Hospital water environment and antibiotic use: Key factors in a nosocomial outbreak of carbapenemase-producing Serratia marcescens.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The healthcare water environment is a potential reservoir of carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs). Here, we report the role of the water environment as a reservoir and the infection control measures applied to suppress a prolonged outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Serratia marcescens (KPC-SM) in two intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: The outbreak occurred in the ICUs of a tertiary hospital from October 2020 to July 2021. Comprehensive patient contact tracing and environmental assessments were conducted, and a case-control study was performed to identify factors associated with the acquisition of KPC-SM. Associations among isolates were assessed via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotic usage was analyzed. . RESULTS: The outbreak consisted of two waves involving a total of 30 patients with KPC-SM. Multiple environmental cultures identified KPC-SM in a sink, a dirty utility room, and a communal bathroom shared by the ICUs, together with the waste bucket of a continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) system. The genetic similarity of the KPC-SM isolates from patients and the environment was confirmed by PFGE. A retrospective review of 30 cases identified that the use of CRRT and antibiotics were associated with acquisition of KPC-SM (p < 0.05). There was a continuous increase in the use of carbapenems; notably, the use of colistin has increased since 2019. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that CRRT systems, along with other hospital water environments, are significant potential sources of resistant microorganisms, underscoring the necessity of enhancing infection control practices in these areas.