A combined survey and exposure study reveals the distribution characteristic of chromium in fish head.

ABSTRACT

In this study, the content of chromium (Cr) in three main edible tissues (dorsal muscle, ventral muscle, and head) of 14 different fish species was determined. As expected, Cr level in fish head is generally higher than that in fish muscle. To elucidate the deposition of Cr in the fish head, bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) was chosen as the model fish and a 14-day-exposure experiment of 1 mg/L Cr was subsequently conducted. The fish head was divided into 7 parts, and the results showed that, in different parts of the head, Cr was significantly accumulated in the brain, the muscle after gills, and the muscle of others, and the bone after the fish was exposed to 1-mg/L Cr for 14 days. Additionally, the health risk assessment showed that there was no potential non-carcinogenic risk of consuming the dorsal muscle, the ventral muscle, and the head of the 14 fish species to children, teenagers, and adults as the THQ values were less than 1. However, there was potential carcinogenic risk of consuming the fish head for adults in the 14 fish species. It is worth noting that, in the exposure experiment, the consuming of the lips and the bone of fish head also posed potential carcinogenic risk to adults while there was no potential risk of consuming the total fish head. Overall, compared to the fish muscle, the fish head usually had a high accumulation of Cr, and the Cr was mainly deposited in the position of the bone, which may pose potential carcinogenic risk to adults. Thus, the potential health risk of consuming the fish head is mainly associated with the content of the bone in the head, and, in the health risk assessment, the influence of the bone in the head should be considered, which may overstate the risks as fish head bone is usually not to be eaten.