev. colomb. cir ; 38(1): 22-29, 20221230. fig
Artículo en Español | LILACS | ID: biblio-1415226

RESUMEN

La historia del plástico se remonta a mediados del siglo XIX, y se considera que se origina por el interés de cambiar la materia prima en la fabricación de las bolas de billar, hechas originalmente en marfil. Desde entonces y a lo largo de muchos años, el polietileno, cloruro de polivinilo, poliestireno, polimetilmetacrilato, polietilentereftalato (PET), las poliamidas y otras sustancias similares han formado parte del día a día de la humanidad, a tal punto que algunos expertos en el tema consideran que estamos viviendo "La era del plástico". Todos los insumos y elementos plásticos han facilitado la vida, pero también han causado una gran contaminación ambiental que afecta la fauna, la flora y por supuesto al ser humano. La gran mayoría de los países han comprendido esta situación y han promulgado leyes o diseñado estrategias con el fin de contener el uso inadecuado y la generación de la contaminación causada por el plástico. Muchas de estas medidas han sido frenadas e incluso revertidas debido a la pandemia por COVID-19, que además de todas las afectaciones conocidas, ha causado un desmesurado incremento en el uso de materiales plásticos, como los elementos de protección personal, con el consecuente aumento de la contaminación y los riesgos que esta genera en la salud humana. Estos temas son tratados en este artículo, con el fin de concientizar al personal médico y a la población en general


The history of plastic dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, and it is considered that it originates from the interest in changing the raw material in the manufacture of billiard balls, originally made of ivory. Since then and for many years, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamides and other similar substances have been part of humanity's daily life, to the point that some consider that we are living 'The era of plastic'.All the inputs and plastic elements have made life easier, but they have also caused great environmental pollution that affects fauna and flora, and of course the human being. The vast majority of countries have understood this situation, have enacted laws and designed strategies in order to contain the inappropriate use and generation of pollution caused by plastic.Many of these measures have been stopped and even reversed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which in addition to all the known effects, has caused a disproportionate increase in the use of plastic materials, such as personal protection elements with the consequent increase in pollution and the risks it generates for human health. These issues are addressed in this article, in order to raise awareness among medical personnel and the general population


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Plásticos , Contaminación Ambiental , Legislación , Pandemias , COVID-19
6.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 46, 2022. Special Issue Tobacco Control
Artículo en Inglés | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-56453

RESUMEN

[ABSTRACT]. Almost 20 years after the launching by the Pan American Health Organization of its “Smoke-Free Americas” initiative in 2001, in December 2020, South America became the first subregion in the Americas to accomplish 100% smoke-free environments in line with Article 8 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Some of these countries adopted legal measures that are more robust than others, including in their laws specific outdoor places in the smoking ban (like Argentina and Uruguay) and/or novel nicotine and tobacco products under their scope (like Ecuador and Paraguay). The 10 countries took different paths to adopt this public health measure, either through executive or legislative measures or a combination of both. A few countries, like Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela, started at the subnational level and then moved on to the national level, similar to the rest of the countries. For achieving this milestone, an adequate context was crucial: the broad ratification of the FCTC and the rele- vance given to the human right to health, civil society efforts, commitments made by intergovernmental bodies, media and communication strategies, and the development of scientific evidence. Countries faced obstacles, including the well-known interference of the tobacco industry, which among other strategies used litigation; however, courts and judges upheld comprehensive legal measures on smoke-free environments. The process by which South America achieved this milestone represents a role model for other subregions of the Americas and the world.


