An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Sedimentation Sign and Lumbar Disc Herniation in Upright Magnetic Resonance Images.

ABSTRACT

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective Upright MRI Study. OBJECTIVES: Determine the relationship between lumbar disc herniation and presence of the nerve root sedimentation sign on upright kinematic MRI patients. METHODS: T2-weighted axial upright kMRI images of 100 patients with the presence of disc herniation in at least 1 lumbar disc between L1/L2 and L5/S1 were obtained. Sedimentation sign, spinal canal anterior-posterior (AP) diameter, disc height, disc herniation size, type of herniation, and zone of herniation were evaluated. A positive sedimentation sign was defined as having either the majority of nerve roots running ventrally or centrally in the canal or conglomeration of the nerve roots at the mid-disc level. Herniation types were defined as either no herniation, disc bulge, protrusion, extrusion, or sequestration. Zones of herniation were categorized as either central, lateral, or far lateral. RESULTS: The kappa value of intra-observer reliability was .915. The kappa value of disc levels with a negative sedimentation sign were seen more frequently (n = 326, 65.2%) than those with a positive sedimentation sign (n = 174, 34.8%). The spinal canal AP diameter was significantly decreased at the L3/L4 and L4/L5 level in patients with a positive sedimentation sign. Discs with a positive sedimentation sign had a larger average size of disc herniation compared to those with a negative sign at all levels. A relationship between positivity of the sedimentation sign and disc herniation type was significant at L2/L3, L3/L4, and L4/L5. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a positive sedimentation sign were seen to have larger disc herniations and more severely degenerated discs.