Clinical manifestations in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: Beyond thrombosis and pregnancy loss.

ABSTRACT

The clinical spectrum of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) encompasses additional manifestations other than thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity, which may potentially affect every organ and system. The pathophysiology of APS indeed cannot be explained exclusively by a prothrombotic state and the "extra-criteria" manifestations of the syndrome should be attributed to other mechanisms, such as inflammation, complement and platelet activation. In this case-series, we report patients with uncommon clinical APS presentations, to highlight relevant peculiarities of the syndrome, potentially paving the way for a further update of clinical as well as laboratory manifestations of this complex immunological condition.