Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) Extract Attenuates Colonic Inflammation in a Mouse Colitis Model by Regulating the AMPK/NFκB/Sirt1 Pathway.

ABSTRACT

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease affecting the colon with idiopathic origin. Melinjo endosperm extract (MeE) contains polyphenolic compounds that have antioxidative and anticancer properties. We examined the effect of MeE on inflammation and mucin expression in the colons of UC of mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). C57BL/6J male mice were assigned into four categories control, DSS + 0% MeE, DSS + 0.1% MeE, and DSS + 0.5% MeE. The control group was provided distilled water and a standard chow diet for 4 weeks. In DSS + 0% MeE, DSS + 0.1% MeE, and DSS + 0.5% MeE groups, the mice were treated with MeE for 3 weeks followed by MeE diets and drinking water containing 3% DSS for a week. Macrophage count, the mucus area stained by Alcian blue (AB), the levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) p65, and silent information regulator (Sirt) 1 protein expression, as well as proinflammatory mediators and Mucin 2 mRNA expression were assessed. In the DSS + 0% MeE group, the AB-stained areas and Mucin 2 mRNA expression levels were observed to be lower than those of controls. However, the levels in the +0.5% MeE group were significantly increased. Compared with the control group, the macrophage number, the expression of IL-1ß mRNA, and NFκB p65 protein in the DSS + 0% MeE group showed a significant increase. Conversely, these levels were significantly decreased in the +0.5% MeE group. The phosphorylated AMPK and Sirt1 protein levels were upregulated in the +0.5% MeE group. In conclusion, MeE may alleviate UC injury by reducing macrophage infiltration and regulating the AMPK/NFκB/Sirt1 pathway.