[RESUMEN]. Casi 20 años después del lanzamiento de la iniciativa "América libre de humo" de la Organización Panameri- cana de la Salud en el año 2001, en diciembre del 2020, América del Sur se convirtió en la primera subregión de la Región de las Américas en lograr que 100% de los entornos sean libres de humo, en consonancia con el Artículo 8 del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CMCT). Algunos de países de la subregión adoptaron medidas legales más sólidas e incluyeron en su legislación la prohibición de fumar en lugares al aire libre concretos (como Argentina y Uruguay) o de introducir nuevos productos de nicotina y tabaco en su alcance jurídico (como Ecuador y Paraguay). Los diez países tomaron diferentes caminos para adoptar esta medida de salud pública, ya fuera mediante disposiciones ejecutivas, legislativas o una combinación de ambas. Algunos países, como Argentina, Brasil y Venezuela, empezaron a nivel subnacional y luego, de un modo similar al del resto de países, pasaron al nivel nacional. Para lograr este hito fue crucial un contexto adecuado: una amplia ratificación del CMCT y la relevancia dada al derecho humano a la salud, los esfuerzos de la sociedad civil, los compromisos asumidos por los órganos intergubernamentales, los medios y las estrategias de comunicación, y el progreso de la evidencia científica. Los países se enfrentaron a obstáculos, entre ellos la conocida interferencia de la industria tabacalera, que entre otras estrategias empleó el uso de litigios; sin embargo, distintos tribunales y jueces respaldaron medi- das legales integrales de ambientes libres de humo de tabaco. El proceso mediante el cual América del Sur ha logrado este objetivo representa un modelo a seguir para otras subregiones de las Región de las Américas y el mundo.


[RESUMO]. Em dezembro de 2020, quase 20 anos depois do lançamento da iniciativa “Américas sem Fumo” pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, em 2001, a América do Sul tornou-se a primeira sub-região das Américas a alcançar ambientes 100% livres de fumaça de tabaco, em conformidade com o Artigo 8 da Con- venção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (CQCT). Alguns desses países adotaram medidas legais mais robustas que outros, com a inclusão da proibição de fumar em determinados locais ao ar livre (como Argentina e Uruguai) e/ou de novos produtos de nicotina e tabaco no escopo de suas leis (como Equador e Paraguai). Os dez países seguiram caminhos diferentes ao adotarem essa medida de saúde pública, por meio de medidas executivas ou legislativas ou ainda por uma combinação de ambas. Alguns países, como Argentina, Brasil e Venezuela, começaram no âmbito subnacional e depois passaram ao âmbito nacional, de maneira semelhante aos demais países. Para alcançar esse marco, foi crucial ter um contexto adequado: a ampla ratificação da CQCT, bem como a importância dada ao direito humano à saúde, os esforços da sociedade civil, os compromissos assumidos por organismos intergovernamentais, as estratégias de mídia e comunicação e o desenvolvimento de evi- dências científicas. Os países enfrentaram obstáculos, incluindo a conhecida interferência da indústria do tabaco, que, entre outras estratégias, recorreu ao litígio; entretanto, os tribunais e juízes mantiveram medidas legais abrangentes sobre ambientes livres de fumo. O processo pelo qual a América do Sul alcançou esse marco constitui um exemplo para outras sub-regiões das Américas e para o mundo.


Asunto(s)
Ambientes Libres de Humo , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco , Política de Salud , América del Sur , Ambientes Libres de Humo , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco , Política de Salud , América del Sur , Ambientes Libres de Humo , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco , Política de Salud , América del Sur
7.
Lima; Perú. Ministerio de Salud; Jul. 2022. 18 p. Ilus.
Monografía en Español | MINSAPERÚ | ID: biblio-1381856

RESUMEN

El documento compila cronológicamente la normatividad legal-administrativa de salud, del diario oficial El Peruano y normas internas de la institución, de acuerdo al tema de COVID-19, correspondiente al primer semestre 2022.


Asunto(s)
Impactos de la Polución en la Salud , Legislación , Normas Jurídicas , Pandemias , COVID-19
8.
Environ Manage ; 70(2): 201-214, 2022 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35589976

RESUMEN

Public policies often fail to address the unintended behavior of regulated firms and are therefore inconsistent in their implementation, resulting in ineffectiveness. In the process of environmental policy, policy implementation inconsistencies also exist, which is known as emission leakage. Existing studies on the topic focus more on spatial dimension and less attention to time dimension. The reasons for emission leakage over time are two: regulatory laxness and inefficiencies. In this study, we examine whether emission leakage occurs during enterprises' end-of-life cycles. Based on unique high-frequency facility-level monitoring data, we construct a difference-in-differences (DID) model to investigate differences in environmental performance between hazardous chemical production firms in the process of closing and those in the same industry within 20 kilometers. This study finds no emission leakage problem in the processes of relocation and closure, and the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) discharged declines by 28.53 percent. This result is mainly due to top-down regulatory requirements. Nevertheless, policymakers should remain aware of emission leakage when formulating environmental policies and create more substantial supervision to prevent potential leakage.


