Dual-mode self-powered photoelectrochemical and colorimetric determination of procalcitonin accomplished by multienzyme-expressed Ni4Cu2 bimetallic hollow nanospheres and spherical nanoflower-MoS2/Cu2ZnSnS4/Bi2S3.

ABSTRACT

Bacterial infections, viral infections and autoimmune diseases pose a considerable threat to human health. Procalcitonin (PCT) has emerged as a biomarker for the detection of these diseases. To ensure accurate and reliable results, we propose a dual-mode approach that incorporates self-validation and self-correction mechanisms. Herein, we develop a dual-mode self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) and colorimetric sensor to determine PCT. The self-powered PEC sensor was constructed with a photoanode of spherical nanoflower-MoS2/Cu2ZnSnS4/Bi2S3 material and a photocathode of CuInS2 material. Ni4Cu2 bimetallic hollow nanospheres (BHNs) possess superoxide dismutase and catalase performance, which facilitate superoxide anion radical (·O2-) and H2O2 circulating generation, promoting the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes to amplify photocurrent signal. Thus Ni4Cu2 BHNs is used as a marker material for PEC sensor. Meanwhile, in colorimetric mode, Ni4Cu2 BHNs converts blue oxTMB to a colourless TMB for colorimetric detection of PCT. Based on this principle, dual-mode determination of PCT with high sensitivity is achieved. The dual-mode method not only demonstrates outstanding properties and practicability, but also presents an effective, highly efficient and reliable method for detecting PCT.