Population-based mortality data suggests remediation is modestly effective in two Montana Superfund counties.

The health effects of living in proximity to Superfund sites with ongoing remediation were evaluated for residents of two contiguous Montana counties, Deer Lodge and Silver Bow. Deer Lodge and Silver Bow are home to the Anaconda Smelter and Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund sites, respectively. Established by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1983, both sites have had ongoing remediation for decades. Employing county level death certificate data obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER site, sex and age-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for composite targeted causes of death were calculated using observed versus expected mortality for both counties, and compared to the expected mortality from the remaining Montana counties. Cancers, cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases (CCVD), and organ failure were elevated for the two counties during the study period, 2000-2016, with SMRs of 1.19 (95% CI 1.10, 1.29); 1.36 (95% CI 1.29, 1.43); and 1.24 (95% CI 1.10, 1.38), respectively. Neurological conditions were not elevated for the two counties (SMR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.89, 1.14). Time trend analyses performed using Cox regression models indicate that deaths from cancers (HR = 0.97; p = 0.0004), CCVDs (HR = 0.95; p ≤ 0.0001), and neurological conditions (HR = 0.97; p = 0.01) decreased over the study period. While the ecological approach applied limits the interpretation of our results, our study suggests that while mortality is elevated, it is also decreasing over time for these two Superfund sites.