Hepatitis delta virus super-infection in a co-infected patient with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and a surface antigen-negative hepatitis B virus variant.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection has a major impact on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and favours the emergence of viral mutants. We describe an acute hepatitis D virus superinfection in an HIV-1-infected patient under HAART treatment who was previously a chronic carrier of a surface negative HBV variant resistant to lamivudine.