Asunto(s)
Política Ambiental , Contaminación Ambiental , Industrias , China , Contaminación Ambiental/legislación & jurisprudencia , Contaminación Ambiental/prevención & control , Política Pública
9.
Nat Commun ; 13(1): 1165, 2022 03 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35246534

RESUMEN

The EU emissions trading system's (ETS) invalidation rule implies that shocks and overlapping policies can change cumulative carbon emissions. This paper explains these mechanisms and simulates the effect of COVID-19, the European Green Deal, and the recovery stimulus package on cumulative EU ETS emissions and allowance prices. Our results indicate that the negative demand shock of the pandemic should have a limited effect on allowance prices and rather translates into lower cumulative carbon emissions. Aligning EU ETS with the 2030 reduction target of -55% might increase allowance prices to 45-94 €/ton CO2 today and reduce cumulative carbon emissions to 14.2-18.3 GtCO2 compared to 23.5-33.1 GtCO2 under a -40% 2030 reduction target. Our results crucially depend on when the waterbed will be sealed again, which is an endogenous market outcome, driven by the EU ETS design, shocks and overlapping climate policies such as the recovery plan.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/prevención & control , COVID-19/prevención & control , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Carbono/análisis , Conservación de los Recursos Energéticos/métodos , Contaminación del Aire/economía , Contaminación del Aire/legislación & jurisprudencia , Algoritmos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/virología , Conservación de los Recursos Energéticos/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Energéticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ambiente , Política Ambiental , Unión Europea , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Pandemias/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología
12.
Lima; Perú. Ministerio de Salud; Ene. 2022. 31 p. ilus.
Monografía en Español | MINSAPERÚ | ID: biblio-1361794

RESUMEN

El documento compila cronológicamente la normatividad legal-administrativa de salud, del diario oficial El Peruano y normas internas de la institución, de acuerdo al tema de COVID-19, correspondiente al segundo semestre 2021.


Asunto(s)
Impactos de la Polución en la Salud , Legislación , Normas Jurídicas , Pandemias , COVID-19
13.
Am J Public Health ; 112(1): 124-134, 2022 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34936388

RESUMEN

Children's environmental health (CEH) has a 25-year history at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), during which the agency has advanced CEH through research, policy, and programs that address children's special vulnerability to environmental harm. However, the Trump administration took many actions that weakened efforts to improve CEH. The actions included downgrading or ignoring CEH concerns in decision-making, defunding research, sidelining the Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee, and rescinding regulations that were written in part to protect children. To improve CEH, federal environmental statutes should be reviewed to ensure they are sufficiently protective. The administrator should ensure the EPA's children's health agenda encompasses the most important current challenges and that there is accountability for improvement. Guidance documents should be reviewed and updated to be protective of CEH and the federal lead strategy refocused on primary prevention. The Office of Children's Health Protection's historically low funding and staffing should be remedied. Finally, the EPA should update CEH data systems, reinvigorate the role of the Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee, and restore funding for CEH research that is aligned with environmental justice and regulatory decision-making needs. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):124-134. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306537).


Asunto(s)
Salud Infantil/historia , Salud Infantil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Ambiental/historia , Salud Ambiental/legislación & jurisprudencia , United States Environmental Protection Agency/historia , United States Environmental Protection Agency/legislación & jurisprudencia , Regulación Gubernamental , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Política , Estados Unidos
16.
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol ; 130(1): 200-207, 2022 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34705330

