Copper(I)-nitrene platform for chemoproteomic profiling of methionine.

ABSTRACT

Methionine plays a critical role in various biological and cell regulatory processes, making its chemoproteomic profiling indispensable for exploring its functions and potential in protein therapeutics. Building on the principle of rapid oxidation of methionine, we report Copper(I)-Nitrene Platform for robust, and selective labeling of methionine to generate stable sulfonyl sulfimide conjugates under physiological conditions. We demonstrate the versatility of this platform to label methionine in bioactive peptides, intact proteins (6.5-79.5 kDa), and proteins in complex cell lysate mixtures with varying payloads. We discover ligandable proteins and sites harboring hyperreactive methionine within the human proteome. Furthermore, this has been utilized to profile oxidation-sensitive methionine residues, which might increase our understanding of the protective role of methionine in diseases associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. The Copper(I)-Nitrene Platform allows labeling methionine residues in live cancer cells, observing minimal cytotoxic effects and achieving dose-dependent labeling. Confocal imaging further reveals the spatial distribution of modified proteins within the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, underscoring the platform's potential in profiling the cellular interactome.