A PBPK model describing the pharmacokinetics of γ-HBCD exposure in mice.

ABSTRACT

The brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), is added-but not bound-to consumer products and is eventually found in the environment and human tissues. Commercial-grade HBCD mixtures contain three major stereoisomers, alpha (α), beta (ß), and gamma (γ), that are typically at a ratio of 12%6%82%, respectively. Although HBCD is widely used, the toxicological effects from its exposure in humans are not clearly understood. Using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model could help improve our understanding of the toxicity of HBCD. The aim of this work was to develop a PBPK model, consisting of five permeability limited compartments (i.e., brain, liver, adipose tissue, blood, and rest of the body), to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of γ-HBCD in C57BL/6 mice. Physiological parameters related to body size, organ weights, and blood flow were taken from the literature. All partition coefficients were calculated based on the log Kow. The elimination in urine and feces was optimized to reflect the percent dose eliminated, as published in the literature. Compared with data from the literature for brain, liver, blood, and adipose tissue, the model simulations accurately described the mouse data set within 1.5-fold of the data points. Also, two examples showing the utility of the PBPK model supplement the information regarding the internal dose that caused the health effects observed during these studies. Although this version of the PBPK model expressly describes γ-HBCD, more efforts are needed to clarify and improve the model to discriminate between the α, ß, and γ stereoisomers.