RESUMEN

The transfer of a chemical product from its original container to an unlabelled secondary container by consumers is a potential health hazard that may result in unintentional exposures and intoxications. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of prevalence of exposures to transferred products in Italy from year 2017, when the new European labelling regulation for chemicals became fully operative, to 2020, year of the coronavirus 19 disease first outbreak. Calls to the Poison Control Centre (PCC) of Policlinico Umberto I Hospital - Sapienza University of Rome were analysed retrospectively for characteristics, clinical presentation and circumstances related to the event. We registered 198 cases of interest. There was a reduction in cases from 2017 (4.9%) to 2019 (2.2%), followed by an increased prevalence in 2020 (4.2%) mainly due to the months "post-lockdown." The transferred product was very frequently diluted, and an empty drinking bottle was usually used as secondary container. Exposures were mostly of minor severity, and no deaths occurred. The study highlights the importance of PCCs data in the evaluation of the hazard communication to users through labels and advises for public campaigns to promote safe behaviours during future lockdowns to prevent exposures at a later period.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19/epidemiología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Sustancias Peligrosas/toxicidad , Intoxicación/epidemiología , Etiquetado de Productos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Italia/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Centros de Control de Intoxicaciones , Embalaje de Productos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ciudad de Roma
17.
Sci Total Environ ; 807(Pt 3): 150998, 2022 Feb 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34656576

RESUMEN

The Cerrado biome covers approximately 20% of Brazil and it is crucial for the Water, Food, Energy, and Ecosystems (WFEE) nexus. Thus, in recent years, large areas of the undisturbed Cerrado have been converted into farmland. In this biome, according to the Brazilian Forest Code, farmers need to keep 20% of native vegetation (Legal Reserves - LRs). By exploring combined and isolated impacts of different scenarios of LR and Protected area (PA) arrangements, this study evaluated the importance of complementarity between LR compliance and the amount of PAs (including Conservation Units - CUs and Indigenous Lands - ILs) to reduce deforestation and conserve native vegetation in the Cerrado. Seven scenarios were investigated: a scenario that considers the current PA and the LR values foreseen in the Native Vegetation Protection Law - NVPL; three scenarios focused on production; and three focused on conservation. Considering the trend of the current scenario, the estimated loss of native vegetation will be 30% (30.6 million ha) by 2070. According to the model simulations, for two periods (2050 and 2070), the LR Elimination scenario (LRE) would cause a greater loss of native vegetation than the PA Elimination (PAE), and as expected, the exclusion of both (PALRE) would provide a greater loss of native vegetation. Native vegetation is concentrated mainly on agricultural properties. Taking our conservation-oriented scenarios as an example of conservation strategies, if there were no financial, practical, political, social or personal constraints, there is no doubt that the CPALRI scenario (Creation of Protected Areas and Legal Reserve Increase) is the best trajectory for conserving biodiversity. Therefore, private properties, through LRs, are essential for efficient planning of land use/cover as they ensure security in the WFEE nexus. The resulting projected scenarios are important to help decision makers in territorial planning and how to arbitrate territorial demands aiming at the rational use of the natural resources of the Cerrado.


Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Brasil , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia
18.
Conserv Biol ; 36(1): e13837, 2022 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34585442

RESUMEN

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inadequacy of China's legal protection of wildlife. Long-standing illegal wildlife trade in China and worldwide increases the risk of zoonotic infectious diseases. We sought to improve the understanding of China' legal system for the protection of wildlife, which has at its core the wildlife protection law, by systematically evaluating the laws and regulations of China's Wildlife Protection Framework. We examined how existing legal documents (e.g., the Wildlife Protection Law 2018) are directly or indirectly related to wildlife conservation. The inherent defects of wildlife protection legislation include a narrow scope of protection, insufficient public participation, and inconsistent enforcement among responsible agencies. Solutions to improve China's Wildlife Protection Law include expanding the legal protection of wildlife, and improving monitoring of wildlife protection. Strengthening legislation will be the basis for effective regulation of the use of wild animals. We advocate the establishment of a sound wildlife protection legal system for resolving conflicts between humans and wild animals and preventing zoonotic disease, such a system will have a profound impact on the sustainable development of China's wildlife resources.


