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Extinction rate of discovered and undiscovered plants in Singapore.
Kristensen, Nadiah P; Seah, Wei Wei; Chong, Kwek Yan; Yeoh, Yi Shuen; Fung, Tak; Berman, Laura M; Tan, Hui Zhen; Chisholm, Ryan A.
Affiliation
  • Kristensen NP; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.
  • Seah WW; Singapore Botanic Gardens, Herbarium Singapore, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.
  • Chong KY; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.
  • Yeoh YS; National Parks Board, Horticulture and Community Gardening Division, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, 259569, Singapore.
  • Fung T; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.
  • Berman LM; Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore, 138527, Singapore.
  • Tan HZ; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.
  • Chisholm RA; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.
Conserv Biol ; 34(5): 1229-1240, 2020 10.
Article in En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32181936
ABSTRACT
Extinction is a key issue in the assessment of global biodiversity. However, many extinction rate measures do not account for species that went extinct before they could be discovered. The highly developed island city-state of Singapore has one of the best-documented tropical floras in the world. This allowed us to estimate the total rate of floristic extinctions in Singapore since 1822 after accounting for sampling effort and crypto extinctions by collating herbaria records. Our database comprised 34,224 specimens from 2076 native species, of which 464 species (22%) were considered nationally extinct. We assumed that undiscovered species had the same annual per-species extinction rates as discovered species and that no undiscovered species remained extant. With classical and Bayesian algorithms, we estimated that 304 (95% confidence interval, 213-414) and 412 (95% credible interval, 313-534) additional species went extinct before they could be discovered, respectively; corresponding total extinction rate estimates were 32% and 35% (range 30-38%). We detected violations of our 2 assumptions that could cause our extinction estimates, particularly the absolute numbers, to be biased downward. Thus, our estimates should be treated as lower bounds. Our results illustrate the possible magnitudes of plant extirpations that can be expected in the tropics as development continues.
RESUMEN
Tasa de Extinción de Plantas Descubiertas y No Descubiertas en Singapur Resumen La extinción es un tema importante para la valoración de la biodiversidad global. Sin embargo, muchas medidas de la tasa de extinción no consideran a las especies que se extinguieron antes de que pudieran ser descubiertas. Singapur, la ciudad-estado isleña altamente desarrollada, tiene una de las floras mejor documentadas del mundo. Esto nos permitió estimar la tasa total de las extinciones florísticas en Singapur desde 1822 después de considerar el esfuerzo de muestreo y las criptoextinciones cuando recopilamos los registros de herbarios. Nuestra base de datos incluyó 34,224 especímenes de unas 2,076 especies nativas, de las cuales 464 especies (22%) estaban consideradas como extintas a nivel nacional. Asumimos que las especies no descubiertas tuvieron la misma tasa anual de extinción por especie que las especies descubiertas y que ninguna especie no descubierta permanecía en existencia. Con algoritmos clásicos y bayesianos, respectivamente, estimamos que 304 (95% IC 213-414) y 412 (95% IC 313-534) especies adicionales se extinguieron antes de que fueran descubiertas; las estimaciones correspondientes de la tasa de extinción total fueron 32% y 35% (rango de 30-38%). Detectamos violaciones en nuestras dos suposiciones que podrían causar que nuestras estimaciones de extinción, particularmente los números absolutos, tuvieran un sesgo hacia abajo. Por lo tanto, nuestras estimaciones deberían ser tratadas como límites inferiores. Nuestros resultados ilustran las magnitudes posibles de las extirpaciones de plantas que pueden esperarse en los trópicos conforme el desarrollo continúa.
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Full text: 1 Collection: 01-internacional Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Conservation of Natural Resources / Extinction, Biological Type of study: Prognostic_studies Country/Region as subject: Asia Language: En Journal: Conserv Biol Year: 2020 Document type: Article Affiliation country: Singapur

Full text: 1 Collection: 01-internacional Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Conservation of Natural Resources / Extinction, Biological Type of study: Prognostic_studies Country/Region as subject: Asia Language: En Journal: Conserv Biol Year: 2020 Document type: Article Affiliation country: Singapur