Overview of indigo biosynthesis by Flavin-containing Monooxygenases: History, industrialization challenges, and strategies.
Biotechnol Adv
; 73: 108374, 2024.
Article
in En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-38729229
ABSTRACT
Indigo is a natural dye extensively used in the global textile industry. However, the conventional synthesis of indigo using toxic compounds like aniline, formaldehyde, and hydrogen cyanide has led to environmental pollution and health risks for workers. This method also faces growing economic, sustainability, and environmental challenges. To address these issues, the concept of bio-indigo or indigo biosynthesis has been proposed as an alternative to aniline-based indigo synthesis. Among various enzymes, Flavin-containing Monooxygenases (FMOs) have shown promise in achieving a high yield of bio-indigo. However, the industrialization of indigo biosynthesis still encounters several challenges. This review focuses on the historical development of indigo biosynthesis mediated by FMOs. It highlights several factors that have hindered industrialization, including the use of unsuitable chassis (Escherichia coli), the toxicity of indole, the high cost of the substrate L-tryptophan, the water-insolubility of the product indigo, the requirement of reducing reagents such as sodium dithionite, and the relatively low yield and high cost compared to chemical synthesis. Additionally, this paper summarizes various strategies to enhance the yield of indigo synthesized by FMOs, including redundant sequence deletion, semi-rational design, cheap precursor research, NADPH regeneration, large-scale fermentation, and enhancement of water solubility of indigo.
Key words
Full text:
1
Collection:
01-internacional
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Indigo Carmine
Language:
En
Journal:
Biotechnol Adv
/
Biotechnol. adv
/
Biotechnology advances
Year:
2024
Document type:
Article
Country of publication:
Reino Unido