Perfil de consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Factores protectores / Profile of drug use in adolescents. Protective factors

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Determinar el patrón de consumo de tóxicos y analizar el papel de factores protectores personales y sociales sobre el consumo de alcohol. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 5 institutos de educación secundaria de Cuenca capital (2015-2016). Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente los grupos (3.° y 4.° de ESO y 1.° y 2.° de bachillerato) y dieron su consentimiento 844 estudiantes. Se empleó un cuestionario autoadministrado con variables sociodemográficas, datos de consumo de sustancias y las escalas CD-RISC 10 para evaluar resiliencia y KIDSCREEN-52 para medir aspectos individuales y sociales asociados con la calidad de vida de los adolescentes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos bivariados y multivariantes. RESULTADOS: Un 55,7% fueron chicas, la edad media fue de 16,36+/-1,05 años. El inicio se situó entre los 13-14 años, los porcentajes de consumo habitual fueron 70,9% para alcohol, 26,4% para tabaco y 14,2% para cannabis (cifras inferiores al consumo experimental). Se detectó policonsumo (35%). La regresión mostró que los no consumidores de alcohol presentaban mejores cifras de estado de ánimo, autopercepción, relación con los padres y entorno escolar. CONCLUSIONES: El inicio en el consumo de drogas es cada vez más temprano, especialmente en el cannabis. La disponibilidad y la baja percepción del riesgo hacen del alcohol la droga más extendida. Las acciones encaminadas a favorecer el bienestar emocional y el apoyo familiar proporcionan seguridad a los adolescentes y recursos para resistir las presiones del grupo

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine the patterns of drug use in an adolescent population and to analyse the role of personal and social protective factors in alcohol consumption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in five secondary schools in the city of Cuenca (Spain) in the period 2015-2016. The groups were randomly selected (3rd - 4th GCSE and 1st - 2nd GCE), with a total of 844 students giving their consent. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which included sociodemographic variables, consumption data, CD-RISC 10 scale to evaluate resilience, and KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire to measure individual and social aspects associated with health-related quality of life in adolescents. Descriptive bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Just over half (55.7%) of the pupils selected were girls, and the mean age was 16.3+/-1.01 years. The pupils began consumption when they became 13-14 years old. The percentages of habitual consumption were 70.9% for alcohol, 26.4% for tobacco, and 14.2% for cannabis. Multiple drug use was also found in 35%. The regression model for alcohol showed that non-consumers showed better values in emotional moods, self-perception, relationships with their parents, and their school environment. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents start using drugs, especially cannabis, at an earlier age. Availability and the perception of low-risk make alcohol the most widespread drug. Actions aimed at fostering emotional well-being and family support provides security for adolescents, as well as the resources that help them overcome the pressures of the group