Chlorpyrifos pesticide promotes oxidative stress and increases inflammatory states in BV-2 microglial cells: A role in neuroinflammation.

ABSTRACT

The exposure to environmental stressors, such as organophosphate (OP) pesticides, has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the worldwide most used OP pesticide and one of the most hazardous pesticides as it can cross the blood-brain barrier. Since studies evaluating the effects of CPF on brain immune cells are scarce, this research investigated the oxidative and inflammatory responses of CPF exposure in murine microglial cells. BV-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of CPF pesticide (0.3-300 µM). CPF induced activation of microglial cells, confirmed by Iba-1 and CD11b marking, and promoted microglial proliferation and cell cycle arrest at S phase. Moreover, CPF exposure increased oxidative stress production (NO, MDA, and O2∙), and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß and NLRP3) genes expression in BV-2 cells. Overall, data showed that CPF exposure, at the lowest concentrations, acted by promoting pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory states in microglial cells. These results provide important information on the potential role of microglial activation in CPF-induced neuroinflammation and add to the expanding knowledge on the neurotoxicity of OP.