Cambios en el Pensamiento Legislativo en China para Mejorar la Protección a los Animales Silvestres y la Salud Humana Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 ha expuesto la insuficiencia de la protección legal de la fauna en China. El prolongado mercado ilegal de fauna en China y en todo el mundo incrementa el riesgo de enfermedades zoonóticas infecciosas. Buscamos mejorar el entendimiento del sistema legal de China para la protección de la fauna, el cual tiene como núcleo la ley de protección de fauna, mediante la evaluación sistemática de las leyes y regulaciones del Marco de Protección a la Fauna de China. Examinamos cómo los documentos legales existentes (p. ej.: la Ley de Protección de Fauna 2018) están relacionados directa o indirectamente con la conservación de la fauna. Los defectos inherentes de la legislación para la protección de fauna incluyen una visión reducida de la protección, una participación pública insuficiente y el cumplimiento inconsistente entre las agencias responsables. Las soluciones para mejorar la Ley de Protección de Fauna incluyen la expansión de la protección legal de fauna y el aumento al monitoreo de la protección de fauna. El fortalecimiento de la legislación será la base para la regulación efectiva del uso de animales silvestres. Abogamos por el establecimiento de un firme sistema legal de protección a la fauna para resolver los conflictos entre los humanos y los animales silvestres y también para prevenir las enfermedades zoonóticas. Dicho sistema tendrá un impacto profundo sobre el desarrollo sustentable de los recursos faunísticos de China.


Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes , COVID-19 , Animales , COVID-19/prevención & control , China , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Humanos , Pandemias/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2
19.
Interface (Botucatu, Online) ; 26: e210206, 2022. ilus
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: biblio-1360504

RESUMEN

Estudo teórico de cunho reflexivo que aborda o fenômeno da contenção ambiental em instituições de longa permanência para idosos, apresentando o tema à luz dos direitos humanos e da legislação em vigor, que pregam boas práticas de cuidado aos idosos institucionalizados, inclusive frente ao cenário de enfrentamento à Covid-19. Considerando os impactos negativos da contenção ambiental na saúde física e mental dos idosos, sugere-se maior capacitação da equipe técnica das instituições de longa permanência para idosos e prospecção do fenômeno para garantia de condições mais dignas e que respeitem a liberdade dos idosos. (AU)


Estudio teórico de cuño reflexivo que aborda el fenómeno de la contención ambiental en instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos, presentando el tema a la luz de los derechos humanos y de la legislación en vigor que proponen buenas prácticas de cuidado para los ancianos institucionalizados, incluso ante el escenario del enfrentamiento a la Covid-19. Considerando los impactos negativos de la contención ambiental en la salud física y mental de los ancianos, se sugiere mayor capacitación del equipo técnico de las instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos y prospección del fenómeno para garantía de condiciones más dignas y que respeten la libertad de los ancianos. (AU)


A theoretical and reflexive study addressing the phenomenon of environmental restraint in long-term care facilities for the elderly, presenting the topic under the light of human rights and the legislation in force, which postulate good care practices to institutionalized elderly even in the face of the Covid-19 situation. By considering the negative impacts of environmental restraint on the physical and mental health of the elderly, it is suggested that the technical team of long-term care institutions for the elderly should be better trained, and that the phenomenon needs to be explored to guarantee more dignified conditions that respect the freedom of the elderly. (AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , COVID-19 , Hogares para Ancianos , Derechos Humanos , Salud del Anciano Institucionalizado , Estado Funcional
20.
Artículo en Inglés | AIM (África) | ID: biblio-1418599

RESUMEN

Cette étude avait pour objectif de mettre en exergue le rapport entre le bénéfice de la couverture vaccinale contre la Covid-19 et les risques individuels et collectifs encourus par la population. A travers le monde, les études ont monté que les campagnes de vaccination ont insufflé une dynamique positive à la lutte contre la pandémie et la courbe de la maladie a fléchi dans les populations vaccinées. Face à ces résultats probants, le législateur congolais doit s'en inspirer pour proposer des instruments juridiques en faveur d'une vaccination obligatoire contre la Covid-19 soumise à tous les citoyens et citoyennes Congolais sans exception. Si tout le monde peut être contaminé, tout le monde peut également faire preuve d'un certain degré de citoyenneté responsable pour réduire les risques de contracter la maladie et ne pas la transmettre à son entourage. La couverture vaccinale contre la Covid-19 est une des mesures de l'incidence de la maladie dans la population et qui ne peut prendre la quasi-totalité de la population qu'en la rendant obligatoire.


Asunto(s)
Incidencia , Cobertura de Vacunación , Vacunación Obligatoria , COVID-19 , Derechos Humanos , Programas Nacionales de Salud , República Democrática del Congo , Legislación , Urgencias Médicas , Prevención de Enfermedades
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