Acutely exaggerated hepatitis B induced by the withdrawal of immunosuppressants in a seroconverted renal transplant recipient: report of a case.

The long-term reciprocal impact of renal transplantation on infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still a matter of intense debate, and the topic remains controversial. We herein report the case of a 50-year-old male asymptomatic HBV carrier who had seroconverted to positive anti-HBe antibody (Ab) and received a kidney transplantation from a cadaver donor (HB surface(s) antigen (Ag)-negative). Nine months later, his kidney function deteriorated due to chronic rejection, and hemodialysis was temporarily required. Triple drug therapy (cyclosporine, prednisolone, azathioprine) for immunosuppression was changed to two-drug therapy (cyclosporine and prednisolone) at a reduced dosage because of this episode. After that episode, severe hepatitis with HBV antigenemia developed without any change in the serological state. The levels of DNA polymerase in a potential recipient from a cadaveric donor should be checked before transplantation to predict the occurrence of hepatitis when the recipient is an asymptomatic carrier of HBV, especially in cases of serologically HBeAg-negative, and anti-HBeAb-positive carriers.